Computer Organization and Architecture External Memory Chapter 6.
Chapter 1: Introduction to Computer Organization and ...
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Computer Organization and Architecture Instructor: Mr. Rawad Hammad 2012 2/8/2012 1
Transcript of Chapter 1: Introduction to Computer Organization and ...
Chapter 1: Introduction to Computer Organization and Architecture
Instructor: Mr. Rawad Hammad
2012
2/8
/2012
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Architecture & Organization 1
• Architecture is those attributes visible to the programmer
• Instruction set, number of bits used for data representation, I/O mechanisms, addressing techniques.
• e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
• Organization is how features are implemented
• Control signals, interfaces, memory technology.
• e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it done by repeated addition?
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Architecture & Organization 2
• All Intel x86 family share the same basic architecture
• The IBM System/370 family share the same basic architecture
• This gives code compatibility
• At least backwards
• Organization differs between different versions
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Structure & Function
• Structure is the way in which components relate to each other
• Function is the operation of individual components as part of the structure
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Function
• All computer functions are:
• Data processing
• Data storage
• Data movement
• Control
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Functional View
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Operations (a): Data movement
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Operations (b): Storage
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Operation (c): Processing from/to storage
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Operation (d): Processing from storage to I/O
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Structure
• This Figure shows the simplest possible depiction of a computer.
• In general, all of computer linkages to the external environment can be classified as peripheral devices or communication lines.
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Top Level Structure
Computer
Main
Memory
Input
Output
Systems
Interconnection
Peripherals
Communication
lines
Central
Processing
Unit
Computer
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Definitions for Top Level Structure
• Central processing unit (CPU): Controls the operation of the computer and performs its data processing functions; often simply referred to as processor.
• Main memory: Stores data.
• I/O: Moves data between the computer and its external environment.
• System interconnection: Some mechanism that provides for communication among CPU, main memory, and I/O. A common example of system
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CPU Structure
Computer Arithmetic
and
Login Unit
Control
Unit
Internal CPU
Interconnection
Registers
CPU
I/O
Memory
System
Bus
CPU
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CPU Structure Definitions
• Control unit: Controls the operation of the CPU and hence the computer
• Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU): Performs the computer’s data processing functions
• Registers: Provides storage internal to the CPU
• CPU interconnection: Some mechanism that provides for communication among the control unit, ALU, and registers
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Structure - The Control Unit
CPU
Control
Memory
Control Unit
Registers and
Decoders
Sequencing
Login
Control
Unit
ALU
Registers
Internal
Bus
Control Unit
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Outline of the Course (1)
• Computer Evolution and Performance
• Computer Interconnection Structures
• Internal Memory
• External Memory
• Input/Output
• Operating Systems Support
• Computer Arithmetic
• Instruction Sets
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Outline of the Course(2)
• CPU Structure and Function
• Reduced Instruction Set Computers
• Superscalar Processors
• Control Unit Operation
• Microprogrammed Control
• Multiprocessors and Vector Processing
• Parallel Processing
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Conclusion • Architecture Vs. Organization
• Structure & Function
• Functional View
• Operations
• Data movement
• Storage
• Processing from/to storage
• Processing from storage to I/O
• Top Level Structure • Computer
• CPU
• Control Unit
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Thanks for your time
Time for discussion
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