Chapter 4 - An Introduction to Chemistry: An Introduction to
Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry
description
Transcript of Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry
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Chapter 1Introduction to
Chemistry
Milbank High School
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Section 1.1Chemistry
• OBJECTIVES:–Define chemistry and
differentiate among its traditional divisions.
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Section 1.1Chemistry
• OBJECTIVES:–List several reasons to study
chemistry.
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What is Chemistry?• The study of “matter”, its
composition, properties, and the changes it undergoes. Everyday life?
• Applied Chemistry- is using chemistry to attain certain goals, in fields like medicine, agriculture, and manufacturing
• Pure chemistry- gathers knowledge for the sake of knowledge
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5 Major Areas of Chemistry
• Analytical Chemistry- concerned with the composition of substances.
• Inorganic Chemistry- primarily deals with substances without carbon
• Organic Chemistry- essentially all substances containing carbon
• Biochemistry- Chemistry of living things• Physical Chemistry- describes the
behavior of chemicals (ex. stretching)
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Chemistry is
• central to modern science, and to almost all human endeavors.
• important to all sciences - biology, geology, physics, engineers, etc.
• a natural science.• a language with its own
vocabulary.• a way of thinking.
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Why Study Chemistry?
• everyone and everything around us involves chemistry
• What in the world isn’t Chemistry?
• helps you make choices• possible career for your future• used to attain a specific goal• Do you remember “pure” and
“applied” chemistry?
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Section 1.2Chemistry Far and Wide
• OBJECTIVES:–Summarize ways in which
chemistry affects your daily life.
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Section 1.2Chemistry Far and Wide
• OBJECTIVES:–Describe the impact of
chemistry on various fields of science.
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Chemistry Far and Wide
• Materials- perfume, steel, ceramics, plastics, rubber, paints, nonstick cooking utensils, polyester fibers
• Energy- greater demands–conserve it, or produce more– fossil fuels, solar, batteries,
nuclear (don’t forget pollution!)
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Chemistry Far and Wide
• Medicine and Biotechnology-–vitamin C, penicillin, aspirin–materials for artery transplants
and hipbones–Human Genome Project–bacteria producing insulin–cloning
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Chemistry Far and Wide
• Agriculture- world’s food supply–plant growth hormones–ways to protect crops–disease resistant plants
• The Environment- both risks and benefits involved in discoveries–carbon dioxide, ozone, warming
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Chemistry Far and Wide
• Astronomy and Space Exploration-–composition of the planets–analyze moon rocks–planet atmospheres– life on other planets?
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Section 1.3Thinking Like a Scientist
• OBJECTIVES:–Describe the steps involved in
the scientific method.
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Section 1.3Thinking Like a Scientist
• OBJECTIVES:–Distinguish between a theory
and a scientific law.
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The Scientific Method
• A logical approach to solving problems or answering questions.
• Starts with observation- noting and recording facts
• hypothesis- an educated guess as to the cause of the problem, or a proposed explanation
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Scientific Method• “controlled” experiment- designed
to test the hypothesis• only two possible answers
– hypothesis is right– hypothesis is wrong
• Generates data observations from experiments.
• Modify hypothesis - repeat the cycle
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Observations
Hypothesis
Experiment
• Cycle repeats many times.
• The hypothesis gets more and more certain.
• Becomes a theory– A thoroughly
tested model that explains why things behave a certain way.
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• Theory can never be proven- due to new information
• Useful because they predict behavior
• Help us form mental pictures of processes (models)
Observations
Hypothesis
Experiment
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• Another outcome is that certain behavior is repeated many times
• Scientific Law is developed (math?)
• Describes how things behave
• Law- tells how• Theory- tells why
Observations
Hypothesis
Experiment
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Law
Theory(Model)
Prediction
Experiment
Modify
Observations
Hypothesis
Experiment
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Section 1.4How to Study Chemistry
• OBJECTIVES:–Explain why learning chemistry
requires daily effort.
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Section 1.4How to Study Chemistry
• OBJECTIVES:–Describe the importance of
writing in the study of chemistry.
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How to Study Chemistry
• Understanding and Applying Concepts– requires effort on your part– read materials carefully– take thorough notes you can
use–study often and effectively–quiet, well-lit, remove
distractions
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How to Study Chemistry
• Understanding and Applying Concepts–chemistry has a language of it’s
own, so learn the vocabulary– look around you, and make the
connection to the level of atoms and molecules
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How to Study Chemistry
• Using Your Textbook–name chemical compounds–write chemical formulas– interpret graphs– techniques to solve problems
• Use your Teacher and Textbook!
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How to Study Chemistry
• Using Your Textbook– take good notes–solve Practice Problems– read, keeping objectives in mind–Student Study Guide (p. 24)–section summaries; Key Terms
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How to Study Chemistry
• On Your Own–go beyond the textbook–make flashcards– reread and rewrite notes–quiz yourself and classmates– form a study group–ASK, ASK, and ASK
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How to Study Chemistry• Tests and Quizzes
–cramming never a good idea–set aside a certain amount of time
every day–get enough rest daily; nutrition– read tests carefully / thoroughly–do easy problems first–show work, and evaluate answer