Chapter 1– part B

Chapter 1– part BChapter 1– part B

Biology: The Study of LifeBiology: The Study of Life

QSR #14

Compound Light Compound Light MicroscopesMicroscopes

1. 1. EyepieceEyepiece – what you look through (10x) – what you look through (10x) 2. Body tube2. Body tube – tube between the eyepiece and objective – tube between the eyepiece and objective

lenses lenses 3. 3. Fine adjustment knob – Fine adjustment knob – make the last “fine” make the last “fine”

adjustmentsadjustments 4. 4. Nosepiece – Nosepiece – rotating mount that holds the objective rotating mount that holds the objective

lenseslenses

5. 5. objective lensobjective lens – gathers light from the – gathers light from the specimenspecimen 5. High power: longer – higher magnification5. High power: longer – higher magnification 6. Low power: shorter – lower magnification6. Low power: shorter – lower magnification

•7. Diaphragm: regulates the amount of light that enters the•8. Light source: either a mirror or light bulb•9. Base: supports the weight of the microscope•10. Coarse-adjustment knobCoarse-adjustment knob – big knob used – big knob used for focusingfor focusing

-should ONLY be used under LOW -should ONLY be used under LOW magnificationmagnification11. 11. ArmArm – holds body tube to the base – holds body tube to the base

•Microscope is carried by this Microscope is carried by this •12. 12. Stage clips Stage clips – holds glass slide in place– holds glass slide in place•13. 13. Stage – Stage – Holds the specimen for viewingHolds the specimen for viewing

Electron MicroscopesElectron Microscopes A. Uses a beam of A. Uses a beam of

electrons instead of electrons instead of lightlight Can magnify up to Can magnify up to

500,000 times500,000 times B. 2 typesB. 2 types

1. Scanning electron 1. Scanning electron microscopemicroscope Scans across the Scans across the

surfacesurface 2. Transmission 2. Transmission

electron microscope electron microscope (TEM)(TEM) Allows you to view Allows you to view

INSIDE the INSIDE the specimanspeciman

QSR #14 – COPY AND FILL IN THE BLANKS!!

Characteristics of living thingsCharacteristics of living things 1.Made of cells1.Made of cells

MulticellularMulticellular unicellular unicellular

2.Reproduce2.Reproduce Sexually vs asexuallySexually vs asexually

3.Change over time3.Change over time 4.Respond to environment (stimulus vs 4.Respond to environment (stimulus vs

response)response) 5.Adapt 5.Adapt 6.evolve6.evolve

Is a virus living?Is a virus living?

Viruses are NOT madeof cells….

Important terms:Important terms:

Cellular organizationCellular organization Cells, tissues, organs, systems, and organismCells, tissues, organs, systems, and organism

MetabolismMetabolism ALL of the chemical processes involved in breaking down or ALL of the chemical processes involved in breaking down or

building up materials for energybuilding up materials for energy HomeostasisHomeostasis

Maintaining internal conditions that are balancedMaintaining internal conditions that are balanced Ex: pH levels, sugar levels, hormone levelsEx: pH levels, sugar levels, hormone levels

Anything that possesses all of Anything that possesses all of the characteristics of lifethe characteristics of life

organismorganism

T or F…Reproduction is T or F…Reproduction is essential for the survival of essential for the survival of

all speciesall species

TRUE!!!!

A group of organisms that can A group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile breed and produce fertile offspring in natureoffspring in nature

speciesspecies

ligerliger

tigontigon

zorsezorse

MuleMule

Stimulus Vs ResponseStimulus Vs Response

A A STIMULUSSTIMULUS is anything in the environment is anything in the environment that requires an organism to adjust/react that requires an organism to adjust/react

The adjustment made is the The adjustment made is the RESPONSE. RESPONSE. EX: Sweating in humans is a response to the EX: Sweating in humans is a response to the

stimulus of high temperaturestimulus of high temperature

Adaptation and evolutionAdaptation and evolution

AdaptationAdaptation Any structure or behavior that enables an Any structure or behavior that enables an

organism to better survive in an organism to better survive in an environmentenvironment Ex: Length of a giraffe’s neckEx: Length of a giraffe’s neck Leads to Leads to EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION of the species of the species

A change in living things over timeA change in living things over time

QSR #15

Scientific methodScientific method

ObservingObserving Making a hypothesisMaking a hypothesis Collecting dataCollecting data Publishing resultsPublishing results

Forming a theoryForming a theory Developing new Developing new

hypotheseshypotheses Revising the theoryRevising the theory

QSR #4QSR #4 1. _______ ________s are used to 1. _______ ________s are used to

accurately measure the volume of liquids.accurately measure the volume of liquids. 2. ________ are used for cutting during 2. ________ are used for cutting during

dissections.dissections. 3. The hottest part of a flame of a bunsen 3. The hottest part of a flame of a bunsen

burner is __________________.burner is __________________. 4.Other than bunsen burners, ______ 4.Other than bunsen burners, ______

_______s can be used to heat liquids _______s can be used to heat liquids inside beakers.inside beakers.

The Methods of BiologyThe Methods of Biology

Observing and HypothesizingObserving and Hypothesizing EX: Why do earthworms leave their EX: Why do earthworms leave their

burrows when it rains?burrows when it rains? To answer questions, scientists use the To answer questions, scientists use the

Scientific methodScientific method Id problems to answer by observingId problems to answer by observing

hypothesishypothesis

Explanation for a question or a problem Explanation for a question or a problem that can be formally testedthat can be formally tested

Must be able to be testedMust be able to be tested

experimentexperiment

A procedure that tests a hypothesis by A procedure that tests a hypothesis by the process of collecting information the process of collecting information under controlled conditionsunder controlled conditions

controlcontrol

The group in which all conditions are kept The group in which all conditions are kept the samethe same

Experimental groupExperimental group

Aka the test groupAka the test group All conditions are kept the same except All conditions are kept the same except

for the single condition being testedfor the single condition being tested

Independent variableIndependent variable

The condition in an experiment that is The condition in an experiment that is changedchanged

Also called the manipulated variableAlso called the manipulated variable

Dependent variableDependent variable

As the independent variable changes it As the independent variable changes it causes changes in thiscauses changes in this

Also called the responding variableAlso called the responding variable

““MIX DRY” – What does this mean?MIX DRY” – What does this mean?

DataData

Quantitative vs. qualitativeQuantitative vs. qualitative Quantitative describes using numbersQuantitative describes using numbers Qualitative describes using wordsQualitative describes using words

Think “quantity vs quality”Think “quantity vs quality” Give a few examples of each:Give a few examples of each:

QSR #15

TheoriesTheories

An “explanation” of a natural phenomenon that An “explanation” of a natural phenomenon that is supported by a large body of scientific is supported by a large body of scientific evidence obtained from many different evidence obtained from many different investigations investigations

Continual verification and refinement of a Continual verification and refinement of a hypothesishypothesis

Not proven or “FACT”Not proven or “FACT” Scientific theory is different from regular Scientific theory is different from regular

theoriestheories

Laws Laws

Facts of nature that generally known to Facts of nature that generally known to be truebe true

Ex: Newton’s Laws of MotionEx: Newton’s Laws of Motion

Technological Design…Technological Design…

What if you have a new idea or way to What if you have a new idea or way to improve the quality of human life?improve the quality of human life?

Steps for a new technological design:Steps for a new technological design: Identify the need Identify the need → design → implement → → design → implement →

evaluate the designevaluate the design

IDIEIDIE

Section Assessment pg. 20Section Assessment pg. 20

Suppose you made the Suppose you made the observation that bees seem observation that bees seem to prefer a yellow flower that to prefer a yellow flower that produces abundant amounts produces abundant amounts of pollen and nectar over a of pollen and nectar over a purple flower that produces purple flower that produces less pollen and nectar. List 2 less pollen and nectar. List 2 separate hypotheses that you separate hypotheses that you might make about bees and might make about bees and flowers.flowers.

Students might Students might hypothesize that bees hypothesize that bees prefer yellow flowers to prefer yellow flowers to purple flowers or that purple flowers or that bees prefer flowers with bees prefer flowers with more abundant pollen. more abundant pollen.

Describe a controlled experiment Describe a controlled experiment you could perform to determine you could perform to determine whether ants are more attracted to whether ants are more attracted to butter or honey.butter or honey.

Set up an experimental chamber. Within Set up an experimental chamber. Within a specific amount of time, count and a specific amount of time, count and record how many ants move to butter record how many ants move to butter placed a specific distance from the ants. placed a specific distance from the ants. Repeat several times. Repeat using Repeat several times. Repeat using honey in place of the butter.honey in place of the butter.

What is the difference What is the difference between a theory and a between a theory and a hypothesis. hypothesis.

A hypothesis is a testable explanation for A hypothesis is a testable explanation for a question. A theory is a refined a question. A theory is a refined explanation supported by many different explanation supported by many different experiments. experiments.

Why do experiments Why do experiments usually require a control?usually require a control?

A control provides greater certainty that A control provides greater certainty that observed results are not due to chance observed results are not due to chance or other variables. or other variables.

Describe a way that a baker Describe a way that a baker might conduct a controlled might conduct a controlled experiment with a cookie experiment with a cookie recipe. recipe.

Prepare one batch of cookies by Prepare one batch of cookies by following a recipe and another batch of following a recipe and another batch of cookies by varying a single variable in cookies by varying a single variable in the recipe, such as the amount of sugar. the recipe, such as the amount of sugar.

Review the Inside Story. Review the Inside Story. What happens when a What happens when a hypothesis is not confirmed? hypothesis is not confirmed? What does the position of the What does the position of the word theory indicate about word theory indicate about the strength of a scientific the strength of a scientific theory compared to the theory compared to the

strength of a hypothesis?strength of a hypothesis?

A new, revised A new, revised hypothesis is tested or hypothesis is tested or the experiment may be the experiment may be changed. Theories are changed. Theories are supported by the supported by the results of a variety of results of a variety of experiments. experiments.

1.3 The Nature of 1.3 The Nature of BiologyBiology

Kinds of researchKinds of research Quantitative vs qualatativeQuantitative vs qualatative SI units are used for measuringSI units are used for measuring

ConsistencyConsistency Easy changedEasy changed Based on units of 10Based on units of 10

Science and SocietyScience and Society

Knowledge is not bad. It is society’s Knowledge is not bad. It is society’s intentions that must be considered when intentions that must be considered when knowledge is gained.knowledge is gained. Ethics– refers to the moral principles and Ethics– refers to the moral principles and

values held by humansvalues held by humans Society must be responsible with the knowledgeSociety must be responsible with the knowledge

Future of scienceFuture of science

Can science answer all questions?Can science answer all questions? Can technology solve all problems?Can technology solve all problems?

BenefitsBenefits RisksRisks

Soil irrigationSoil irrigation

Section Assessment pg. 25Section Assessment pg. 25

Why is important that scientific Why is important that scientific experiments be repeated?experiments be repeated?

To see if the results are repeatable, thus To see if the results are repeatable, thus confirming their authenticityconfirming their authenticity

Compare and contrast Compare and contrast quantitative and quantitative and descriptive research.descriptive research.

Quantitative research reports data in Quantitative research reports data in numerical values based on measuring. numerical values based on measuring. Descriptive research reports data in Descriptive research reports data in written descriptions based on written descriptions based on observations.observations.

Why is science Why is science considered to be a considered to be a combination of fact and combination of fact and process?process?

A scientist needs a background of A scientist needs a background of knowledge in his or her field. The knowledge in his or her field. The scientific process increases that scientific process increases that knowledge. knowledge.

Why Is technology not Why Is technology not the solution to all the solution to all scientific problems?scientific problems?

Some problems do not have a scientific Some problems do not have a scientific basis. Some technological solutions may basis. Some technological solutions may pose more problems than they solve. pose more problems than they solve.

Biomedical research has led Biomedical research has led to the development of to the development of technology that can keep technology that can keep elderly, very ill patients elderly, very ill patients alive. How does the alive. How does the statement “The results of statement “The results of research aren’t good or research aren’t good or bad; they just are,” apply bad; they just are,” apply to such research. to such research.

The biomedical The biomedical researchers sought to researchers sought to increase knoledge. The increase knoledge. The application of the application of the resulting technology is a resulting technology is a question society must question society must answer. answer.

Look at the graph in Look at the graph in Figure 1-16. Why do Figure 1-16. Why do you think the high-you think the high-temperature side of the temperature side of the graph drops off more graph drops off more sharply than the low-sharply than the low-temperature side. temperature side.

Paramecia die above a Paramecia die above a certain temperature. This certain temperature. This results in a rapid drop in results in a rapid drop in numbers once this numbers once this temperature is reached. temperature is reached. They are better able to They are better able to suvive as low suvive as low temperatures rise, thus temperatures rise, thus the graph reflects this the graph reflects this increased survival. increased survival.

Chapter 1 Assessment pg. 29--31Chapter 1 Assessment pg. 29--31

Main Ideas 1.1Main Ideas 1.1

Biology is the organized study of living Biology is the organized study of living things and their interactions with the things and their interactions with the natural and physical environments.natural and physical environments.

All living things have 4 characteristics in All living things have 4 characteristics in common: organization, reproduce, common: organization, reproduce, growth and development, and the ability growth and development, and the ability to adjust to the environmentto adjust to the environment

Vocabulary 1.1Vocabulary 1.1

AdaptationAdaptation BiologyBiology DevelopmentDevelopment EnergyEnergy EnvironmentEnvironment EvolutionEvolution growthgrowth

HomeostasisHomeostasis OrganismOrganism OrganizationOrganization Reproduction Reproduction ResponseResponse SpeciesSpecies stimulusstimulus


Biologists use controlled experiments to Biologists use controlled experiments to obtain data that either do or do not obtain data that either do or do not support a hypothesis. By publishing the support a hypothesis. By publishing the results and conclusions of an experiment, results and conclusions of an experiment, a scientist allows other to try to verify the a scientist allows other to try to verify the results. Repeated verification over time results. Repeated verification over time leads to the development of a theory. leads to the development of a theory.


ControlControl DataData Dependent variableDependent variable ExperimentExperiment hypothesishypothesis

Independent variableIndependent variable Safety symbolsSafety symbols Scientific methodsScientific methods theorytheory


Biologists do their work in laboratories Biologists do their work in laboratories and in the field. They collect both and in the field. They collect both quantitative and descriptive data from quantitative and descriptive data from their experiments and investigations.their experiments and investigations.

Scientists conduct investigations to Scientists conduct investigations to increase knowledge about the natural increase knowledge about the natural world. Scientific results may help solve world. Scientific results may help solve some problems, but not all.some problems, but not all.


Ethics Ethics technologytechnology

Understanding Main Understanding Main IdeasIdeas

1. For experiments to be 1. For experiments to be considered valid, the considered valid, the results must be results must be D. RepeatableD. Repeatable

2.2. Reproduction is an Reproduction is an important life important life characteristic because characteristic because all living thingsall living things A. Replace A. Replace

themselvesthemselves

3.3. The photograph to the The photograph to the right is an example of right is an example of which characteristic of which characteristic of lifelife C. developmentC. development

4.4. Which of the following is Which of the following is an appropriate scientific an appropriate scientific question?question? A. How do A. How do

paramecia behave paramecia behave when a pond when a pond begins to dry up?begins to dry up?


5.5. If data from repeated If data from repeated experiments do not support experiments do not support the hypothesis, what is the the hypothesis, what is the scientist’s next step?scientist’s next step? B. Revise the B. Revise the

hypothesishypothesis6.6. Similar-liiking organisms, Similar-liiking organisms,

such as dogs showen such as dogs showen below, that can interbreed below, that can interbreed and prdocue fertile offspring and prdocue fertile offspring are calledare called

D. A speciesD. A species

7.7. The envirnment includesThe envirnment includes

A. Air, water, A. Air, water, weatherweather

8.8. Which of the following terms Which of the following terms are most releated to each are most releated to each other other

C. Adaption--C. Adaption--evolutionevolution

Understanding Main Understanding Main IdeasIdeas9.9. Which of the following is Which of the following is

not an appropriate not an appropriate question for science to question for science to consider?consider?

B. Which type of B. Which type of orchid flower is orchid flower is most beautiful? most beautiful?

10.10. The single factor that is The single factor that is altered in an experiment altered in an experiment is the is the

D. Independent D. Independent variable variable

11.11. The information The information gained from an gained from an experiment is calledexperiment is called datadata

12.12. The application of The application of scientific research scientific research to society’s needs isto society’s needs is technology technology


13.13. A procedure that A procedure that tests a hypothesis is tests a hypothesis is an an experimentexperiment

14.14. Processes that Processes that scientist use to scientist use to solve a problem are solve a problem are calledcalled Scientific Scientific

methodsmethods

15.15. An explanation of a An explanation of a natural phenomenon natural phenomenon with a high degree of with a high degree of confidence is aconfidence is a

theorytheory16.16. The group that is not The group that is not

altered in an altered in an experiment is experiment is

controlcontrol


17.17. The single change in the The single change in the manipulated group in an manipulated group in an experiment is an experiment is an

independentindependent18.18. When a horse swats a fly When a horse swats a fly

with its tail, the fly is the with its tail, the fly is the ____ and the swat of the tail ____ and the swat of the tail is a _____is a _____

StimulusStimulus responseresponse

19.19. The idea that germs are the The idea that germs are the cause of disease has been cause of disease has been continuously supported by continuously supported by experiments and has, experiments and has, therefore, been elevated to therefore, been elevated to the status of a the status of a

theorytheory20.20. The standard group against The standard group against

which others are measured which others are measured in an experiment is a in an experiment is a

controlcontrol


21. Describe how the human body shows 21. Describe how the human body shows the life characteristic of organization.the life characteristic of organization. It is composed of cells, which are organized It is composed of cells, which are organized

into tissues and organs, which are organized into tissues and organs, which are organized into body systemsinto body systems


22.22. Explain the relationships among an Explain the relationships among an organism’s environment, adaptations, organism’s environment, adaptations, and evolution.and evolution.

Evolution is the result of organisms Evolution is the result of organisms adapting to environmental changes. adapting to environmental changes.


23.23. Consider the following items: a flame, bubbles blown Consider the following items: a flame, bubbles blown from a bubble wand, and a balloon released into the from a bubble wand, and a balloon released into the air. List characteristics of each that might indicate air. List characteristics of each that might indicate life and those that indicate they are not alive.life and those that indicate they are not alive.

A flame has energy and may appear to A flame has energy and may appear to grow and reproduce. Bubbles blown from grow and reproduce. Bubbles blown from a wand move and may grow. A balloon a wand move and may grow. A balloon released into air moves. These objects released into air moves. These objects cannot adapt to changes in the cannot adapt to changes in the environment or maintain homeostasis. environment or maintain homeostasis.


24. Complete the concept map by using 24. Complete the concept map by using the following vocabulary terms: the following vocabulary terms: experiment, theory, hypothesis, scientific experiment, theory, hypothesis, scientific methodsmethods

Read the paragraphs in the Read the paragraphs in the box and answer the box and answer the question that follows.question that follows.

A biologist named Katharine Payne A biologist named Katharine Payne visited the elephants at a zoo. She felt visited the elephants at a zoo. She felt the air around her throbbing like the the air around her throbbing like the rumbling of thunder. When she felt the rumbling of thunder. When she felt the air throb, she noticed that the skin on the air throb, she noticed that the skin on the foreheads of the elephants moved. foreheads of the elephants moved.

Also, the elephants seemed to communicate Also, the elephants seemed to communicate without making any noise. They did not without making any noise. They did not make a sound, but they would start and stop make a sound, but they would start and stop moving at the same time. Payne knew that moving at the same time. Payne knew that some animals, such as whales, made some animals, such as whales, made sounds too low for humans to hear. She sounds too low for humans to hear. She thought, “Maybe elephants, like whales, use thought, “Maybe elephants, like whales, use low sounds to communicate with each other.”low sounds to communicate with each other.”

Is the research done by Is the research done by Payne Quantitative or Payne Quantitative or Descriptive? Descriptive?

Chapter 1– part B

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Transcript of Chapter 1– part B