Unit 1: Introduction the Human BodyChapter 1: Introduction to Anatomy/Physiology Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization

CHAPTER 1: Introduction to the Human Body• What is anatomy?•The study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among body parts.

• What is physiology?•The study of how organisms perform their vital functions through the use of internal and external structures of the body.

Levels of Organization

• Chemical/Molecular Cellular (simplest form of life) Tissue Organ Organ System Organism

• Figure 1-1

Homeostasis

• Homeo : unchanging + stasis : standing•The ability to continue a stable internal environment• Maintaining homeostasis is essential for

all living organisms to survive.• Homeostatic Regulation: the

adjustment of physiological systems to continue homeostasis• 2 Mechanisms Involved• 1-Autoregulation• 2-Extrinsic Regulation

Homeostasis continued…• Autoregulation: or intrinsic regulation • Automatic adjustment in response to an environmental

change

• Extrinsic Regulation:• Nervous system or endocrine system regulation

• When a homeostatic regulation occurs there are 3 parts:• 1- Receptor: a sensor that is sensitive to an

environmental change• 2- Control Center: area which receives and processes the

information from the receptor• 3- Effector: a cell or organ that responds to the

commands

Homeostatic Regulation continued…• Negative Feedback:• Controlling or going against the change • Example: Body gets too warm Negative Feedback: Body

begins to sweat • Primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation

• Positive Feedback:• Initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates the

effects• Example: Break in blood vessel Damaged cells release

chemical clotting begins additional chemicals released clotting accelerates

• Important in accelerating processes that must proceed to completion quickly

Organ Systems• The Integumentary • The Skeletal

Organ Systems• The Muscular • The Nervous

Organ Systems• The Endocrine • The Circulatory

Organ Systems• The Lymphatic • The Respiratory

Organ Systems• The Digestive • The Urinary

Organ Systems• The Reproductive

Anatomical Landmarks

• Anatomical Position•Hands at sides with palms facing forward• Supine: body laying

with face up• Prone: body laying

with face down

Anatomical Regions• 4 Abdominopelvic Quadrants• Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)• Right lobe of liver, gall bladder, right

kidney, portions of stomach, small and large intestines

• Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)• Left love of liver, stomach, pancreas,

left kidney, spleen, portions of large intestine

• Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)• Cecum, appendix, portions of small

intestine, reproductive organs, right ureter

• Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)• Most of small intestine, portions of

large intestine, left ureter, reproductive organs

Anatomical Regions• 9 Abdominopelvic Region•Right Hypochondriac Region •Epigastric Region•Left Hypochondriac Region•Right Lumbar Region•Umbilical Region•Left Lumbar Region•Right Inguinal Region•Hypogastric Region•Left Inguinal Region

Directional Terms• Superior: above, at a higher level• Inferior: below, at a lower level• Anterior: front• Posterior: back• Ventral: Belly side• Dorsal: Back side• Cranial: the head• Caudal: the tail/coccyx• Medial: towards the midsagittal

plane• Lateral: away from midsagittal

plane• Proximal: close to attached base• Distal: away from attached base• Superficial: towards surface• Deep: farther from surface, deep

• Figure 1-8

Planes of Section• Transverse Plane:

Divides the body into superior and inferior sections

• Frontal Plane or coronal plane: Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections

• Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into right and left halves

Body Cavities Figure 1-10

• Dorsal Body Cavities• Cranial Cavity• Spinal Cavity

• Ventral Body Cavities• The diaphragm separates:• Thoracic Cavity• Right Pleural Cavity• Mediastinum• Pericardial Cavity• Parietal Pericardium---opposing surface• Visceral Pericardium---layer covering the heart

• Left Pleural Cavity• Abdominopelvic Cavity• Abdominal Cavity• Pelvic Cavity

CHAPTER 2: The Chemical Level of Organization

• What percentage of each element is found in the Human body?• Oxygen---A component of water, important for respiration• 65%

• Carbon---Found in all organic molecules• 18.6%

• Hydrogen---A component of water• 9.7%

• Nitrogen---Found in proteins, nucleic acids• 3.2%

• Calcium---Found in bones and teeth• 1.8%

Inorganic Compounds-

•Usually do not contain carbon and hydrogen atoms as part of the primary structure•Most important• Carbon Dioxide• Byproduct of cell metabolism

• Oxygen• Gas required for important metabolic

reactions• Water• Accounts for most of our body weight

• Acids, bases, salts

Organic Compounds-Carbohydrates• Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen•Most familiar are sugars and starches•Most important sources of energy that are metabolizes vs stored• 3 main types• Monosaccharides• Simple sugar• Common example would be Glucose and is the

most important metabolic fuel for the body—Chemical formula??• Can dissolve quickly in water and is rapidly

distributed throughout the body

Organic Compounds-Carbohydrates

• Disaccharides• Is 2 mono’s joined together• Complex molecule• The body must disassemble them before they

can be useful • Polysaccharides• Multiple Disaccharides joined together• Our digestive tract can break these molecules

into Mono’s• Starch is a common example • Cellulose-more energy expended through

chewing than made back through digestion

Organic Compounds-Lipids• Contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen• Familiar lipids include fats, oils, and waxes•Most are insoluble in water• Form an essential component in all cells• Phospholipids

• Account for 12-18% of total body weight in males and 18-24% in females• Common Examples• Fatty Acids• Glycerides• Steroids• Phospholipids

Organic Compounds-Proteins•Most abundant in human body• Account for 20% of total human weight• Functions:• Support• Movement• Transport• Buffering• Metabolic Regulation• Coordination and control• Defense

• Structure:• Contain long chains of amino acids