Chapter 1: Introduction to Science
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Transcript of Chapter 1: Introduction to Science
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Science
1.1 The Nature of Science1.2 The Way Science Works1.3 Organizing Data
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Vocabulary
• Scientific Notation• Precision• Significant figures• Accuracy
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Line Graphs
• Line Graphs: best for showing data that changes• x-axis: independent variable (bottom of
graph)• y-axis: dependent variable (side of graph)
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Bar Graphs
• Bar Graphs: useful for comparing data for several individual items• Makes large or
small differences in data very clear
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Pie Chart
• Pie Chart: useful for displaying data that are parts of a whole
• Add up to 1 or 100%
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Parts of a Graph
• Title of Graph• Label axis/pie chart• UNITS!• All data• Zero (on line and bar graphs)• Set up EQUAL divisions
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Analyzing Data from Graphs
• Outliers: data that is abnormally high or low• Unusual or rare data
• Mean: the average (add up all data points and divide by total number of data points)
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Analyzing Data from Graphs
• Median: number in the middle when data is displayed from least to greatest
• Mode: the data that shows up the most often
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Significant Figures (aka “sig figs”)
• Rules for Sig Figs:1. Non-zero digits are ALWAYS significant
2. Any zeros between sig figs ARE significant
3. A final zero or trailing zero in the decimal portion ONLY are significant
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Sig Fig Examples
• How many sig figs are in each number?• 3.0800• 0.00418• 7.09 x 10-5
• 91,600• 0.003005• 3.200 x 109
• 250• 780,000,000• 0.0101• 0.00800
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Significant Figures in calculations:
• When you +, -, ×, or ÷, your answer should only be as precise as the least precise measurement in the calculation
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Sig Figs
• Example: A gummy bear has the dimensions of 1.34 cm long, 0.82 cm wide, and 1.0 cm high. Find the volume of the gummy bear with the correct # of sig figs. (Remember: V = l × w × h)
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Scientific Notation
• Why? So scientists can easily express numbers that are very large or very small.
• What? A simple number (1 or greater AND less than 10) multiplied by a power of 10
• Examples: • 6.24 × 106
• 2.1 × 10-2
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Scientific Notation
• How?1. Using original number, move decimal so
that the number is one or greater and less than 10.
2. Count how many places the decimal was moved.
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Scientific Notation
• If the number you started with is greater than 1, the exponent is POSITIVE
• If the number you started with is less than 1, the exponent is NEGATIVE
• Scientific notation can be reversed to write the number in standard form again.
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Accuracy vs. Precision
• Accuracy: how close a measurement is to the true value
• Precision: how exact a measurement is