Step Up To: PsychologyStep Up To: Psychologyby John J. Schulte, Psy.D.by John J. Schulte, Psy.D.

Psychology, Psychology, Eighth EditionEighth Edition

by David G. Myersby David G. Myers

Worth PublishersWorth Publishers

(2007)(2007)

Chapter 1: Thinking Critically With Chapter 1: Thinking Critically With Psychological SciencePsychological Science

Psychology as a

Science

Describe Our World

Correlation

Experiment

Statistical Reasoning

100

200

300

400

500

Psychology as a Science

100

200

300

400

500

Describe our World

100

200

300

400

500

Correlation

100

200

300

400

500

Experiment

100

200

300

400

500

Statistical Reasoning

1. Psychology is currently defined 1. Psychology is currently defined as:as:• A) the scientific study of behavior.

• B) the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

• C) the scientific study of biological and cognitive processes.

• D) the scientific study of motives and conflicts.

2. The ____ administers tests and 2. The ____ administers tests and provides therapy and the ___ prescribes provides therapy and the ___ prescribes medication.medication.

• A) clinical psychologist; psychiatrist

• B) psychiatrist; clinical psychologist

• C) counseling psychologist; clinical psychologist

• D) school psychologist; clinical psychologist

3. In the SQ3R model, the 3. In the SQ3R model, the recommended sequence is:recommended sequence is: • A) survey, question, read, reason,

review.

• B) study, question, review, read, reflect.

• C) study, question, read, review, reflect.

• D) survey, question, read, review, reflect.

4. Dr. James proposes that men’s desire 4. Dr. James proposes that men’s desire for young, healthy women contributes to for young, healthy women contributes to the survival of the human species. He is the survival of the human species. He is taking the ___ perspective.taking the ___ perspective.

• A) psychodynamic

• B) neurological

• C) evolutionary

• D) socio-cultural

5.5. Together, three different levels form Together, three different levels form an integrated approach to an integrated approach to understanding psychological understanding psychological processes. This approach is called:processes. This approach is called:

• A) neuro-developmental.

• B) biopsychosocial.

• C) bio-mental-behavioral.

• D) cognitive-behavioral.

6. Julie appeared not to be surprised when 6. Julie appeared not to be surprised when the couple broke up. “I could have the couple broke up. “I could have predicted that,” she said. Julie is predicted that,” she said. Julie is demonstrating:demonstrating:

• A) ESP.

• B) hindsight bias.

• C) overestimation the extent to which others share her opinion.

• D) correlation proves causation.

7. To have a scientific attitude, we 7. To have a scientific attitude, we should not just believe something we should not just believe something we have been told, we should examine the have been told, we should examine the evidence, ask questions and come to our evidence, ask questions and come to our own conclusions. This process is called:own conclusions. This process is called:

• A) a hypothesis.

• B) an experiment.

• C) critical thinking.

• D) logical reasoning.

8. A hypothesis is a(n):8. A hypothesis is a(n):

• A) testable prediction that gives direction to research.

• B) way to organize facts.

• C) process of linking facts to deeper principles.

• D) set of principles that explains newly discovered facts.

9. According to the recommendations by 9. According to the recommendations by the Psychologists for the Ethical the Psychologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, research using Treatment of Animals, research using animal subjects:animal subjects:

• A) should not be done.

• B) should be conducted in a controlled laboratory.

• C) should only be conducted in order to save lives.

• D) should be done through naturalistic observation.

10. The following is an example of 10. The following is an example of an operational definition: an operational definition:

• A) stress is defined as how well a person adjusts to his/her environment.

• B) personality is defined as how well that person relates to others.

• C) empathy is defined as showing you can understand the other person’s feelings.

• D) intelligence is defined as a score on an intelligence test.

• E) all of the above.

11. When everybody has an equal 11. When everybody has an equal chance of being included in a chance of being included in a study, this process is called: study, this process is called:

• A) unbiased reporting.

• B) a survey.

• C) a random sample.

• D) reliability.

12. Which of the following 12. Which of the following correlation coefficients reflects the correlation coefficients reflects the strongeststrongest correlation? correlation?

• A) +.10

• B) -.64

• C) +.35

• D) -.10

13. A mistaken belief that two factors 13. A mistaken belief that two factors or events are related when they are or events are related when they are not is called: not is called:

• A) the rule of falsifiability.

• B) pseudoscience.

• C) an illusory correlation.

• D) paranormal phenomena.

14. Joan had not been able to get pregnant 14. Joan had not been able to get pregnant for years so she and her husband decided for years so she and her husband decided to adopt. Six months after the adoption, to adopt. Six months after the adoption, Joan became pregnant. This proves:Joan became pregnant. This proves:

• A) the belief that infertile couples are more likely to have a child after adoption.

• B) if you try hard to have a child, you are less likely to.

• C) she must have become remarried.

• D) coincidences which confirm a belief are believed to be meaningful.

15. Consistently, we find low self-esteem 15. Consistently, we find low self-esteem is often related with high levels of is often related with high levels of depression. This means:depression. This means:

• A) low self-esteem causes depression.

• B) depression causes low self-esteem.

• C) low self-esteem and depression are caused by a third factor.

• D) they are correlated but this does not prove causation.

16. In order to prove a cause-and-16. In order to prove a cause-and-effect relationship, we must use:effect relationship, we must use:

• A) naturalistic observation.

• B) the experimental method.

• C) human subjects.

• D) correlation coefficients.

17. In an experiment, the group of 17. In an experiment, the group of participants who are exposed to the participants who are exposed to the treatment of interest is in the:treatment of interest is in the:

• A) control condition.

• B) independent condition.

• C) placebo condition.

• D) experimental condition.

18. Neither the researcher nor the 18. Neither the researcher nor the subjects knew whether or not they subjects knew whether or not they received the drug studied or a placebo. received the drug studied or a placebo. This is an example of:This is an example of:

• A) expectancy effects.

• B) placebo effects.

• C) a double-blind study.

• D) nothing. It would be ridiculous.

19. The best way to assure the post-19. The best way to assure the post-treatment differences found between the treatment differences found between the experimental and control groups is due experimental and control groups is due to the treatment is by:to the treatment is by:

• A) random assignment.

• B) training your subjects well.

• C) letting your subjects know which group they are in.

• D) using a placebo.

20. Dr. Schulte wants to investigate if 20. Dr. Schulte wants to investigate if aggressive behavior in children is aggressive behavior in children is increased if they view violent videos. In increased if they view violent videos. In this instance, the dependent variable is:this instance, the dependent variable is:

• A) violent videos.

• B) aggressive behavior.

• C) a placebo.

• D) the control condition.

21. Which measure of central 21. Which measure of central tendency is the exact middle score of tendency is the exact middle score of a distribution of scores?a distribution of scores? • A) mean

• B) median

• C) mode

• D) coefficient

22. The ____ is a measure of the 22. The ____ is a measure of the degree of variation among a set of degree of variation among a set of scores from each other.scores from each other.

• A) mean

• B) scatterplot

• C) standard deviation

• D) normal distribution

23. Mean is to range as ____ is to ___. 23. Mean is to range as ____ is to ___.

• A) central tendency; variation

• B) frequency distribution; bar graph

• C) scatterplot; correlation

• D) mean; mode

24: If results of research are not likely to 24: If results of research are not likely to have occurred by chance, we say the have occurred by chance, we say the results are:results are:

• A) an illusory correlation.

• B) descriptive.

• C) valid.

• D) statistically significant.

25. Mr. Soda found in his experiment more 25. Mr. Soda found in his experiment more Americans enjoyed Coke than Pepsi. He Americans enjoyed Coke than Pepsi. He blindfolded 100 people, had them taste each blindfolded 100 people, had them taste each and then report. You would recommend that and then report. You would recommend that Mr. Soda:Mr. Soda:

• A) should use other colas, too.

• B) should have tested non-Americans.

• C) should test many more subjects.

• D) should have some test 7-up.

Stop here, or continue as a review

1. Psychology is currently defined as:1. Psychology is currently defined as:

• A) the scientific study of behavior.

• B) the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.

• C) the scientific study of biological and cognitive processes.

• D) the scientific study of motives and conflicts.

2

2. The ____ administers tests and 2. The ____ administers tests and provides therapy and the ___ prescribes provides therapy and the ___ prescribes medication.medication.

• A) clinical psychologist; psychiatrist

• B) psychiatrist; clinical psychologist

• C) counseling psychologist; clinical psychologist

• D) school psychologist; clinical psychologist

13

3. In the SQ3R model, the 3. In the SQ3R model, the recommended sequence is:recommended sequence is:

• A) survey, question, read, reason, review.

• B) study, question, review, read, reflect.

• C) study, question, read, review, reflect.

• D) survey, question, read, review, reflect.

15

4. Dr. James proposes that men’s desire 4. Dr. James proposes that men’s desire for young, healthy women contributes to for young, healthy women contributes to the survival of the human species. He is the survival of the human species. He is taking the ___ perspective.taking the ___ perspective.

• A) psychodynamic

• B) neurological

• C) evolutionary

• D) socio-cultural

11

5.5. Together, three different levels form Together, three different levels form an integrated approach to an integrated approach to understanding psychological understanding psychological processes. This approach is called:processes. This approach is called:

• A) neuro-developmental.

• B) biopsychosocial.

• C) bio-mental-behavioral.

• D) cognitive-behavioral.

10

6. Julie appeared not to be surprised when 6. Julie appeared not to be surprised when the couple broke up. “I could have the couple broke up. “I could have predicted that,” she said. Julie is predicted that,” she said. Julie is demonstrating:demonstrating:

• A) ESP.

• B) hindsight bias.

• C) overestimation the extent to which others share her opinion.

• D) correlation proves causation.

20

7. To have a scientific attitude, we 7. To have a scientific attitude, we should not just believe something we should not just believe something we have been told, we should examine the have been told, we should examine the evidence, ask questions and come to our evidence, ask questions and come to our own conclusions. This process is called:own conclusions. This process is called:

• A) a hypothesis.

• B) an experiment.

• C) critical thinking.

• D) logical reasoning.

24

8. A hypothesis is a(n):8. A hypothesis is a(n):

• A) testable prediction that gives direction to research.

• B) way to organize facts.

• C) process of linking facts to deeper principles.

• D) set of principles that explains newly discovered facts.

25

9. According to the recommendations by 9. According to the recommendations by the Psychologists for the Ethical the Psychologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals, research using Treatment of Animals, research using animal subjects:animal subjects:

• A) should not be done.

• B) should be conducted in a controlled laboratory.

• C) should only be conducted in order to save lives.

• D) should be done through naturalistic observation. 47

10. The following is an example of 10. The following is an example of an operational definition: an operational definition:

• A) stress is defined as how well a person adjusts to his/her environment.

• B) personality is defined as how well that person relates to others.

• C) empathy is defined as showing you can understand the other person’s feelings.

• D) intelligence is defined as a score on an intelligence test.

• E) all of the above. 25

11. When everybody has an equal 11. When everybody has an equal chance of being included in a chance of being included in a study, this process is called: study, this process is called:

• A) unbiased reporting.

• B) a survey.

• C) a random sample.

• D) reliability.

28

12. Which of the following 12. Which of the following correlation coefficients reflects the correlation coefficients reflects the strongeststrongest correlation? correlation?

• A) +.10

• B) -.64

• C) +.35

• D) -.10

31

13. A mistaken belief that two factors 13. A mistaken belief that two factors or events are related when they are or events are related when they are not is called: not is called:

• A) the rule of falsifiability.

• B) pseudoscience.

• C) an illusory correlation.

• D) paranormal phenomena.

33

14. Joan had not been able to get pregnant 14. Joan had not been able to get pregnant for years so she and her husband decided for years so she and her husband decided to adopt. Six months after the adoption, to adopt. Six months after the adoption, Joan became pregnant. This proves:Joan became pregnant. This proves:

• A) the belief that infertile couples are more likely to have a child after adoption.

• B) if you try hard to have a child, you are less likely to.

• C) she must have become remarried.

• D) coincidences which confirm a belief are believed to be meaningful.

33

15. Consistently, we find low self-esteem 15. Consistently, we find low self-esteem is often related with high levels of is often related with high levels of depression. This means:depression. This means:

• A) low self-esteem causes depression.

• B) depression causes low self-esteem.

• C) low self-esteem and depression are caused by a third factor.

• D) they are correlated but this does not prove causation.

32

16. In order to prove a cause-and-16. In order to prove a cause-and-effect relationship, we must use:effect relationship, we must use:

• A) naturalistic observation.

• B) the experimental method.

• C) human subjects.

• D) correlation coefficients.

36

17. In an experiment, the group of 17. In an experiment, the group of participants who are exposed to the participants who are exposed to the treatment of interest is in the:treatment of interest is in the:

• A) control condition.

• B) independent condition.

• C) placebo condition.

• D) experimental condition.

37

18. Neither the researcher nor the 18. Neither the researcher nor the subjects knew whether or not they subjects knew whether or not they received the drug studied or a placebo. received the drug studied or a placebo. This is an example of:This is an example of:

• A) expectancy effects.

• B) placebo effects.

• C) a double-blind study.

• D) nothing. It would be ridiculous.

37

19. The best way to assure the post-19. The best way to assure the post-treatment differences found between the treatment differences found between the experimental and control groups is due experimental and control groups is due to the treatment is by:to the treatment is by:

• A) random assignment.

• B) training your subjects well.

• C) letting your subjects know which group they are in.

• D) using a placebo.

37

20. Dr. Schulte wants to investigate if 20. Dr. Schulte wants to investigate if aggressive behavior in children is increased if aggressive behavior in children is increased if they view violent videos. In this instance, the they view violent videos. In this instance, the dependent variable is:dependent variable is:

• A) violent videos.

• B) aggressive behavior.

• C) a placebo.

• D) the control condition.

38

21. Which measure of central tendency is the 21. Which measure of central tendency is the exact middle score of a distribution of scores? exact middle score of a distribution of scores?

• A) mean

• B) median

• C) mode

• D) coefficient

41

22. The ____ is a measure of the degree of 22. The ____ is a measure of the degree of variation among a set of scores from each variation among a set of scores from each other.other.

• A) mean

• B) scatterplot

• C) standard deviation

• D) normal distribution

42

23. Mean is to range as ____ is to ___. 23. Mean is to range as ____ is to ___.

• A) central tendency; variation

• B) frequency distribution; bar graph

• C) scatterplot; correlation

• D) mean; mode

41

24: If results of research are not likely to 24: If results of research are not likely to have occurred by chance, we say the have occurred by chance, we say the results are:results are:

• A) an illusory correlation.

• B) descriptive.

• C) valid.

• D) statistically significant.

43

25. Mr. Soda found in his experiment more 25. Mr. Soda found in his experiment more Americans enjoyed Coke than Pepsi. He Americans enjoyed Coke than Pepsi. He blindfolded 100 people, had them taste each blindfolded 100 people, had them taste each and then report. You would recommend that and then report. You would recommend that Mr. Soda:Mr. Soda:

• A) should use other colas, too.

• B) should have tested non-Americans.

• C) should test many more subjects.

• D) should have some test 7-up.

43

AcknowledgementsAcknowledgements

• Step Up Created by:– John J. Schulte, Psy.D.

• Based on Psychology, Eighth Edition

• By David G. Myers• Published by• Worth Publishers

(2007)

AnswersAnswers

1. B

2. A

3. D

4. C

5. B

6. B

7. C

8. A

9. D

10. D

11. C

12. B

13. C

14. D

15. D

16. B

17. D

18. C

19. A

20. B

21. B

22. C

23. A

24. D

25. C