Chapter 1 - Orthographic Projection
Transcript of Chapter 1 - Orthographic Projection
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Chapter 1Orthographic Projection
Basic Topics
Advanced Topics
Exercises
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Ortho. Projection: Basic Topics
1.1) Engineering Graphics Overview
Summary
1.2) Orthographic Projection
1.3) The Glass Box Method
1.4) The Standard Views
1.5) Lines Used in an Orthographic Projection
1.6) Rules for Line Creation and Use
1.7) Creating an Orthographic Projection
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Ortho. Proj.: Advanced Topics
1.8) Auxiliary Views
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Ortho. Projection: Exercises
Exercise 1-1: Principle views
Exercise 1-2: Line types
Exercise 1-3: Line use in an orthographic projection
Exercise 1-4: Missing lines 1
Exercise 1-5: Missing lines 2
Exercise 1-6: Drawing an orthographic projection 1
Exercise 1-7: Drawing an orthographic projection 2
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Engineering Graphics
1.1) Introduction to Engineering Graphics
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Engineering Graphics
What is Engineering Graphics?
What is an Engineering Drawing?
A drawing that communicates an idea or design.
A set of rules and guidelines that help you create an Engineering Drawing.
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Engineering Graphics
Examples of Engineering Drawings→ Mechanical Engineers
• Detailed drawing of a part that needs to be machined.
→ Electrical Engineers• A circuit schematic.
• Circuit board layout.
→ Civil Engineers• Plans for a bridge.
• Road layout.
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Orthographic Projection
Summary
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Summary
What will we learn in Chapter 1?→ How to create an orthographic projection.
Key points→ An orthographic projection is a 2-D
representation of a 3-D object.
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Orthographic Projection
1.2) Orthographic Projection Introduction
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Introduction
Orthographic projection = 2-D representation of a 3-D object.
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Introduction
An orthographic projection represents different sides of an object.
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The Six Principle Views
The 6 principle views are created by looking at the object, straight on, in the directions indicated.
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Orthographic Projection
1.3) The Glass Box Method
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The Glass Box Method
How do we create the 6 principle views?→ Glass Box Method:
• The object is placed in a glass box.
• The image of the object is projected on the sides of the box.
• The box is unfolded.
• The sides of the box are the principle views.
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Glass Box Method The object is
placed in a glass box.
The side of the box represent the 6 principle planes.
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Glass Box Method The image of
the object is projected on the sides of the box.
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Glass Box Method Things to
notice!→ The
projection planes.
→ The projectors.
→ How surfaces A and B are projected.
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Glass Box Method The box is
unfolded creating the 6 principle views.
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Glass Box Method
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Glass Box Method
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Exercise 1-1
Principle Views
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Exercise 1-1
Label the 5 remaining principle views with the appropriate view name.
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Name each view.
Top
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Name each view.
Top
Right Side
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Name each view.
Top
RearRight Side
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Name each view.
Top
RearLeft Side Right Side
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Name each view.
Top
RearLeft Side
Bottom
Right Side
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What are the differences between the Right Side and Left Side views?
Top
Right Side RearLeft Side
Bottom
They are mirror images with one different line type.
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What are the differences between the Top and Bottom, and Front and Rear views?
Top
Right Side RearLeft Side
Bottom
They are mirror images with different line types.
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Which view(s) have the least amount of hidden or dashed lines?
Top
Right Side RearLeft Side
Bottom
Front and top views.
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Orthographic Projection
1.4) The Standard Views
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Standard Views
When constructing an orthographic projection, we need to include enough views to completely describe the true shape of the part.→ Complex part = more views→ Simple part = less views
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Standard Views
The standard views used in an orthographic projection are;→ Front view→ Top view→ Right side view
The remaining 3 views usually don’t add any new information.
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Standard Views
How many views do we need to completely describe a block?
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Standard Views
How many views do we need to completely describe a block?
2 views. The 3rd view duplicates information.
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Standard Views
How many views do we need to completely describe a sphere?
1 view.A sphere has only one dimension. Its diameter.
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Front View
The front view shows the most features or characteristics of the object. → It usually contains the least amount of
hidden lines. → The front view is chosen first and the other
views are based on the orientation of the front view.
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View Alignment
The top and front views are aligned vertically and share the same width dimension.
The front and right side views are aligned horizontally and share the same height dimension.
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Orthographic Projection
1.5) Lines Types Used in an Orthographic Projection
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Line Type and Weight
Line type and line weight provide valuable information to the print reader.
For example, line type and weight can answer the following questions.→ Is the feature visible or hidden from view?→ Is the line part of the object or part of a
dimension?→ Is the line indicating symmetry?
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Line Type and Weight
There are four commonly used line types; → continuous → hidden → center → phantom
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Line Type and Weight
Some lines are more important than others. Importance is indicated by line weight or thickness.→ The thicker the line, the more important it is.
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Line Types
Visible lines: → Visible lines represent visible edges and
boundaries. → Continuous and thick (0.5 - 0.6 mm).
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Line Types
Hidden lines: → Hidden lines represent edges and
boundaries that cannot be seen. → Dashed and medium thick
(0.35 - 0.45 mm).
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Line Types
Center lines:→ Represent axes of symmetry.→ Long dash – short dash and thin
(0.3 mm).
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Line Types
Phantom line: → Phantom lines are used to indicate
imaginary features. • alternate positions of moving parts
• adjacent positions of related parts
→ The line type is long dash – short dash – short dash and the line weight is usually thin (0.3 mm).
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Exercise 1-2
Line types
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Exercise 1-2
Draw a visible, hidden, center and phantom line.
Skip to next part of the exercise
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Line Types
More on Center lines:→ Important for interpreting cylindrical shapes.→ Crossed center lines should be drawn at the
centers of circles.
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Line Types
More on Center lines:→ They are also used to indicate circle of
centers and paths of motion.
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Line Types
Dimension and Extension lines: → Dimension and extension lines are used to
show the size of an object. • In general, a dimension line is placed between
two extension lines and is terminated by arrowheads, which indicates the direction and extent of the dimension.
→ The line type is continuous and the line weight is thin (0.3 mm).
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Line Types
Cutting Plane line: → Cutting plane lines are used to show where
an imaginary cut has been made through the object in order to view interior features.
→ The line type is phantom and the line weight is very thick (0.6 to 0.8 mm).
→ Arrows are placed at both ends of the cutting plane line to indicate the direction of sight.
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Exercise 1-2
Draw a dimension/extension line and a cutting plane line.
Skip to next part of the exercise
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Line Types
Section line: → Section lines are used to show areas that
have been cut by the cutting plane. → Section lines are grouped in parallel line
patterns and usually drawn at a 45 angle. → The line type is usually continuous and the
line weight is thin (0.3 mm)
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Line Types
Break line:→ Break lines are used to show imaginary
breaks in objects. → A break line is usually made up of a series
of connecting arcs. → The line type is continuous and the line
weight is usually thick (0.5 – 0.6 mm).
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Exercise 1-2
Draw a group of section lines and a break line.
This is how section lines might look on a drawing
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Exercise 1-3
Line use in an orthographic projection
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Exercise 1-3
Fill the following dotted orthographic projection with the appropriate line types.
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Fill in the visible lines in to top view.
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Fill in the visible lines in to front view.
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Fill in the visible lines in to right side view.
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Fill in the hidden lines in to front, top and right side views.
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Draw the center lines in all the views.
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NOTICE!The small dashes cross in the middle.
NOTICE!The center line connects between features in the same view.
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Orthographic Projection
1.6) Rules for Line Creation and Use
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Rules for Line Creation and Use
The following rules will help us create lines that communicate effectively.→ CAUTION! Due to computer automation,
some of the rules may be hard to follow.
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Using Hidden Lines
Hidden lines represent edges and boundaries that cannot be seen.
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Creating Hidden Lines
Rule 1:→ The length of the hidden line dashes may
vary slightly as the size of the drawing changes.
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Creating Hidden Lines
Rule 2:→ Hidden lines
should always begin and end with a dash,
→ Exception: When the hidden line begins or ends at a parallel visible or hidden line.
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Creating Hidden Lines
Rule 3:→ Dashes should join at corners.
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Using Center Lines
Center lines represent axes of symmetry.→ They are important for interpreting
cylindrical shapes.
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Using Center Lines
Center lines represent axes of symmetry.→ They are also used to indicate circle of
centers, and paths of motion.
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Creating Center Lines
Rule 1:→ Center lines should start and end with long
dashes.
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Creating Center Lines
Rule 2:→ Center lines should intersect by crossing
either the long dashes or the short dashes.
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Creating Center Lines
Rule 3:→ Center lines should extend a short distance
beyond the object or feature.
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Creating Center Lines
Rule 4:→ Center lines may be connected within a
single view to show that two or more features lie in the same plane. • CAUTION! Center lines should not extend
through the space between views .
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Using Phantom Lines
Phantom lines uses:→ They may also be used to indicate adjacent
positions of related parts.
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Using Phantom Lines
Phantom lines uses:→ Used to indicate repeated detail.
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Using Phantom Lines
Phantom lines uses:→ They are also used to show a change in
surface direction produced by fillets and rounds.
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Using Phantom Lines
Phantom lines uses:→ Used to indicate alternate positions of
moving parts.
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Creating Phantom Lines
Rule 1:→ Phantom lines should start and end with a
long dash.
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Using Break Lines
Break lines are used to show imaginary breaks in an object.
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Creating Break Lines
There are two types of break lines. → If the distance to traverse is short the series
of connecting arcs is used.
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Creating Break Lines
There are two types of break lines. → If the distance is long the thin straight line
with a jog is used.
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Line Precedence If two lines occur in the same place, the
line that is considered to be the least important is omitted.
Lines in order of precedence/importance are as follows; → Cutting plane line→ Visible line→ Hidden line→ Centerline
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Orthographic Projection
1.7) Creating an Orthographic Projection
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Creating an Orthographic Projection
Choose a front view. → Which view shows the most about the
object?
C
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Creating an Orthographic Projection
Decide how many views are needed.→ How many and which views?
2FrontTop
For procedural reasons, we will continue this example by drawing all 3 standard views.
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Creating an Orthographic Projection
Draw the visible features of the front view.
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Creating an Orthographic Projection
Draw projectors off of the front view.
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Creating an Orthographic Projection
Draw the top view.
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Creating an Orthographic Projection
Project back to the front view.
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Creating an Orthographic Projection
Draw a 45 projector off the front view.
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Creating an Orthographic Projection
Draw projectors over to the 45 line and down.
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Creating an Orthographic Projection
Draw the right side view.
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Creating an Orthographic Projection
Project back if needed.
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Creating an Orthographic Projection
Draw centerlines where necessary.
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Creating an Orthographic Projection
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Completed Drawing
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Projection Symbol
United States = 3rd angle projection Europe = 1st angle projection
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1st Angle & 3rd Angle
Which orthographic projection uses 1st angle projection and which uses 3rd.
3rd Angle 1st Angle
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1st Angle & 3rd Angle
Which orthographic projection uses 1st angle projection and which uses 3rd.
3rd Angle 1st Angle
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Exercise 1-4
Missing lines 1
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Exercise 1-4 Fill in the missing
lines in the front, right side, and top views.
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1 missing visible line in the front view.
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The right side view has 1 missing visible line and 2 missing hidden lines.
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The top view has 5 missing visible lines and 2 missing hidden lines.
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Exercise 1-5
Missing lines 2
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Exercise 1-5 Fill in the missing
lines in the top, front, and right side views.
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The top view has 1 missing visible line.
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The front view has 4 missing visible lines and 4 missing center lines.
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The right side view has 2 missing hidden lines and 1 missing center line.
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Exercise 1-6
Drawing an orthographic projection 1
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Exercise 1-6 Shade in the surfaces
that will appear in the front, top, and right side views.
Estimating the distances, draw the front, top, and right side views.
Identify the surfaces with the appropriate letter in the orthographic projection.
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1) Shade in the surfaces of the front view.
2) Draw the front view.
3) Identify the surfaces.
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1) Shade in the surfaces of the right side view.
2) Draw the right side view.
3) Identify the surfaces.
Notice the horizontal and vertical projectors.
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1) Shade in the surfaces of the top view.
2) Draw the top view.
3) Identify the surfaces.
Notice the 45 deg. projector
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Exercise 1-7
Drawing an orthographic projection 2
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Exercise 1-7 Identify the best
choice for the front view.
Estimating the distances, draw the front, top, and right side views.
Front view = A
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Orthographic Projection
1.8) Auxiliary Views
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Auxiliary Views
Auxiliary views are used to show the true shape of features that are not parallel to any of the principle planes of projection. Aligned with the
angled surface
Partial auxiliary view
Skip advanced topic
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Exercise 1-8
Auxiliary View
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Exercise 1-8 Draw the auxiliary
view for this object.
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Orthographic Projection
The End