Chapter 1: Introduction to Matter

Lesson 1: Describing Matter What Properties Describe Matter?Matter: anything that has mass and takes up spaceEx: everything! Water, air, paper, oxygen, wood, etc…Chemistry: the study of matter and how it changesSubstances: a single kind of matter that is pure, meaning it has a specific makeup or composition.

Physical and Chemical Properties•Physical Properties: characteristics that can be observed without changing the substance

•Chemical Properties: characteristics that describe the ability to change into other substances

Physical Properties Chemical Properties

Lesson 2: Classifying Matter What is Matter made of?

Matter is made of elements.

Elements: a substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance by physical or chemical means.

Specific physical and chemical properties

Represented by one or two letters

Fe =

Ca =

O =

N =

•Atoms: the basic particle from which all elements are made of

•All matter is made of elements

•Nucleus – contains protons and neutrons. Has a positive charge.

•Nucleus is surrounded by a negatively charged cloud

•Most elements are able to combine with atoms of other elements.

•When they combine it is a chemical bond.

•When atoms combine they form molecules. Molecules: a group of 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.

Compounds: 2 or more elements chemically combined set ratio

Chemical Formula: shows elements in the compound and ratio

CO - carbon monoxide

CO2  - carbon dioxide

Mixtures: 2 or more substances combinedSubstances keep their propertiesNot combined in a set ratio

2 types:•homogenous: evenly mixed, difficult to separate, and cannot see parts. Ex: air•heterogeneous: can be easily separated and see different parts. Ex: salad

•Mixtures can be separated by:1. Filtration2. Magnetic attraction3. Evaporation4. distillation

Write the number of atoms for each element represented in the chemical formula. 1. NaCl

2. H2SO4

3. KNO3

4. CaCl3

5. C2H6

Lesson 3: Measuring Matter•Weight: measure force of gravity on you

•Mass: amount of matter in an object

•Volume: amount of space an object occupies

•Density: amount of mass in a given volume

•SI Units: International System of Units, system of units

Weight•The more massive a planet than Earth, the more you will weigh

•Use a scale

•Depends on gravity of planet you are visiting

Mass•Does not change with location, even if gravity changes

•SI Unit is kilogram (kg)

•1,000g = 1kg

Volume•SI Unit is cubic meter (m3)

•Unit for liquids is mL

•Unit for solids is cm3 or m3

•For regular shaped objects: volume = length x width x height

•For irregular shaped objects use liquid displacement. Submerge object in a graduated cylinder filled with water. See how much water level rose.

How is Density Determined?•Expressed as number of grams in one cubic meter. (g/cm3)

•Divide mass by the volume

•Mass/volume

•Objects with density greater than water will sink

•Physical property that can be used to identify unknown substances

Homework Review QuestionsAnswer on a separate sheet. You will turn this in to the teacher.

1. What happens to a ball that is thrown in the air? Why?

2. How would you describe gravity?

3. Why would a scientist prefer to describe an object using mass rather than weight?

4. How is the volume of an irregular object measured?

5. What is the formula for density?

6. How do you express the density of a liquid? (unit of measurement)

Lesson 4: Changes in Matter•Physical Change: alters form or appearance, but substance remains the same

•Chemical Change: produces one or more new substances

Physical Changes•Stays same substance

•Change of state (ex: melting, evaporating, condensation)

•Change in shape (bending, crushing, breaking, chopping, dissolving)

•Change in form

Chemical Changes•New substances

•Ex: combustion, electrolysis, oxidation, tarnishing. Please refer to the table on pg. 24

Conservation of Mass•Matter is not created or destroyed in any physical or chemical or physical change

•Aka – law of conservation of matter

Are Changes In Energy and Matter Related?•Chemical and physical changes involve changes in energy

•Temperature: measure of how hot or cold something is. Related to energy of the motion of the particles of matter.

•Thermal Energy: total energy of the motion of the particles. In other words, it’s the energy of the particles.

•Thermal energy is related to temperature.

•Thermal energy flows from warmer to cooler objects.

Thermal Energy and Changes in Matter

•Thermal energy is absorbed or released when matter changes.

•Endothermic thermal: a change in which energy is absorbed. Ex: ice melting

•Exothermic change: a change in which energy is released. Releases energy. Ex: combustion

Transforming Chemical Energy•Chemical energy: energy stored in chemical bonds between atoms

•Found in food, fuels, and cells in your body