Chapter 1Matter & Change

1.2 Matter & Its Properties

Matter• Matter- anything that has mass and takes up space.• Mass- measure of the amount of matter• Volume- amount of 3-D space an object occupies

ATOMELEMENT

COMPOUND

smallest unit of smallest unit of an element that an element that maintains the maintains the

element’s element’s properties properties

pure substance pure substance of only one kind.of only one kind.

made from atoms made from atoms of 2 or more of 2 or more

elementselements

Properties• We use properties and characteristics to

define and group substances.

• Properties can be….

orExtensiveExtensive IntensiveIntensive

Depends on amount of matter present.

VolumeMass

Does not depend on amount of matter

present.Melting & Boiling

Points

Physical vs Chemical• Characteristics that can

be observed without Δing the identity of the substance.

• Relates to a substance’s ability to undergo Δs that transform it into different substances.

& Boiling Point

Rusting

& Burning

Physical Change• Physical Change-

change that does not alter the identity of the substance.

• Example:State Change- changes between the 3 states of matter.

*Only a change in distance & interactions btw particles, not chemically altered.

Phase Differences

• Solid- has definite volume & shape; particles packed in fixed positions.

• Liquid- has definite volume & indefinite shape; particles close together but free-flowing.

• Gas- has indefinite volume & shape; particles are at great distance from each other.

• Plasma-high temperature, ionized phase of matter as found on the sun.

Chemical Change• Chemical Change/Reaction- when 1 or more

substances are changed into DIFFERENT substances.

• Example: • Carbon plus Oxygen yields (forms) Carbon Dioxide

Carbon + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide

ReactantsReactants ProductsProducts

Conservation of Matter & Energy• Even though the substances have

changed & formed new substances, the amount of matter stays the same.

• When physical and chemical changes occur, energy is involved. (heat/light) It can be absorbed or released but NEVER created. It just changes form.

ConservConservation of ation of MatterMatter

ConservConservation of ation of EnergyEnergy

Classification of Matter• Matter can be divided into 2 general categories,

mixtures & pure substances

• Mixtures More than 1 substance Each component retains its own properties Does NOT chemically

combine. Can be separated using

physical properties

Separation Techniques

FiltrationFiltration

CentrifugeCentrifuge

DecantingDecantingPaper Paper

ChromatographyChromatography

VaporizationVaporization

Separation: Distillation

Two Types of MixturesHomogeneousHomogeneous

-uniform in composition

-same proportions throughout

-often solutions

HeterogeneousHeterogeneous-not uniform throughout

-unevenly distributed

malachite, a copper mineral

copper sulfate

Pure Substances• Element or compoundElement or compound

– Same composition throughout (Homogeneous)

– Fixed composition– Every sample has the exact same

characteristic properties– Every sample has the exact same

composition – See pg. 18- Lab Chemicals

Chapter 1Matter & Change

1.3 Elements

Elemental Composition

The Periodic Table

•

Vertical Vertical columns columns

Groups or Groups or FamiliesFamilies

Each element Each element in a Group in a Group has similar has similar properties.properties.

Horizontal Horizontal rows rows

PeriodsPeriods

Properties Properties change in a change in a

pattern across pattern across the Periodsthe Periods

The Periodic Table

Below the table, are two rows Below the table, are two rows called the called the Lanthanide & Lanthanide & Actinide seriesActinide series. They . They

actually belong in the table actually belong in the table after the second column, but after the second column, but that would make the table too that would make the table too

long and awkward.long and awkward.

MetalsMetals• Conduct electricity & heat• Typically solids at room

temperature EXCEPT Hg• Malleable- can be

hammered/

rolled into sheets• Ductile- can be drawn into a wire• Have tensile strength- ability to • resist breaking when pulled• Found in columns 1- 13*

Nonmetals

• Poor conductors, Brittle• Br is a liquid at room

temperature.• C, P, Se, S & I are solids at

room temperature.• Rest are gases at room

temperature.• Fewer elements are

nonmetals than metals• Found in columns 13* - 17

Metalloids/ Semimetals

• Separate the metals & nonmetals• Have characteristics of both• Solids at room temp.• Important contribution- as

semiconductors; Silicon• Found on the “stairs” between

columns 13 – 17

Noble Gases• Generally unreactive• Gases at room

temperature.• Found in Group 18

Former Names of Elements

L is Latin; G is Greek