Chapter 1 - J. Falabella Portfoliojfalabella.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/2/4/25249222/chapter_1.pdf ·...

PowerPoint Lectures Campbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Eighth Edition REECE • TAYLOR • SIMON • DICKEY • HOGAN

Chapter 1

Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko

Biology: Exploring Life

© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.


Introduction

• Snowy owls exhibit adaptations for life in their frozen, barren habit, including

• feathers that provide insulation in subzero weather and

• keen vision and acute hearing that help owls locate prey.

• Snowy owls are the result of evolution, the process that has transformed life from its earliest beginnings.


Figure 1.0-1


THEMES IN THE STUDY OF BIOLOGY

THEMES IN THE STUDY OF BIOLOGY


1.1 All forms of life share common properties

• Biology is the scientific study of life. • Properties of life include

1. Order—the highly ordered structure that typifies life,

2. Reproduction—the ability of organisms to reproduce their own kind,

3. Growth and development—consistent growth and development controlled by inherited DNA,

4. Energy processing—the use of chemical energy to power an organism’s activities and chemical reactions,


1.1 All forms of life share common properties

5. Regulation—an ability to control an organism’s internal environment within limits that sustain life,

6. Response to the environment—an ability to respond to environmental stimuli, and

7. Evolutionary adaptation—adaptations evolve over many generations, as individuals with traits best suited to their environments have greater reproductive success and pass their traits to offspring.


Video: Sea Horses


Figure 1.1-0

(1) Order (2) Reproduction (3) Growth and development

(4) Energy processing

(5) Regulation (6) Response to the environment

(7) Evolutionary adaptation


Figure 1.1-1

Order


Figure 1.1-2

Reproduction


Figure 1.1-3

Growth and development


Figure 1.1-4

Energy processing


Figure 1.1-5

Regulation


Figure 1.1-6

Response to the environment


Figure 1.1-7

Evolutionary adaptation


1.2 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level

• Biological organization unfolds as follows: • Biosphere—all of the environments on Earth that

support life, • Ecosystem—all the organisms living in a particular

area and the physical components with which the organisms interact,

• Community—the entire array of organisms living in a particular ecosystem,

• Population—all the individuals of a species living in a specific area,



• Organism—an individual living thing, • Organ system—several organs that cooperate in a

specific function, • Organ—a structure that is composed of tissues, • Tissue—a group of similar cells that perform a

specific function, • Cell—the fundamental unit of life,



• Organelle—a membrane-enclosed structure that performs a specific function within a cell, and

• Molecule—a cluster of small chemical units called atoms held together by chemical bonds.


Figure 1.2-0Biosphere

Florida

EcosystemFlorida

Everglades

Community All organisms in this wetland ecosystem

Population All alligators living

in the wetlands

Organism an American alligator

Organ system Nervous systemNerve Spinal

cord

Brain Organ Brain

Tissue Nervous tissue

CellNerve cell

Nucleus

Organelle Nucleus

Molecule DNA

Atom


Figure 1.2-1

Biosphere

Florida

EcosystemFlorida

Everglades

Community All organisms in this wetland ecosystem

Population All alligators living

in the wetlands



Figure 1.2-2


Organ system Nervous systemNerve Spinal

cord

Brain Organ Brain

Tissue Nervous tissue

CellNerve cell

Nucleus

Organelle Nucleus

Molecule DNA

Atom


Figure 1.2-3

Biosphere


Figure 1.2-4

Community: All the organisms in this wetland ecosystem


Figure 1.2-5

Population: All alligators living in the wetlands


Figure 1.2-6

Atom

Molecule: DNA



• Emergent properties are new properties that arise in each step upward in the hierarchy of life from the arrangement and interactions among component parts.


1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life

• Cells are the level at which the properties of life emerge.

• A cell can • regulate its internal environment, • take in and use energy, • respond to its environment, • develop and maintain its complex organization, and • give rise to new cells.



• All cells • are enclosed by a membrane that regulates the

passage of materials between the cell and its surroundings and

• use DNA as their genetic information.



• There are two basic forms of cells. 1. Prokaryotic cells

• were the first to evolve, • are simpler, and • are usually smaller than eukaryotic cells.

2. Eukaryotic cells • are found in plants, animals, fungi, and protists and • are subdivided by membranes into various functional

compartments, or organelles, including a nucleus that houses the DNA.


Figure 1.3

Eukaryotic cell

Prokaryotic cellDNA (no nucleus)

Membrane

Organelles

Nucleus(membrane-enclosed)

DNA (throughout nucleus)



• Systems biology is the study of a biological system and the modeling of its dynamic behavior, ranging from the functioning of the biosphere to the complex molecular machinery of an organelle.



• Cells illustrate another theme in biology: the correlation of structure and function.

• Structure is related to function at all levels of biological organization.


1.4 Organisms interact with their environment, exchanging matter and energy

• Living organisms interact with their environments, which include

• other organisms and • physical factors.

• In most ecosystems, • plants are the producers that provide the food, • consumers eat plants and other animals, and • decomposers act as recyclers, changing complex

matter into simpler chemicals that plants can absorb and use.


1.4 Organisms interact with their environment, exchanging matter and energy

• The dynamics of ecosystems include two major processes:

1. the recycling of chemical nutrients from the atmosphere and soil through producers, consumers, and decomposers back to the air and soil and

2. the one-way flow of energy through an ecosystem, entering as sunlight and exiting as heat.


Figure 1.4-0

ENERGY FLOW

Sun

Inflow of light energy

Producers (plants)

Chemical energyin food

Consumers(animals)

Outflow of heat

Leaves take upCO2 from air; roots absorb H2O and minerals from soil

Decomposers suchas worms, fungi,

and bacteria returnchemicals to soil


Figure 1.4-1

ENERGY FLOW

Sun

Inflow of light energy

Producers (plants)

Chemical energyin food

Consumers(animals)

Outflow of heat

Leaves take upCO2 from air; roots absorb H2O and minerals from soil

Decomposers suchas worms, fungi,

and bacteria returnchemicals to soil


Figure 1.4-2


EVOLUTION, THE CORE THEME OF BIOLOGY


1.5 The unity of life is based on DNA and a common genetic code

• All cells have DNA, the chemical substance of genes.

• Genes • are the unit of inheritance that transmit information

from parents to offspring, • are grouped into very long DNA molecules called

chromosomes, and • control the activities of a cell.



• A species’ genes are coded in the sequences of the four kinds of building blocks making up DNA’s double helix.

• All forms of life use essentially the same code to translate the information stored in DNA into proteins.

• The diversity of life arises from differences in DNA sequences.


Figure 1.5-0

NucleusDNA

Cell

C G

C G

CG

CG

CG

C G

C G

C G

C

G

A T

A T

AT

AT

A T

A T

AT

A

T


Figure 1.5-1

NucleusDNA

Cell

C G

C G

CG

CG

A T

AT


Figure 1.5-2

CG

C G

C G

C G

C

G

A T

AT

A T

A T

AT

A

T



• The entire “library” of genetic instructions that an organism inherits is called its genome.

• In recent years, scientists have determined the entire sequence of nucleotides in the human genome.


1.6 The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains

• We can think of biology’s enormous scope as having two dimensions.

1. The “vertical” dimension is the size scale that stretches from molecules to the biosphere.

2. The “horizontal” dimension spans across the great diversity of organisms existing now and over the long history of life on Earth.



• Diversity is the hallmark of life. • Biologists have identified about 1.8 million species. • Estimates of the actual number of species range

from 10 million to over 100 million. • Taxonomy is the branch of biology that

• names species and • classifies species into a hierarchy of broader groups:

genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom.



• The diversity of life can be arranged into three higher levels called domains.

1. Bacteria are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes.

2. Archaea are prokaryotes that often live in Earth’s extreme environments.

3. Eukarya have eukaryotic cells and include • single-celled protists and • multicellular fungi, animals, and plants.


Figure 1.6-0

Domain Bacteria Domain Eukarya

Bacteria

Domain Archaea Protists (multiple kingdoms)

Kingdom Plantae

Archaea

Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia


Figure 1.6-1

Domain Bacteria

Bacteria


Figure 1.6-2

Domain Archaea

Archaea


Figure 1.6-3

Domain Eukarya

Protists (multiple kingdoms)

Kingdom Plantae

Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia


Figure 1.6-4

Protists (multiple kingdoms)


Figure 1.6-5

Kingdom Plantae


Figure 1.6-6

Kingdom Fungi


Figure 1.6-7

Kingdom Animalia


1.7 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life

• Evolution can be defined as the process of change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today.

• The fossil record documents • that life has been evolving on Earth for billions of

years and • the pattern of ancestry.


Figure 1.7a



• In 1859, Charles Darwin published the book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, which articulated two main points.

1. Species living today descended from ancestral species in what Darwin called “descent with modification.”

2. Natural selection is a mechanism for evolution.


Video: Galápagos Island Overview


Video: Galápagos Marine Iguana


Video: Galápagos Sea Lion


Video: Galápagos Tortoise


Figure 1.7b


Figure 1.7c-0


Figure 1.7c-1


Figure 1.7c-2


Figure 1.7c-3



• Natural selection was inferred by connecting two observations.

1. Individual variation: Individuals in a population vary in their traits, many of which are passed on from parents to offspring.

2. Overproduction of offspring: A population can produce far more offspring than the environment can support.


Video: Blue-footed Boobies Courtship Ritual


Video: Albatross Courtship Ritual


Video: Soaring Hawk



• From these observations, Darwin drew two inferences.

1. Unequal reproductive success: Individuals with heritable traits best suited to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than less well-suited individuals.

2. Accumulation of favorable traits over time: As a result of this unequal reproductive success over many generations, an increasing proportion of individuals in a population will have the advantageous traits.


Figure 1.7d-1

Population with varied inherited traits.

1


Figure 1.7d-2


1 2 Elimination of individuals with certain traits and reproductionof survivors.


Figure 1.7d-3


1 2 3Elimination of individuals with certain traits and reproductionof survivors.

Increasing frequency of traits that enhance survival andreproductive success.



• Darwin realized that numerous small changes in populations as a result of natural selection could eventually lead to major alterations of species.

• The fossil record provides evidence of such diversification of species from ancestral species.


Figure 1.7e-0

Millions of years ago

Years ago

34 24 5.5 2 0104

Loxodonta cyclotis (Africa)

Loxodonta africana (Africa)

Elephas maximus(Asia)

Mammuthus

Stegodon

Platybelodon

Mammut

Deinotherium


Figure 1.7e-1


Years ago

34 24 5.5 2 0104

Stegodon

Platybelodon

Mammut

Deinotherium


Figure 1.7e-2


Years ago

34 24 5.5 2 0104

Loxodonta cyclotis (Africa)

Loxodonta africana (Africa)

Elephas maximus(Asia)

Mammuthus


THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE


1.8 In studying nature, scientists make observations and form and test hypotheses

• Science is a way of knowing that stems from our curiosity about ourselves and the world around us.

• Science is based upon inquiry, the search for information and explanations of natural phenomena.

• Scientists typically • make observations, • form hypotheses, proposed explanations for a set

of observations, and • test them.



• Two types of data are frequently collected in scientific investigations.

1. Qualitative data is descriptive. 2. Quantitative data includes numerical

measurements.



• Scientists use two types of reasoning. 1. Inductive reasoning makes generalizations based

on collecting and analyzing a large number of specific observations.

2. Deductive reasoning flows from general premises to predicted and specific results.



• We solve everyday problems by using hypotheses. • A common example would be the reasoning we use

to answer the question, “Why doesn’t a flashlight work?”

• Two reasonable hypotheses are that 1. the batteries are dead or 2. the bulb is burned out.


Figure 1.8-1

Observation:Flashlight doesn’t work.

Question: Why doesn’t the flashlight work?

Hypothesis #1:Batteries are dead.

Hypothesis #2:Bulb is burned out.


Figure 1.8-2





Prediction: Replacing batteries

will fix problem.

Prediction: Replacing bulbwill fix problem.

Test of prediction: Replace batteries.

Test of prediction: Replace bulb.


Figure 1.8-3





Prediction: Replacing batteries

will fix problem.

Prediction: Replacing bulbwill fix problem.

Test of prediction: Replace batteries.

Test of prediction: Replace bulb.

Results:Flashlight doesn’t work.

Hypothesis is contradicted.

Results:Flashlight works.

Hypothesis is supported.



• A scientific theory is • much broader in scope than a hypothesis and • supported by a large and usually growing body of

evidence. • Science is a social activity in which scientists

• work in teams, • share information through peer-reviewed

publications, meetings, and personal communication, and

• build on and confirm each other’s work.


1.9 SCIENTIFIC THINKING: Hypotheses can be tested using controlled field studies

• Scientists conducted a controlled experiment to test the hypothesis that color patterns have evolved as adaptations that protect animals from predation.

• The experiment compared an experimental group consisting of noncamouflaged mice models and a control group consisting of camouflaged models that matched the mice native to each area.

• The groups differed by only one factor, the coloration of the mouse models.


Figure 1.9-0

Beach population Inland population


Figure 1.9-1

Beach population


Figure 1.9-2

Inland population


1.9 SCIENTIFIC THINKING: Hypotheses can be tested using controlled field studies

• As presented in Table 1.9, • the noncamouflaged models had a much higher

percentage of attacks in the beach and inland habitats and

• these data fit the key prediction of the camouflage hypothesis.


Table 1.9


BIOLOGY AND EVERYDAY LIFE


1.10 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Evolution is connected to our everyday lives

• Evolution is a core theme of biology. • Humans selectively breed plants and animals in the

process of artificial selection to produce • move productive crops, • better livestock, and • a great variety of pets that bear little resemblance to

their wild ancestors.


1.10 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Evolution is connected to our everyday lives

• Humans also unintentionally cause • the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, • the evolution of pesticide-resistant pests, and • the loss of species through habitat loss and global

climate change.


Figure 1.10


1.11 CONNECTION: Biology, technology, and society are connected in important ways

• Many issues facing society • are related to biology and • often involve our expanding technology.

• The basic goals of science and technology differ. • The goal of science is to understand natural

phenomena. • The goal of technology is to apply scientific

knowledge for some specific purpose.


1.11 CONNECTION: Biology, technology, and society are connected in important ways

• Although their goals differ, science and technology are interdependent.

• Research benefits from new technologies. • Technological advances stem from scientific

research. • Technologies of DNA manipulation are the results

of scientific discovery of the structure of DNA.


You should now be able to

1. Describe seven properties common to all life. 2. Describe the levels of biological organization from

molecules to the biosphere, noting the interrelationships between levels.

3. Define the concept of emergent properties and describe an example of it.

4. Explain why cells are a special level in biological organization. Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

5. Compare the dynamics of nutrients and energy in an ecosystem.



6. Explain how DNA encodes a cell’s information. 7. Compare the three domains of life. 8. Describe the process and products of natural

selection. 9. Distinguish between quantitative and qualitative data. 10. Compare the definitions and use of inductive and

deductive reasoning in scientific investigations. 11. Distinguish between a scientific theory and a

hypothesis.



12. Describe the structure of a controlled experiment and give an example.

13. Explain how evolution impacts the lives of all humans.

14. Compare the goals of science and technology. Explain why an understanding of science is essential to our lives.


Figure 1.UN01

ENERGY FLOW

Light

Producers

Chemicalenergy

Consumer

Heat


Figure 1.UN02


Figure 1.UN03

Observations Inferences

Heritable variations

Overproductionof offspring

Natural selection:Unequal reproductive

success leads toevolution of adaptations

in populations.


Figure 1.UN04

Biology

is the study of

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

DNA (genetic code)

diversity of life

cells as basicunits of life

common properties of living organisms

has changed through the process of

mechanism isdepends on

accounts for accounts

for

leads to codes foris evidence of

seen in seen invariations in seen in


Figure 1.UN05

No reward Food reward

Day

Aver

age

time

to

com

plet

e m

aze

(min

) 25

20

15

10

5

00 1 2 3 4 5 6

Chapter 1 - J. Falabella Portfoliojfalabella.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/2/4/25249222/chapter_1.pdf ·...

Documents

Transcript of Chapter 1 - J. Falabella Portfoliojfalabella.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/2/4/25249222/chapter_1.pdf ·...