Slide 1

Chapter 1:

Introduction to Public AdministrationKLB 2213: Introduction to Public Administration1.1 Defining Public Administration Action part of government, executing laws

Process of marshaling resources and using them to cope with the problems of a political community (Starling, 2008)

Using management, political, and legal processes to provide services and to regulate (Rosenbloom,2009)KLB 2213: Introduction to Public AdministrationWhy the terms Public Administration has a wide variety of definitions?A single definition of the term Public Administration will not suffice because:

i. The field encompasses a complex set of interrelated concepts.

ii. It also draws from many different academic disciplines.

iii. It includes a variety of different agencies.

iv. It involves several different professions.KLB 2213: Introduction to Public AdministrationOne Field Several DefinitionsKLB 2213: Introduction to Public AdministrationSources: Shafritz et. al, 2011Political DefinitionPublic Administration:

Is what government does

It is about implementing the public interest

It exists within a political environment

It is about doing collectively , what cannot be done individually

KLB 2213: Introduction to Public AdministrationLegal DefinitionPublic Administration:

Is bound by instruments of law

It is law in action in the form of statutes, regulations ordinances, codes, etc.

KLB 2213: Introduction to Public AdministrationManagerial DefinitionPublic Administration:

Is the executive function of government

Public administrators translate public policies into action

KLB 2213: Introduction to Public AdministrationOccupational DefinitionPublic Administration:

Includes many occupational fields--Economics, politics, management, law social welfare, engineering, ethics, etc.

It is within the context of these occupational fields that the political, legal, and managerial aspects of public administration are transformed by public administrators into the work of government.

KLB 2213: Introduction to Public AdministrationMost definitions tend to preoccupied with:The executive branch of governmentThe formulation and implementation of public policiesThe involvement of a considerable range of problems concerning human behavior and cooperative endeavorsA field that can be differentiate in important ways from private administrationRooted in law as well as the functions necessary to carry out laws Multidisciplinary in characterKLB 2213: Introduction to Public AdministrationPublic Administration is a Cross-Government FieldKLB 2213: Introduction to Public AdministrationThe federal government does what other governments cannot do such as providing for national defense. State & Local governments provide for highway safety, maintenance for infrastructure, and the likeFor example the federal government does what other governments cannot do such as providing for national defense. State & Local governments provide for highway safety, maintenance of infrastructure, and the like

10Public Administration is the Cycles of Policy ReformPublic administration is continuously redefining and reinventing itself depending on the prevailing political climate and the theories from academic disciplines that bear upon it.

The political and academic understandings of society also lead to changes in public policye.g., in statutory law, court rulings, regulations and other.

Most recently the reform movement has focused on ethics and values, tax reform and health care reform.

KLB 2213: Introduction to Public Administration1.2 Public VS Private AdministrationWhat does government do?

Government serves the public interestProvide some level of personal freedomsProtect public health and general welfareDefine and protect rights to propertyProvide equality, equity, stability, securityAdjudicate disputesTakes in revenues, but doesnt make a profit

What does the private sector do?

Private sector serves individual interestsMost importantly, its own, i.e. interest of owners, shareholders, etc.That interest is: to make moneyAchieves this by providing goods and services to individual consumers (customers) in the private economy through efficient use of resources

KLB 2213: Introduction to Public AdministrationDISTINCTIONS OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ADIMINSTRATIONKLB 2213: Introduction to Public AdministrationPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

SERVICE DELIVERYPOLITICAL PROCESSLEGALISTIC APPROACHBURE AUCRACYINEFFICIENTNO COMPETITIONSOCIAL WELFARE GOALSPRIVATE ADMINISTRATION

PROFIT MOTIVATIONBUSINESS ACTIVITIESPROFIT APPROACHFIRMLIKEEFFICIENTFREE COMPETITIONINDIVIDUL WELFARE TARGETS1.3 Importance of Public AdministrationSociety needs government to:

1. Intervene when the private sector, through the market, is unable to efficiently allocate resources

2. Create a more desirable distribution of goods, services, and rewards throughout society

Government develops public policy to accomplish these objectives

Public managers are involved in the administration of the variousaspects of these policyKLB 2213: Introduction to Public AdministrationOne Field Several DefinitionsKLB 2213: Introduction to Public AdministrationSources: Shafritz et. al, 2011Characteristics of AdministrationThe characteristics of administration are best subsumed under the two terms:

ORGANIZATION, AND MANAGEMENT

ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT ARE THE TWO FACES OF THE SAME COIN. (WALDO, 1955)

KLB 2213: Introduction to Public AdministrationOrganization is the ANATOMY, management is the PHYSIOLOGY, of administration.

Organization is the STRUCTURE; management is the FUNCTIONING of administration.

(WALDO, 1955)

KLB 2213: Introduction to Public AdministrationOrganizationThe structure of authoritative and habitual personal interrelations in and administrative system. (Waldo, 1995)

Organizations may have cultures that partially define how their members conceptualize organizational activity and the environment.

KLB 2213: Introduction to Public AdministrationMINISTER

ASSISTANT MINISTERINSPECTOR GENERALINSPECTORSECRETARY GENERALBUREAUDIRECTORGENERALDIRECTORGENERALDIRECTORDIRECTORSTAFF ORGANIZATION1919ManagementGetting things done through the efforts of other people(TAYLOR, 1912)

Action intended to achieve rational cooperation in an administrative system. (WALDO, 1955)

Management refers to the process of running an organization and the use of resources to accomplish its goals.(LEMAY, 2002)

KLB 2213: Introduction to Public AdministrationManagement functions:PLANNINGORGANIZING STAFFINGDIRECTINGCOORDINATINGREPORTINGBUDGETING

(LUTHER GULICK AND LYNDALL URWICK, 1932)

KLB 2213: Introduction to Public AdministrationMATERIALS

MEN

ORGANIZATION

MANAGEMENT

GOALGOALGOALGOALSULTIMATEINTERMEDIATE22ADMINISTRATION?NATIONAL RESOURCESORGANIZEIIMANAGEPUBLIC

GOODSSERVICESGOALGOALGOALULTIMATEGOALSNATURAL RESOURCESHUMAN RESOURCESRELIGION, ETHICSCULTURE, HERITAGE, TRADITIONEMPLOYMENTPOVERTYEDUCATIONHEALTHJUSTICEDEMOCRACYENVIRONMENTSECURITYSOCIAL JUSTICEINDIVIDUAL RIGHTSFREEDOM23PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONApproaches to Public AdministrationKLB 2213: Introduction to Public AdministrationSources: Rosenbloom, 2009Managerial ApproachBased on sound business principles

Scientific management efficiency

Appointment, advancement based on merit,politics are separate

Bureaucratic organization . . . Why?

Rational Decision Making- costs and benefits

KLB 2213: Introduction to Public AdministrationKLB 2213: Introduction to Public AdministrationADMINISTRATION

PRIVATEPUBLICPLANNINGORGANIZINGIMPLEMENTINGCONTROLLINGPLANING PROCESSBUDGETINGSTRUCTURESPROCEDURESHUMAN RESOURCESSTANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURESMONITORINGEVALUATIONFEED BACKGOALSPolitical ApproachBased on representation, responsiveness, and accountability

To public through elected officials

Administrators involved in policy process, not separate

Efficiency not emphasized, instead pluralistic interests

Bureaucratic organization . . . Why? With pluralism, overlap, competition

Budgets are not accounting statements, but prioritizationsmade incrementally

Decisions are muddled . . . Why?KLB 2213: Introduction to Public AdministrationLegal ApproachBased on enforcing law, protecting rights

For both individuals and government

Rule of law and equity through due process

Adherence to administrative law, judicialization (evidence-based), constitutionality

Efficiency, cost-effectiveness of securing rights are not concerns

Decisions made through precedentKLB 2213: Introduction to Public AdministrationNew Public Management Approach to Public AdministrationBased on performance, public sector reform

Achieving results, not political or administrative process

Customer-driven, entrepreneurial . . . What is this?

Decisions decentralized, employees empowered

Competition, outsourcing, contracting

NPM is the new trend in public administration, reinventing government

See Page 39 in Rosenbloom for summary of four approachesKLB 2213: Introduction to Public AdministrationThank YouKLB 2213: Introduction to Public Administration