Chapter 1 – Introduction to Castro

Part 2

How to study the Ocean?

How to study the Ocean?

History of Marine Exploration

• 4000 BC Polynesians and Egyptians sailing • 600 BC Phoenicians explore • 450-150 BC Greeks develop maps of sea, measure latitude,

estimate global circumference • Longitude? Sun “moves 15°/hour if you don’t move east or

west. If you do move, then change the “time zone”. Compare local time to origin time to get longitude.

History of Marine Exploration

• 300 AD Chinese develop magnetic compass • 900 - 1430 AD Vikings explore Greenland,

Newfoundland• 1400 China Explores and may extend to Africa and

Americas• 1500 Columbus finds “West Indies” (Caribbean)• 1520 Magellan circumnavigates • 1770 Capt. Cook explores Pacific (chronometer)• 1830 Darwin sailed world and studied corals, barnacles • 1830 Wilkes (USA) explores Pacific and returns with

samples• 1870 HMS Challenger world tour

HMS Challenger 1872- 1876

The 3.5 year voyage collected an enormous amount of data, took 19 years to publish 50 volumes.

Marine Stations in USA

Monterey Bay Aquarium and Research Institute

Marine Stations in USA

Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute

Marine Stations in USA

Scripps Institute of Oceanography

Marine Stations in USA

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Marine Stations in USA

• College of Oceanic and Atmospheric SciencesHarbor Branch Oceanographic InstitutionMonterey Bay Aquarium and Research InstituteRosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science Scripps Institute of OceanographyUniversity of Rhode Island Graduate School of OceanographyUniversity of Washington School of OceanographyWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution