CHAPTER 1 - Modern Music

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CHAPTECONTEMPORARY MUSICTHE MUSIC OF OU

TI


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Factors that exposed us to di musical styles

Media

Advertisements

MInd


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Popular MusicAccessible to the general public and disseminated by mass mediaDifferent from classical music which was the music of the elite andupper strata of the societyPop Music Associated by a particular social group

Is Popular Music a BusinessEnterprise?

Pop Music is the product of modern business enterprise forthe purpose of earning a profitIt was created for the entertainment of ordinary peopleDifferent from classical music that is originally for Churchpurposes


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Music Industry

- business and organization that record, produce, publish,distribute and market recorded music. It includes

Musicians like singersComposers and songwritersMusicians unions Record industriesBand managers

Bookers, promoters and roadies


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Music Industrys Purpose

Aesthetic pleasure and entertainmentReligious purposes

Ceremonial purposesThe Amateur MusiciansThey compose and perform music fortheir own pleasure

They do not derive income from musicThey take lessons from professionalmusiciansAdvanced amateur musicians performwith professional musicians in

ensembles, orchestras and concerts

The Professional M

Employed by a range ofand organizations (armechurches, symphony orcbroadcasting and film pcompanies and music sc

Manner Of Perfo

For the benefit of a liveFor the purpose of beinand distributed through retail & broadcasting syLive music performanc

recorded and distributed


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What does recorded music include?Music Publisher

Recording IndustryRecord production companies


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Why do modern communities need music? Enhances the quality of life in the surrounding community Makes the day more alive and interesting Enriches life and is a way to understand our cultural heritage as well as our past and

present cultures Performing, consuming and composing music are satisfying and rewarding activities Music programs encourage teamwork and cohesiveness Fosters creativity and individuality Music education fosters discipline and commitment A major source of joy and commitment Therapeutic outlet One source of income Promote relaxation ad sleep

In short, music has the potential to be able to transform a community in subtle yeteffective ways. Local activists need to partner with communities to revitalize the music in their communities.


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What is Music in Advertising?

The use of songs and incidental music inadvertising campaigns particularly televisioncommercials and radio commercials

Music can often reflect current trends, usingartists and songs that are popular at the time


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What is Television Advertisement? Often called an Advert in the United Kingdom Form of advertising in which goods, services, organizations, ideas, et

are promoted via television Most commercials are produced by an outside advertising agency and

airtime is purchased from a media agency or direct from the TV netw


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How are Television Ads Described?The vast majority of television advertisements today consist of brief

advertising spots, ranging in length from a few seconds to several minutewell as program-length infomercials). Advertisements have been used to sell every product imaginable over

years, from household products to goods, services, and political campaThe effect of television advertisements upon the viewing public has besuccessful and pervasive that it is considered impossible for a politiciawage a successful election campaign in most countries without the usetelevision advertising.

Many television advertisements feature catchy jingles or phrases thatgenerate sustained appeal which may remain in the minds of televisionviewers long after the span of the advertising campaign.


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What is jingle? A memorable slogan, set to an engaging melody, mainly

broadcast on radio and sometimes on televisioncommercials

An effective jingle is constructed to stay in ones memory(colloquially ringing a bell). The best jingles could stickwith a consumer for her/his entire life.

Common form of a jingle is a radio stations on airmusical or spoken station identity

Short catchy tune which incorporates a product name orslogan


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What are the Historical Developments Related to Television Ads? 1980s music in television advertisements was generally

limited to jingles and incidental music. On some occasions, lyricsof a popular song would be changed to create a theme song or a

jingle for a particular product. 1971 the converse occurred when a song written for a Coca-

Cola advertisements was re- recorded as the pop single Id Liketo Teach the World to Sing, by the Neew Seekers and became ahit.


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What are the popular music styles of our modern time?Some of this styles are as follows:

Country Music rooted from traditional folk music, Celtic music, blues, lgospel music, hokum, and old-tim- has produced one top-selling solo artist of all time, Elvis Presley- other country music singers include John Denver and Elton John

Hip-hop known as rap music, style of music which came into existence in the United States during the mid

became a large part of modern pop culture during the 1980s- consists of two main components:

Rapping (MCing) DJing (production of scratching)

- consists of rhythmic lyrics making use of techniques like assonance, alliteration, and rhyme- rapper is accompanied by an instrumental track, usually referred to as a beat performed by a DJ, cr

a producer and instrumentalists Rock form of popular music with a prominent vocal melody accompanied by electric guitar, drums, and ba

- many styles of rock music also use keyboard instruments such as organ, piano, or synthesizer- usually has a strong back bear and usually revolves around the electric guitar- has it roots in the 1950s era rock n roll and rock ability and in the late 1960s, rock music was blended

music to create folk rock and jazz, to create jazz-rock fusion- 1970s rock developed a number of subgenres such as soft rock, blues rock, heavy metal-style rock,

rock, art rock, techno rock, and punk rock- 1980s hard rock, Indie rock, alternative rock- 1990s grunge style rock, Britpop, and Indie rock


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Rock and Roll came from rhythm and blues country, and in the process of borrowings, its influehave continued to develop rock music

Folk Rock the folk scene was made up of folk music lovers who liked acoustic instruments, tradisongs, and blues music with a socially progressive message. The folk genre was pioneered by WooGuthrie.

Progressive Rock this went beyond the established rock music formulas by experimenting withdifferent instruments, song types, and musical forms

- some bands such as Pink Floyd, The Moody Blues, and Golden Earring experwith new instruments including wind sections, string sections, and full orchestra

- many progressive rock bands moved beyond the formulaic three minute rock solonger, increasingly sophisticated songs and chord structures Jazz originated in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States around the start of the 20 th c

- uses blue notes syncopation, swing, call and response, polyrhythm, and improvisation as a kelement

- blends African American musical styles with western music technique and theory- has roots in the combination of West African and Western music traditions including spiritua

blues and ragtime, stemming from West Africa, Western Sabel , and New Englands religious hyand European military band music

- instruments used in marching bands and dance band music at the turn of the century becamebasic instruments of jazz brass, reed, and drums using the Western 12-tone scale


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Other Filipino Music Music Accessible to Filipinos Western Music originated in the Western World (Europe and it

former colonies) include Western classical music, American jazz,

country and western pop music, and rock and roll

Musical genres in the Western tradition include: Medieval music Renaissance music

Baroque music Classical music era Romantic music 20 th century classical music Contemporary music


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What is modernism in music? Also known as Avant-garde movement Includes the emergence of jazz age and Hollywood Characterized by desire for or belief in progress and science,

surrealism, anti-romanticism, political advocacy, generalintellectualism, or a breaking away with tradition or commonpractice

Refers to the name given to a series of movements arising out of theidea that the 20 th century music, including neo-classicism, serialiexperimentalism, and conceptualism can be traced to this idea


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What are the modernists new developments? The following are the modernist developments in music:

Expansion of tonality Debussy, Straws, Mahler, and Schoenberg- Polytonality Drams Milhard, Paul-Hendesmith, and Charles Iv- The twelve-tone technique Arnold Schoenberg- Serialism Milton Babbit and Pierre Boulez- High dissonance Carl Ruggles and Ruth Crawford Seeger- Dissonant counterpoint Charles Seeger- Tone clusters Henry Cowell

Spread of chance music Minimalist sounds Development of electronic music Greater exploitation of noise-like sounds, known as liberation of sounds Extended techniques and sound percussion orchestra cage prepared piano piece Speech and singing Ethnomusicology and political advocacy New chord sounds


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What are the characteristics of modernist new sounds? The expansion and destruction of tonality

The twelve-tone technique devised and called the Twelve -tone Row by ArnSchoenberg.

Gradual abandonment of tonality after World War II.Western music prior to the 20 th century is a music called tonal.

Tonal organized around a single tone or pitch in major or minor scale systems Atonal music in which tonality is absent Arnold Schoenberg one of the first to compose atonal music. Known as the twelve-tone

technique, Schoenbergs method organized all twelve tones of the chromatic scale in a tone rowwhich then becomes the musical idea of a composition

Atonal music - derived from the twelve-tone chromatic scale in which each tone is considereof equal importance.

- In this system, there is no tonic.- Every note is the tonic.- There is no central tone nor a feeling of gravitation to one key or one tone.

1950s the twelve-tone system was adopted by many composers including the leading comptonal music, Stravinsky.

The shift from tonality to Schoenbergs Twelve -tone Row was probably due to the comdiscovery that the twelve-tone system was a compositional technique rather than a special mustyle.


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Serialism Method of composing music that used an ordered group of music

elements to organize rhythm, dynamics, pitch, and tone color.

Developed in the mid-20th

century Begins with the twelve-tone technique which uses a set of the 12notes of the chromatic scale to form a row (non-repeatingarrangement of the 12 tones of the chromatic scale) as the unifyinbasis for a compositions melody, harmony, structural progressions,

and variations Vocabulary is rooted in set theory and uses a quasi-mathematicallanguage to describe how the basic sets are manipulated toproduce the final result


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Industrial Music Sounds Include different styles like electronic and experimental music Term industrial was first used in the mid-19 70s to describe the unique sound of in

record artists Luigi Russolos 1913 work The Art of Noises is often cited as the first example o

industrial philosophy in Modern music Edgard Vareses major pioneer in electronic music Typical instruments are synthesizer, drum machine tape loops, drums and guitar

Electronic Sounds Created using electronic devices Electronic devices lower power systems that use components such as transisto

integrated circuits 1990s electronic music fractured into many genres, styles and sub styles, electro

music, musique concrete, synth pop, styles of the 1980s; styles intended for danceitalo disco, techno, house, trance, electro, breakbeat, jungle, drum, and bass

Iannis Xenakis modern composer who used computers and electronic instrumeincluding one he invented for some of his compositions. Xenakis, electronic work

entle ambient ieces and some are sava e sonic violence.


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Chance music (Aleatory or Aleatoric Music) Comes from the Latin word alea which means game of dice Opposite of serialism Composers choose pitches, tone colors, and rhythms by random methods, such as flipping the co

dice.

Pierre Boulez popularized this term and used this term alea to describe works that giperformer certain liberties or freedom sequencing and repetition of parts

Minimalist sounds Artistic movement of the mid-1960s Partly in reaction against the complexity of serialism and randomness of chance music Riley father of minimalist music

The minimalist wave of prominent composers wanted music to be accessible to ordinary listenerFeatures of Minimalist sounds: Repetition Stasis (often in the form of drones and long tones) Emphasis on consonant harmony A steady pulse; hypnotic effect Sound similar to different forms of electronic music, as well as the texture-based com

of composers such as Gyorgy Ligeti


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New chord Sounds Search in the 20 th century resulted in chords that often replace the traditional triad built on i

thirds Chords built with intervals of fourths and fifths are widely used in the contemporary music. Tone cluster neighboring tones sounding together, used today in certain kinds of music. Sometimes unusual sounding chords are built by combining tones from a tone row.

Greater Exploitation of Noise-Like sounds The Liberation of Sounds

Composers today used a variety of sounds than ever before including these once considerundesirable noises.Edgard Varese calls this the Liberation of sound or the right to make music using variousElectronic music may include:

Environmental sounds thunder, and electronically-generated hisses and voices Singers may be asked to whisper,scream, laugh, groan, sneeze, etc. or to sing phonet

rather than words. Babies and other peoples sounds may be included in the music Unconventional ways of producing sounds The greater expansion and experimentation with the use of percussion instruments Futurists Ferruccio Busoni and Luigi Russolo used noises such as factory and mech

sounds


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Other extended techniques and sounds Harrison wrote for and built gamelans Cage popularized extended techniques on the piano in his prepared

piano piece Harry Partsch built his own ensemble of instruments, mostly

percussion and string instruments for the performance of hismicrotonal music

Speech and Singing Leos Janacek, Schoenberg, Allan Berg, and Harry Partsch suggeste

greater attention to use speech in music Janacek based his melodies and motifs upon rhythms and inflection

of Hungarian speech Luciano Berio explored all manner of vocal sounds in his piece

Sequeza II for solo female voice; it was written for and performed


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What is Contemporary Classical Music? Any music being written in the present day

Can be understood as belonging to a period that started in the mid-

What is Post-modernist Music? Seen as a response to modernism which asserts that the products of h

activity, particularly those that are manufactured or created by artifice

central subject for art itself. Purpose of art to focus peoples attention on objects for contemplatThis idea is from composer-critic Steve Hicken.


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Who is regarded as a prominent post-modernist musician? John Cage prominent figure in 20 th century music and regarded as the fou

post-modernist music- questioned the very definition of music in his pieces and stressed a

philosophy that all sounds are essentially music. - in the silent 433 presents the listener with his idea that the

unintentional sounds are just as musically valid as the sounds originating fran instrument

- notably use aleatoric and found sounds to create an interesting adifferent type of music

- Cages music reflects his arguments that there is no music or noiseThere is only sound and combinations of sounds found in musical events.

- believes in the importance of focusing of attention and framing as aessential requirement of art. Music is a form of art

- his music was unappealing for others who find his music to be to avgarde


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How is Experimentalism Applied in Music?Experimentalism

Any music that challenges commonly accepted notions o

what music is. This overlaps with avant-garde music. John Cage pioneer in experimental music Michael Nyman uses the term experimental to descr

the work of American modernist composers as opposed tthe European avant-garde at the time

Some experimental music is an extension of traditionalmusic, adding unconventional instruments, modificationsinstruments, noises, and other novelties to orchestralcompositions.


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What is a Collage? From the French: which means coller , to stick Regarded as work of visual art made from an assemblage of differ

forms that create a new whole Art form of ground-breaking novelty Include newspapers, clippings, ribbon strips, of colored or hand-m

papers, portions of other artwork, photographs, and are glued to sosupport or canvas

How does the concept of collage in art affect music? Has crossed the boundaries of visual arts Avant-garde artists have started experimenting with cutting and pa

of magnetic tapes

Wh i d ll ?


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What is sound collage? Production of songs, musical compositions, or recordings using por

or samples, of previously-made recordings

How did sound collage come about? First became a possibility with the widespread use of magnetic tape

the early 1960s Recording engineers soon discovered that tape could be cut with a

razorblade and spliced back together in different orders and sources

Who are the Prominent Sound Collage Composers? Iannis Xenakis first well-known composer to have worked with

collage.

CHAPTER 1 - Modern Music

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