Chapter 1 PowerPoint Slides to Entrepreneurship Successfully Launching New Ventures

Chapter 1

Introduction to Entrepreneurship

Bruce R. Barringer

R. Duane Ireland

1-1Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall

Introduction to Entrepreneurship

There is tremendous interest in

entrepreneurship in the U.S. and around the world.

According to the 2010 GEMstudy, 7.6% of Americansare actively engaged in starting a business or arethe owner/manager of abusiness that is less than

three years old.


Indications of Increased Interestin Entrepreneurship

• Books – Amazon.com lists over 35,600 books dealing with

entrepreneurship and 62,700 focused on small business.• College Courses

– In 1985, there were about 250 entrepreneurship courses offered across all colleges in the United States.

– Today, more than 2,000 colleges and universities in the United States (which is about two-thirds of the total) offer at least one course in entrepreneurship.


What is Entrepreneurship?

• Academic Definition (Stevenson & Jarillo)– Entrepreneurship is the process by which individuals pursue

opportunities without regard to resources they currently control.

• Venture Capitalist (Fred Wilson)– Entrepreneurship is the art of turning an idea into a

business.• Explanation of What Entrepreneurs Do

– Entrepreneurs assemble and then integrate all the resources needed – the money, the people, the business model, the strategy – to transform an invention or an idea into a viable business.


Corporate Entrepreneurship1 of 2

• Corporate Entrepreneurship– Is the conceptualization of entrepreneurship at the firm

level.– All firms fall along a conceptual continuum that ranges

from highly conservative to highly entrepreneurial.– The position of a firm on this continuum is referred to as its

entrepreneurial intensity.


Corporate Entrepreneurship2 of 2

Entrepreneurial Firms Conservative Firms

• Proactive• Innovative• Risk taking

• Take a more “wait and see” posture • Less innovative• Risk averse


Why Become an Entrepreneur?

The three primary reasons that people become entrepreneurs and start their own firms

Desire to be their own boss

Financial rewards

Desire to pursue theirown ideas


Characteristics of Successful Entrepreneurs1 of 3

Four Primary Characteristics



• Passion for the Business– The number one characteristic shared by successful

entrepreneurs is a passion for the business.– This passion typically stems from the entrepreneur’s belief

that the business will positively influence people’s lives.• Product/Customer Focus

– A second defining characteristic of successful entrepreneurs is a product/customer focus.

– An entrepreneur’s keen focus on products and customers typically stems from the fact that most entrepreneurs are, at heart, craftspeople.



• Tenacity Despite Failure– Because entrepreneurs are typically trying something new,

the failure rate is naturally high.– A defining characteristic for successful entrepreneurs is

their ability to persevere through setbacks and failures. • Execution Intelligence

– The ability to fashion a solid business idea into a viable business is a key characteristic of successful entrepreneurs.


What Went Wrong? - How a lack of passion and too few customers can kill a

business.

• YouCastr hatched in mid-2006 during a road trip.• How about creating a platform that people could use to

provide live commentary for sporting events?• They built an alpha version.• Eventually each member of the team quit their job.

Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall 1-11

What Went Wrong? - How a lack of passion and too few customers can kill a

business.• YouCastr started as a virtual sports bar.• Their business model called for the firm to take a commission

on the sales its site generated. • Reasons why YouCastr failed:

– Company ran out of money– Market was not there– Assumed people were willing to pay for audio and video sporting

events– Lack of passion pertaining to sports and broadcasting


Common Myths About Entrepreneurs1 of 5

• Myth 1: Entrepreneurs Are Born, Not Made– This myth is based on the mistaken belief that some people

are genetically predisposed to be entrepreneurs.– The consensus of many studies is that no one is “born” to

be an entrepreneur; everyone has the potential to become one.

– Whether someone does or doesn’t become an entrepreneur is a function of their environment, life experiences, and personal choices.



Although no one is “born” to be an entrepreneur, there are common traits and characteristics of successful entrepreneurs

• A moderate risk taker• A networker• Achievement motivated• Alert to opportunities• Creative• Decisive• Energetic• Has a strong work ethic• Lengthy attention span

• Optimistic disposition• Persuasive• Promoter• Resource

assembler/leverager• Self-confident• Self-starter• Tenacious• Tolerant of ambiguity• Visionary



• Myth 2: Entrepreneurs Are Gamblers– Most entrepreneurs are moderate risk takers.– The idea that entrepreneurs are gamblers originates from

two sources:• Entrepreneurs typically have jobs that are less structured, and so

they face a more uncertain set of possibilities than people in traditional jobs.

• Many entrepreneurs have a strong need to achieve and set challenging goals, a behavior that is often equated with risk taking.



• Myth 3: Entrepreneurs Are Motivated Primarily by Money– While it is naïve to think that entrepreneurs don’t seek

financial rewards, money is rarely the reason entrepreneurs start new firms.

– In fact, some entrepreneurs warn that the pursuit of money can be distracting.



• Myth 4: Entrepreneurs Should Be Young and Energetic– Entrepreneurial activity is fairly easily spread out over age

ranges. – While it is important to be energetic, investors often cite

the strength of the entrepreneur as their most important criteria in making investment decisions.• What makes an entrepreneur “strong” in the eyes of an investor is

experience, maturity, a solid reputation, and a track record of success.

• These criteria favor older rather than younger entrepreneurs.


Types of Start-Up Firms


Changing Demographics of Entrepreneurs1 of 3

Women Entrepreneurs

• There were 6.2 million women-

owned businesses in 2002 (the most recent statistics available) • This number was up 20% from 1997.• There are a growing number

of organizations that support and advocate for women-owned businesses. 1-19Copyright ©2012 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Prentice Hall


Minority Entrepreneurs Senior Entrepreneurs

• There has been a substantial increase in minority entrepreneurs in the U.S. from 1996 to 2010.• The biggest jump has come in

Latino entrepreneurs, which increased from 11% to 23% from 1996 to 2010.

• The percentage of U.S. entrepreneurs who are seniors jumped from 15% to 23% from 1996 to 2010.• The increase is attributed to corporate downsizing, a desire among older workers for more fulfillment in their lives, a need for additional income, and similar factors.



Young Entrepreneurs

• Interest among young people in entrepreneurial careers is high.• According to a Harris Interactive survey, 40% of people eight to 21 years old said they’d like to start their own business someday. • A total of 59% of the 8- to 21- year olds said they know someone who has started their own business.


Economic Impact of Entrepreneurial Firms

• Innovation– Is the process of creating something new, which is central to

the entrepreneurial process.– Several studies have found that small businesses outperform their larger counterparts in terms of obtaining patents.

• Job Creation– Small businesses are the creators of most new jobs in the

U.S., and employ half of all private sector employees.– According to a Kauffman Foundation survey, 92% of

Americans say entrepreneurs are critically important to job creation.


Entrepreneurial Firms’ Impact on Society and Larger Firms

• Impact on Society– The innovations of entrepreneurial firms have a dramatic

impact on society.– Think of all the new products and services that make our

lives easier, enhance our productivity at work, improve our health, and entertain us in new ways.

• Impact on Larger Firms– Many entrepreneurial firms have built their entire business

models around producing products and services that help larger firms become more efficient and effective.


The Entrepreneurial Process

The Entrepreneurial Process Consists of Four Steps

Step 1: Deciding to become an entrepreneur.

Step 2: Developing successful business ideas.

Step 3: Moving from an idea to an entrepreneurial firm.

Step 4: Managing and growing the entrepreneurial firm.


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Sources of Equity Funding

Venture Capital Business Angels

Initial Public Offerings

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Business Angels1 of 2

• Business Angels– Are individuals who invest their personal capital directly in

start-ups. – The prototypical business angel is about 50 years old, has

high income and wealth, is well educated, has succeeded as an entrepreneur, and is interested in the startup process.

– The number of angel investors in the U.S. has increased dramatically over the past decade.

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Business Angels2 of 2

• Business Angels (continued)– Business angels are valuable because of their willingness to

make relatively small investments. • These investors generally invest between $10,000 and

$500,000 in a single company.• Are looking for companies that have the potential to

grow between 30% to 40% per year.– Business angels could be found in every community

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Venture Capital1 of 3

• Venture Capital– Is money that is invested by venture-capital firms in start-

ups and small businesses with exceptional growth potential.

– There are about 650 venture-capital firms in the U.S. that provide funding to about 2,600 firms per year.• Venture-capital firms are limited partnerships of money managers

who raise money in “funds” to invest in start-ups and growing firms.

• The funds, or pool of money, are raised from wealthy individuals, pension plans, university endowments, foreign investors, and similar sources.

• A typical fund is $75 million to $200 million and invests in 20 to 30 companies over a three- to five-year period.

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• Venture Capital (continued)– Venture capital firms fund very few entrepreneurial firms

in comparison to business angels. • Many entrepreneurs get discouraged when they are repeatedly

rejected for venture capital funding, even though they may have an excellent business plan.

• Venture capitalists are looking for the “home run” and so reject the majority of the proposals they consider.

• Still, for the firms that qualify, venture capital is a viable alternative for equity funding.

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• Venture Capital (continued)– An important part of obtaining venture-capital funding is

going through the due diligence process:– Venture capitalists invest money in start-ups in “stages,”

meaning that not all the money that is invested is disbursed at the same time.

– Some venture capitalists also specialize in certain “stages” of funding.

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Initial Public Offering1 of 3

• Initial Public Offering– An initial public offering (IPO) is a company’s first sale of

stock to the public. When a company goes public, its stock is traded on one of the major stock exchanges.

– Most entrepreneurial firms that go public trade on the NASDAQ, which is weighted heavily toward technology, biotech, and small-company stocks.

– An IPO is an important milestone for a firm. Typically, a firm is not able to go public until it has demonstrated that it is viable and has a bright future.

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Reason 1 Reason 2

Is a way to raise equity capital to fund current and future operations.

Raises a firm’s public profile, making it easier to attract high-quality

customers and business partners.


Reasons that Motivate Firms to Go Public

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Reason 3 Reason 4

Is a liquidity event that provides a means for a company’s investors to

recoup their investments.

Creates a form of currency that can be

used to grow the company via acquisitions.


Reasons that Motivate Firms to Go Public

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Sources of Debt Financing

Commercial Banks

SBA Guaranteed Loans

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Commercial Banks

• Banks– Historically, commercial banks have not been viewed as a

practical sources of financing for start-up firms. – This sentiment is not a knock against banks; it is just that

banks are risk adverse, and financing start-ups is a risky business.• Banks are interested in firms that have a strong cash flow, low

leverage, audited financials, good management, and a healthy balance sheet.

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SBA Guaranteed Loans1 of 2

• The SBA Guaranteed Loan Program– Approximately 50% of the 9,000 banks in the U.S.

participate in the SBA Guaranteed Loan Program.– The program operates through private-sector lenders who

provide loans that are guaranteed by the SBA.– The loans are for small businesses that are not able to

obtain credit elsewhere.• The 7(A) Loan Guaranty Program

– The most notable SBA program available to small businesses.

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SBA Guaranteed Loans2 of 2

• Size and Types of Loans – Almost all small businesses are eligible to apply for an

SBA guaranteed loan.– The SBA can guarantee as much as 85% on loans up to

$150,000 and 75% on loans over $150,000.– An SBA guaranteed loan can be used for almost any

legitimate business purpose.– Since its inception, the SBA has helped make $280 billion

in loans to nearly 1.3 million businesses.

Chapter 1 PowerPoint Slides to Entrepreneurship Successfully Launching New Ventures

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