Chapter 1 - Psychology Presentation

7/28/2019 Chapter 1 - Psychology Presentation

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Basic Overview

In psychology, there is never one agreed-

upon theory.

- Overall, psychology examines the human

experience as a matter of interaction

between the world and the self.

- The world gives us events; we in turn

give those events meaning by interpreting

and acting upon them.


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My Background

An Overview

Undergraduate Psychology major (Plattsburgh State),

English minor.

Started in doctoral program for Industrial Organizational

Psychology, SUNYA.

Masters program, Secondary Education, English

concentration, Saint Rose

Masters program, School Psychology, Saint Rose.

1 year internship, Troy City School District, Sept. 2004 -June 2005.

Graduated in May 2005


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Areas of Psychology

(the many different theories) Social Psychology: (the power of the situation)

The scientific study of the way in which peoplesthoughts, feelings and behaviors are influenced by thereal or imagined presence of other people.

My undergraduate area of research in social psychology:

Cognitive dissonance studies-

Safe sexual behaviors of college students.

Smoking cessation in high school students.

Masters-level research project:

- Correlation between attitude toward school and academic self-concept, SAS students, Albany High School.


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The Goals of Psychology

Description (what) Behavior is described accurately and completely

Explanation (why) Understanding of conditions under which behavior occurs enables

researchers state the causes of behavior

Prediction Researchers specify conditions under which behavior or event will

most likely occur

Facilitated by the identification of antecedent (prior) conditions

Control Researchers apply a principle or change a condition to preventunwanted outcomes or facilitate desired outcomes

Example: medication to prevent depressive symptoms


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Personality Psychology

The study of consistent behavior patterns

and intrapersonal processes originating

within the individual (individual

differences).

Personality is consistent.

Personality Psychology vs. Social Psychology

(Nature vs. Nurture)


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Developmental Psychology

A field of psychology that examines the

impact of maturational processes and

experience on behavior.

Focus on child development from infancy

through adolescence.

Adult development and aging.


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Abnormal Psychology

(Clinical Psychology)

An area of psychology that studies the four Ds:deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger.

Deviant - different, extreme, unusual, or bizarre.

Distressful unpleasant and upsetting to theindividual.

Dysfunctionaldisruptive to the persons abilityto conduct daily activities in a constructive

manner. Dangerous potential to inflict harm on

themselves or others.


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Biopsychology

The field that relates behavior to bodily

processes, especially the workings of the

brain.

The main goal of this area of study is to

understand behavior and experience in

terms of their biological source.


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Cognitive Psychology

The study of mental processes such as

perceiving, remembering, thinking and

reasoning.

The study of mental processes is

important because these processes are

responsible for much of the behavior we

find interesting.


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Learning and Memory

A field that examines learning as a

persisting change in human performance

or performance potential.

This means that learners are capable of

actions they could not perform before

learning occurred and this is true whether

or not they actually have an opportunity toexhibit the newly acquired performance.


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Industrial Organizational

Psychology Social Psychology applied to the workplace setting.

Studies individual differences in behavior and jobperformance, and with measuring and predicting suchdifferences.

Topics include but are not limited to: Motivation,performance appraisal, employee satisfaction,personnel, employee selection, work-family conflict.

My area of doctoral-level research:- Work-family conflict with work stress as a mediating

factor using employees at The Endocrine Group, LLP.


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Behaviorism

An area of psychology that argued for

actual behavioras the only event worthy of

analysis.

The behaviorist approach is an

orientation in psychology that emphasizes

the importance of environmental

determinants on behavior.


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Counseling Psychology

A field of psychology that provides

services to moderately disturbed patients.

Less clinical.

More working with people who just want

to talk and less clients with psychological

diagnoses.


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Research Design

and

Statistics

Various empirically sound designs, quasi-experimental research designs, and correlationalresearch.

Designs get applied to research questions or

hypothesis. Descriptive statistics: Used to summarize data

and make understandable, to describe a groupof numbers from a research study.

Inferential statistics: Used to draw conclusionsand inferences, which are based on thenumbers from a research study (data), but gobeyond these numbers.


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School Psychology

A field of psychology involving

psychoeduational testing and evaluating,

and other related services in a school

setting.


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Job responsibilities as a

School Psychologist Conduct Psychological Evaluations using a wide

range of cognitive, achievement and social-emotionalinstruments.

Complete written Psychoeducational Evaluations.

Interpret psychological findings for diagnosticpurposes.

Interpret test scores for parents and teachers, andprovide recommendations for courses of action.

Participate in consultation meetings with teachers,

administrators, and parents. Presented evaluation results and recommendations atCommittee on Special Education (CSE) meetings.


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Cont

Serve as a resource person for teachers,administrators, students and parents.

Develop and assist in the implementation of 504plans.

Develop and implement individual and groupcounseling treatment plans .

Develop and implement Functional BehavioralAssessments and Behavior Intervention Plans forstudents.

Attended and participate in ManifistationDetermination Hearings.

GET INVOLVED IN YOUR SCHOOL!!!!!!


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Example

Scenario: A student gets handed back an

exam at school with a failing grade. The

student bursts into tears and runs out of

the classroom.

How would different areas of psychology

interpret this event?


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A Social Psychologist would say:

This student maybe had a bad day up until

this point. Perhaps they recently

experienced an argument with a family

member or friends. They were vulnerableto react in this manner due to situational

influences (the power of the situation).


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A Personality Psychologist

would say:

This student individual has a tendency to

overreact regardless of the situation.

Even as an infant, their temperament

could have predicted this type of reaction.


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A Developmental Psychologist

would say:

This student is obviously less mature than

other students their age. They are at a

maturation level in which they are unable

to put a poor grade in perspective. Theyare developing and maturing at a slower

rate than their peers.


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An Abnormal (or Clinical)

Psychologist would say:

This student is obviously suffering from

major depression, generalized anxiety

disorder, or bipolar disorder.


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A Biopsychologist would say:

This students parents probably behaved

in a similar manner when they were

students. This behavior is probably a

result of genetics. Parents that overreactare bound to produce children who

overreact.


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A Cognitive Psychologist would

say:

This student was probably repeating

maladaptive (negative) thoughts over and

over in their head all morning. They were

probably thinking: I am going to fail that test, and when I do, I

will make a fool of myself and run out of the

room crying. I just know I will cause a scenewhen I receive that failing test grade.


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A Learning and Memory oriented

Psychologist would say:

This is a result of social modeling that

occurred at some point in this students life.

They learned by watching another that this

is a possible, acceptable, and/or normalreaction.


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An I/O psychologist would say:

A happy worker is a productive worker,

and this student is not happy in school,

therefore they are experiencing failure

academically. The emotional reaction isdue to work-stress.


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A Behavior Oriented Psychologist

would say:

The failing grade is the uncondi t ioned

st imulusthat provoked the uncondi t ioned

response(crying and running out of the room).

In the future when the teacher passes back tests

or papers (cond i t ioned st imu lus)the student

will continue to run out of the room crying

(condi t ioned response).


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A Counseling Psychologist would

say:

This is a reaction that needs to be

addressed in individual or group

counseling. Talking about and processing

the incident through counseling will lead toindividual growth.


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A Statistician would say:

We need to collect data on the frequency,

duration, time of day, antecedents, and

consequences of this particular incident

and any proceeding incidents of similarnature. Perhaps through inferential

statistics and regression equations, we

can better understand and predict this typeof behavior in the future.


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A School Psychologist would say:

It is important to determine whether or not

this behavior is impacting this students

ability to learn. A functional behavioral

assessment should be conducted and abehavior intervention plan should be

implemented. If this behavior continues to

occur and negatively impact this studentseducation, a CSE referral may be

warranted.


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Continuing Education in

Psychology (Graduate Programs)

Masters, either stepping-stone to doctoral

level study, or can lead to field specific

jobs in:

- Counseling Psychology

- Industrial Organizational Psychology

- School Psychology

- Jobs in Research


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Doctoral-level programs

Doctoral programs in psychology usuallyare designed to graduate psychologistswho become professors at universities and

conduct research leading to publication(which generates field advances).

Also:

Teaching professor. Applied fields: Clinical, Counseling, I/O,School.


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Careers in Psychology

As a psychology major, you can work in many fieldseven if graduate study is not your choice.

Human Services (counseling advocacy, mental health)

Administration

Teaching Community Relations

Program Development

Research

Human Resources

Public Relations Marketing

Education

Sales


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Intro. to Psychology text

Research Stories for General

Psychology.

Lary Shaffer and Matthew R. Merrens,

Plattsburgh State University.

An introduction to Psychology through

current and relevant research.

Modern Perspectives in


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Modern Perspectives in

Psychology

Biological: the role of biological processes and structures,and heredity in explaining behavior

Psychoanalytic: the role of unconscious motivation andearly childhood experiences in determining behavior andthought

Behavioral: the role of environment in shaping andcontrolling behavior

Cognitive: the role of mental processes-perception,thinking, and memory-that underlie behavior

Humanistic: the importance of an individuals subjective

experience as a key to understanding his or her behavior Evolutionary: the roles of inherited tendencies that have

proven adaptive in humans

Sociocultural: the roles of social and cultural influences onbehavior

Chapter 1 - Psychology Presentation

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