Chapter 1: IELTS Listening - ASAD...

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EASY IELTS Notes BBy By: Asad Yaqub Pakistani, Cell:0092-300-9466533 For further details call or mail at 0092-300-9466533, [email protected] 1 Chapter 1: IELTS Listening The IELTS Listening Test is the same for the Academic and General Training modules. You listen to language spoken in a social or academic context and answer a series of questions. The tape is played only once so you have to practice sufficiently beforehand to pick up what’s being said the first time around. The listening test is divided into four sections with 10 questions in each part (a total of 40 questions). This module lasts about 30 minutes. You get an extra 10 minutes at the end to transfer your answers to the answer sheet. Types of Listening Listening for Global or General Information (News, Movies etc.) IELTS Listening is listening for main ideas, specific information, supporting information, facts and opinions. Listening Test Defined 4 Sections 10 Questions in Each Section Level of difficulty increases by each section All the Audios are played once only Time is given a) to read the questions and b) to check your answers. At the end of IELTS listening Test 10 minutes are given to transfer your answers to the answer-sheet. Your answer should not contain more than three words The Questions and the Audios will be in the same order IELTS LISTENING - QUESTION TYPES The listening test measures how well you can listen for main ideas, specific information, supporting information, facts and opinions. You will find a variety of question types: multiple choice short answer sentence completion notes/diagram/flow chart completion matching classification The variety of question types means that you sometimes need to write in the answer in your own writing, versus simply choosing the right answer. This is important because in such cases, you also need to spell correctly or the answer will be marked wrong. Even a small error can cause

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Chapter 1: IELTS Listening

The IELTS Listening Test is the same for the Academic and General Training modules. You

listen to language spoken in a social or academic context and answer a series of questions. The

tape is played only once so you have to practice sufficiently beforehand to pick up what’s being

said the first time around.

The listening test is divided into four sections with 10 questions in each part (a total of 40

questions). This module lasts about 30 minutes. You get an extra 10 minutes at the end to

transfer your answers to the answer sheet.

Types of Listening

Listening for Global or General Information (News, Movies etc.)

IELTS Listening is listening for main ideas, specific information, supporting

information, facts and opinions.

Listening Test Defined

4 Sections

10 Questions in Each Section

Level of difficulty increases by each section

All the Audios are played once only

Time is given a) to read the questions and b) to check your answers.

At the end of IELTS listening Test 10 minutes are given to transfer your answers to

the answer-sheet.

Your answer should not contain more than three words

The Questions and the Audios will be in the same order

IELTS LISTENING - QUESTION TYPES The listening test measures how well you can listen for main ideas, specific information,

supporting information, facts and opinions. You will find a variety of question types:

multiple choice

short answer

sentence completion

notes/diagram/flow chart completion

matching

classification

The variety of question types means that you sometimes need to write in the answer in your own

writing, versus simply choosing the right answer. This is important because in such cases, you

also need to spell correctly or the answer will be marked wrong. Even a small error can cause

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you to lose marks. For example, if the answer is "hat"; and you write "hats", it may be marked

wrong.

You also have to make sure you include the correct information. If the answer is "Green hats"

and you write only "hats", you may also lose points.

You will get a better sense of how precise you need to be by doing as many practice listening

exams as possible before your actual test. Believe it or not, you will improve with practice,

though it might seem impossible at first. Your ear and your concentration can be trained. Over

time, you will improve – but only if you remain patient and move steadily towards your goal of

the highest score possible.

IELTS Listening SPEECH STYLES Each of the four sections of the IELTS Listening Test focuses on a different type of speech, as

shown below:

Section 1 – A social or transactional dialogue – 2 speakers

Section 2 – A topic or short speech on a general topic – 1 speaker

Section 3 – A conversation in an academic context – 2-4 speakers

Section 4 – An academic lecture – 1 speaker

Pre-Listening Tips Practice to Improve your Listening Skill

Be Familiar with different Dialects of English i.e. British, American, Australian,

Canadian, Irish, Scottish, African and non-native accents and dialects.

Listen to the Audios with the transcript in hand.

Use your Imagination to understand the dialogues better.

Read the questions with clear Understanding.

Underline the key words with pencil.

Use the time wisely to read the questions and check your answer.

While-Listening Tips Tune your ears with the Audio.

Use the example at the beginning of the first section to familiarize yourself with the

sound, the situation, and the speakers.

Follow the questions and statements given to keep track with the Audio.

Follow the Instructions very carefully.

Develop the skill to read, write and listen at the same time.

Use Pauses to prepare for the next set of questions

When the time to read questions terminates stop reading immediately and begin to listen.

Don't leave blanks because there is no negative marking.

Don’t waste your time in checking your answers if you are sure about them instead read

on.

Don’t rush to jot down your answer, wait for the answer to come in the audio.

Keep two questions in mind while listening

In 3rd

and 4th

Section Learn to distinguish opinion from fact

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Overall IELTS Listening Tips

The accents of the speakers on the tape are primarily British. This means you must

become accustomed to understanding the nuances of such accents. If you have been

watching a lot of American television, (shows such as Friends, for example) it will not

really help you. British accents are quite different and it is better to spend time in the

months before the test listening to British radio stations and podcasts or watching the

BBC, British shows, and movies. This is one of the major difference between the

IELTS exam and the TOEFL, which features more American accents.

Get used to the way letters and numbers are pronounced in British (and American)

English. Sometimes, in the listening section, you are asked to write down the spelling of

a name, place, or address. If you make a mistake in the spelling while writing it down,

you will get the answer wrong.

The expressions used also tend to be taken from British rather than American

English. This means you may hear unfamiliar idioms, which can confuse you. Speakers

may also use British words for common items such as "flat" for "apartment", "lorry" for

"truck", or "advert" for advertisement. Make sure you study the most common

differences in British and American vocabulary and listen to as many IELTS exercises as

possible before your exam to prepare you for the actual test experience.

Learn to distinguish opinion from fact. In the third and fourth listening passages, you

will probably be tested on what one of the speakers thinks or what his / her view is. This

may or may not be stated outright, but as an underlying theme in the whole conversation

or in the tone of the speakers’ voice, rather than the words themselves.

Don't worry if your classmates or friends get higher listening scores than you. Each

one has his or her strengths and weaknesses, just like you. Each one also has his or her

own language goals. Just focus on your own needs and don't compare yourself to others.

Follow instructions very carefully. If the instructions state, "Write no more than three

words",then you must not write more or you will receive no marks for your answer, even

if some of the words you wrote were part of the correct answer. Similarly, read each

instruction carefully. Sometimes, you are asked to circle two answers, sometimes three,

and so on. You must read the instruction each time as it may differ from the previous

ones. Remember, the ability to follow instructions in English is a test in itself.

Problems During Listening

Getting Lost

Be careful of letters and numbers that sound similar i.e. A-H-8, C-G, W-OO-EE, 80-18,

30-13

Spelling

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Chapter 2: IELTS Reading

Academic Reading Test Structure

Duration: 60 minutes

3 sections, 40 Questions

Each section has a passage containing 700 to 1000 words and all the three passages have

almost 2100 to 3000 words.

Passages are take from newspapers, books, magazines, journals, articles, research papers

or other sources

General Training Reading Test Structure

Duration: 60 minutes

3 sections, Total 40 Questions, 13 or 14 Questions in each section

Each section has a passage containing 700 to 900 words and all the three passages have

almost 2100 to 2700 words.

Passages are taken from notices, advertisements, official documents, booklets,

newspapers, instruction manuals, leaflets, timetables, books and magazines etc.

TIME Management

17 minutes on section 1

20 minutes on section 2

23 minutes on section 3

Warning: No Extra Time will be given to transfer the answers to the answer sheet.

IELTS READING – Question Types

Multiple choice

Multiple matching

Short-answer

Sentence completion

Tables, diagrams, flow charts

Summary completion

Paragraph headings

Locating information

Identifying writer's views or claims

Classification

Matching

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IELTS Academic READING – CONTENT

Section Number of Texts Questions Types of Texts

1 1 long text 13 general academic content

2 1 long text 13 one passage presents a logical argument.

3 1 long text 14 one passage includes a diagram, graph or

illustration

IELTS GENERAL READING - CONTENT

Section Number of Texts Questions Types of Texts

1 2-3 short texts 13 Notices, advertisements, publicity booklets,

timetables, etc.

2 2 texts 13 College catalogues, course descriptions, rules and

regulations, library guides, etc.

3 1 long text 14 Newspapers, magazines, journals, books, etc.

3 KEY REDING SKILLS

Skimming

Scanning

Reading for detail

SKIMMING TECHNIQUES

Skimming is reading fast to get the "gist" or the general idea of the text

Run your eyes over the text getting the general meaning

Do not stop at words that you don't understand

Skim Speedily

Another way to skim is to just read the first and last paragraphs

Read the title, subtitles and illustrations

SCANNING TECHNIQUES

Scanning the dictionary or Telephone directory.

Don’t start from the top and read every line

Move your eyes around the text back and across and up and down

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Read the question and then you search for key words or ideas associated with the

question

TIPS TO IMPROVE READING SKILLS

Increase your reading speed

The only secret to improve reading is “Practice, Practice and Practice”

General Reading Tips

Have Interaction with the passage

Keep in the mind the two questions about the text

a) What subject is the text about?

b) Why was this text written?

Retain the Questions

Get the gist of unfamiliar words

Experiment with both strategies Questions First or Passage First

1 set of questions usually follow the order of the information

Spelling matters

Grammar counts

In sentence completion tasks, focus on the meaning

Do many practice tests

Read widely and habitually

Look out for key synonyms

Use only the stated number of words

STEP BY STEP ACTION PLAN

Step 1: Read the Questions to get the gist of passage and underline the key words.

Step 2: Retain 2 or 3 questions and Scan the text to find the relevant information.

Step 3: Find the paragraph and then the lines which are related to the question.

Step 4: Find, match, confirm and write the answer.

Step 5: Go to step 2 again.

GENERAL READING TIPS

Beat the fear – read as much as possible

Improve key skills i.e. skimming and scanning and reading in detail

Time Management

Focus on the question – avoid careless errors

Train yourself, don’t test yourself

Learn how to underline or encircle the key words, phrases, facts and figures.

The questions follow the text – normally

The questions or the text – which do you read first?

Fill out the answer sheet

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Chapter 3: IELTS Writing Task 1

WRITING TEST DEFINED

Task 1: Report Writing for Academic Candidates (150 Words-20 minutes)

Task 1: Letter Writing for General Training Candidates (150 Words-20 minutes)

Task 2: Essay Writing for Academic and General Training (250 Words-40 minutes)

Total Writing Test Duration: 1 Hour

WRITING TASKS CRITERIA

Task Achievement - how thoroughly you do what is asked

Coherence (Connection) and Cohesion (Organized) - how connected and organized

your written expression is.

Lexical Resource - the range of vocabulary you use

Grammatical Range and Accuracy - how correct your grammar is

5 STEPS TO MASTER ACADEMIC WRITING TASK 1

Recognize and Identify different graphics i.e. line graphs, bar charts, pie charts, etc.

Look out for key information, comparisons and trends.

Practice the specific vocabulary to describe those trends.

Learn how to start, complete and finish your answer.

Finish Writing in 15 minutes and proofread in 5 minutes.

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Step 1 Recognize and Identify different graphic forms

Line graphs

Bar charts

Pie charts

Flow Charts

Statistical Tables

Process Diagram

etc

Steps 2

Look out for key information, comparisons and trends.

Bar Chart

A bar chart consists of rectangular bars arranged horizontally or vertically from the x or y

axis.

Look for the following Information

Which is the tallest bar?

Which is the shortest bar?

Have the bars changed over time? How?

How do the bars compare to each other?

Pie Chart

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A pie charts is a circular chart divided into sectors or pie slices. It presents information in

segments of a circle or pie, which together add up to 100%.

Look for the following Information

Which is the largest segment?

Which is the smallest segment?

How do the segments compare with each other?

Line Graph

A line graph plots the changes in data over time:

Look for the following Information

What is the highest level / point?

What is the lowest level / point?

Is there a point till when the trend was increasing or decreasing?

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When did the trend change?

Tables

A table presents information in different categories, making it easy to compare.

Look out for the following

What is the highest figure?

What is the lowest figure?

What is second highest, etc.?

Comparisons and Contrasts

Process Diagrams

The process diagram represents the whole process that how something is done.

Look out for the following

How does the process start?

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What are the key features?

How the sub-processes linked to the main process?

How does the cycle of the process accomplish?

Step 3

Vocabulary of Trends Learn a range of vocabulary to describe and interpret statistical information.

Use the appropriate verbs, nouns, adjectives and adverbs to provide precise descriptions.

IELTS Writing - Academic Task 1 Vocabulary

The following words and phrases will help you describe trends:

Nouns a rise, an increase, a surge, a growth, a peak, a fluctuation, a variation, a period

of stability, a plateau, a fall, a decrease, a decline, a dip

Verbs to rise, to increase, to surge, to grow, to peak, to skyrocket, to fluctuate,

to vary, to fall, to decrease, to decline, to dip, to dive, to plunge

Phrases

to show an upward trend, to show a downward trend, to hit the highest point,

to hit the lowest point, to reach a peak, to show some fluctuation, to fluctuate

wildly, to remain stable, to remain static, to remain unchanged, to stay

constant, to reach a plateau, to level off, to flatten out, the highest, the lowest

the second highest, the third highest compared to, compared with, relative to

Adverbs Sharply, suddenly, rapidly, abruptly, dramatically, significantly, steadily,

considerably, markedly, slightly, gently, gradually, wildly

Adjectives Sharp, sudden, rapid, abrupt, dramatic, steep, significant, steady, considerable

marked, slight, gentle, gradual

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Step 4

Write your answer according to a plan

Paragraph 1

Write one sentence to introduce the subject and graphic.

Write one or two sentences to show the relationship between the data or to comment on

the main trend.

Specimen Phrases to start your report according to the type of graphic:

The table compares/identifies...

The line graph shows…

The pie chart represents…

The bar chart describes…

The diagram illustrates…

Paragraph 2

Write an in-depth description of the information given. Include details from the most

important to the least important, depending on time. Give comparisons and contrasts but

do not define all the statistics as mentioned in the graphic.

Paragraph 3

Write few sentences to conclude your answer.

Specimen Phrases to conclude your report: To sum up…

Overall…

In the final analysis…

In summary…

In conclusion…

It can be clearly seen that…

Step 5

Don’ts of Academic Writing

Don’t describe only the data.

Don’t give your interpretation.

Don’t give your opinion.

Don’t write anything which is not even mentioned.

Avoid informal language.

Don't repeat ideas, words or phrases in a different way.

Don't memorize model answers

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Chapter 4: IELTS Writing: General Training Task 1-Letter Writing

Task Description

Letter Writing on Formal, Semi-formal and Informal situations.

Length:150 words

Time: 20 minutes

Letter Planning and Layout

A. What is in the letter? 1. What is the purpose of the letter? Why am I writing? Who am I writing to?

2. What is the tone of the letter? This depends on who I have to write to. Is it formal,

informal or neutral? What kind of language can I use to start and finish the letter?

3. What are the bullet points that must be included? There are normally three or four

things you must include in your letter

B. How can I write it? This is a possible structure for the letter. Remember it is very short – only 150 words – so you

don’t need to write much for your introduction and conclusion.

Paragraph 1 Introduction

Tell the reader who you are and why you are writing to them

Paragraph 2 Message

Give your message, including all the things the question tells you to include. Add a little detail

for each – one sentence on each point is probably not enough.

Paragraph 3 Conclusion

Summarise what you have said and then finish your letter with the right ending, depending on

the tone.

Letter Writing Tips – 12 Ways to Get Higher Marks on the IELTS Letter Writing Task

1. Visualize the situation of the letter and put yourself at the place of writer. Imagine if

actually you were in that situation how would you write.

2. Brainstorm the whole scenario keeping in view the bulleted points and make a strong

interesting story.

3. Identify the type of letter you are being asked to write. Is it a formal, semi-formal or

informal letter? The entire tone of your letter is based on your answer to this question.

Adjust your style and choice of words according to the type of letter you have been asked

to write.

4. Open and close the letter correctly. Remember that each type of letter requires a

different opening and closing. The chart below will help you remember this:

Style Characteristics Opening Ending

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Formal To someone you have not met,

whose name you don't know Dear Sir / Madam Yours faithfully

Semi-

formal

To someone you may or may not

have met, whose last name you

know & use

Dear Mr Brown,

Dear Ms Stone, Yours sincerely

Informal

To someone you know well,

whose first name you know and

use

Dear John,

Dear Anita,

Best regards

Warm wishes

5. Open a formal and semi-formal letter with a formal sentence. Don't try to be friendly,

as you do not know the person you are writing to. Get right down to business and indicate

the reason you are writing, as shown below:

Dear Sir / Madam,

I am writing to inquire about / I am writing in connection with...

Dear Mr. Jones,

I am writing to inform you ... / I am writing in connection with...

6. Open an informal letter with a general, friendly paragraph. With friends whom we

know, we care about the whole person. We have a broader relationship in the context of

which this communication is taking place. So it is best to acknowledge that friendship

first, before getting down to the reason for your letter. In fact, the first paragraph could be

purely friendly small talk, unrelated to the reason for your writing. Look at the example

below:

Dear Jane

I hope you and your family are all well. It was such a pleasure to see you again last summer. We

sure had a great time catching up with each other after so many years. You have always been a

cherished friend, no matter how much of a gap there has been since we met.

Anyway, the reason I'm writing is that I have some good news - I am getting married this

summer...

7. Identify the main purpose of the letter. Are you asking for help, apologizing, inviting

someone, complaining or thanking someone? Learn appropriate and polite expressions

that will support what you need to say.

8. Learn and use standard written phrases. Students sometimes struggle to finish their

writing in time. This happens when you are trying to write every sentence from scratch.

The fact is, in conventional letter writing in English, we use a number of standard

expressions and phrases and add on to them the specific information we wish to

communicate. By learning how to use these expressions, you will find the letter writing

task much easier and will never have to fight for time.

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9. Make sure you write at least 150 words. Practice writing letters till you know what 150

words feels like and looks like. You will lose marks if you write less. You will not lose

marks if you write more; the only restriction on writing more is in terms of time, not the

number of words.

10. Learn the correct spelling of commonly used words. It is surprising how many IELTS

students make a mistake when spelling words such as "sincerely", "faithfully", "in

connection with" and so on. You can prevent yourself from losing marks by learning the

correct spelling of these words and expressions which you are highly likely to use on

your exam.

11. Stay on topic. In order to complete your letter within 20 minutes or less, practice writing

letters where you stick to the point. The General IELTS Task 1 does require you to make

up a bit of a story to complete your letter, but don't make your story so complicated that

you run out of time.

12. Include all three bulleted points. If you exclude even one of the points given to you in

the question prompt, you will lose valuable marks. Practice writing letters that include the

three points and go back and check that you have included them in each practice exercise

you do.

IELTS Letter Writing - Useful Words & Expressions

To complete your IELTS letter writing task within 20 minutes, it is helpful to know some

common phrases and set expressions. Being able to use these will allow you to express your

ideas quickly and effectively, without thinking about each and every word. While you're learning

their meaning, also make sure you can spell them perfectly.

Letter Writing Useful Phrases

Salutation

Dear Mr. Brown Dear Ms. White Dear Sir Dear Sirs Dear Madam Dear Sir or Madam Gentlemen

Starting We are writing to inform you that ...

to confirm ... to request ... to enquire about ...

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I am contacting you for the following reason. I recently read/heard about . . . and would like to know . . . Having seen your advertisement in ... , I would like to ... I would be interested in (obtaining/receiving) ... I received your address from ... and would like to ... I am writing to tell you about ...

Referring to

previous contact

Thank you for your letter of March 15 ... Thank you for contacting us. In reply to your request ... Thank you for your letter regarding ... With reference to our telephone conversation yesterday ... Further to our meeting last week ... It was a pleasure meeting you in London last month. I enjoyed having lunch with you last week in Tokyo. I would just like to confirm the main points we discussed on

Tuesday . . .

Making a request

We would appreciate it if you would ... I would be grateful if you could... Could you please send me . . . Could you possibly tell us/let us have... In addition, I would like to receive ... It would be helpful if you could send us ... I am interested in (obtaining/receiving...) I would appreciate your immediate attention to this matter. Please let me know what action you propose to take.

Offering help

We would be happy to ... Would you like us to ... We are quite willing to ... Our company would be pleased to ...

Giving good news We are pleased to announce that ... I am delighted to inform you that ... You will be pleased to learn that ...

Giving bad news

We regret to inform you that ... I'm afraid it would not be possible to ... Unfortunately we cannot/we are unable to ... After careful consideration we have decided (not) to ...

Complaining

I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with ... I am writing to complain about ... Please note that the goods we ordered on (date) have not yet

arrived. We regret to inform you that our order n°--- is now considerably

overdue. I would like to query the transport charges which seem unusually high.

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Apologizing

We are sorry for the delay in replying ... I regret any inconvenience caused I would like to apologize for (the delay/the inconvenience) ... Once again, I apologise for any inconvenience.

Orders

Thank you for your quotation of ... We are pleased to place an order with your company for ... We would like to cancel our order n°... Please confirm receipt of our order. I am pleased to acknowledge receipt of your order n°... Your order will be processed as quickly as possible. It will take about (three) weeks to process your order. We can guarantee delivery before ... Unfortunately these articles are no longer available/out of stock.

Prices

Please send us your price list. You will find enclosed our most recent catalogue and price list. Please note that our prices are subject to change without notice. We have pleasure in enclosing a detailed quotation. We can make you a firm offer of ... Our terms of payment are as follows :

Referring to payment

Our records show that we have not yet received payment of ... According to our records ... Please send payment as soon as possible. You will receive a credit note for the sum of ...

Enclosing documents I am enclosing ... Please find enclosed ... You will find enclosed ...

Closing remarks

If we can be of any further assistance, please let us know If I can help in any way, please do not hesitate to contact me If you require more information ... For further details ... Thank you for taking this into consideration Thank you for your help. We hope you are happy with this arrangement. We hope you can settle this matter to our satisfaction.

Referring to future

business

We look forward to a successful working relationship in the future We would be (very) pleased to do business with your company. I would be happy to have an opportunity to work with your firm.

Referring to future contact I look forward to seeing you next week Looking forward to hearing from you " " to receiving your comments I look forward to meeting you on the 15th

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I would appreciate a reply at your earliest convenience.

Ending

Sincerely, } Yours sincerely, } (for all formal letters) Sincerely yours, }

Regards, (for informal letters)

More Phrases to Give Your Letter a Fantastic Touch

Apologizing I'm sorry about...

I am sorry that...

I'm very sorry about...

I'm very sorry for...

Please forgive me for...

I'd like to apologize for...

Please accept my apologies.

Please accept my sincere apologies. (very formal)

Asking for Help I'd be grateful if you could...

I would be grateful if you could...

I would appreciate it if you could...

Could you please...

I was wondering of you could help me.(informal)

I would like to know...

Asking for Information I am writing to enquire about...

I am writing to find out about...

What I am looking for is...

I would like to know about/if...

Closing I look forward to seeing you.

I look forward to hearing from you.

I look forward to meeting you.

Complaining / expressing dissatisfaction I'm writing to express my dissatisfaction with...

I'm writing to express my annoyance with...

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I am not happy about...

...was very disappointing.

Conveying regards Please give my best regards to your family.

Please pass on my best wishes to your wife and children.

Please give my regards to your parents.

Expressing satisfaction I was delighted to hear that...

I was very happy to learn that...

I was thrilled to find out that...

I was glad to hear that...

...was very enjoyable.

Expressing concern / sympathy I was sorry to hear about... (your accident/ illness)

I am writing to express my concern about...

Giving bad news I regret to inform you that...(semi-formal)

I am sorry to tell you that...(informal)

I regret to advise you that...(formal)

I am afraid I have some bad news.(informal)

Giving good news I am pleased to inform you that...(semi-formal)

I am delighted to tell you that...(informal)

I am happy to advise you that...(formal)

I thought you might like to know that...

Giving reasons This is because...

This is because of...

This is due to... (formal)

This is as a result of...(formal)

This is owing to...(formal)

Making suggestions Would it be a good idea to...

Perhaps it would be a good idea to...

Thanking Thanks.

Thank you.

Thank you very much.

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Thank you kindly.

I can't thank you enough.

No words can express my gratitude.

I am extremely grateful for...

I very much appreciate your ______ing

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Chapter 5: IELTS Writing Task 2-Essay Writing

Task Description

Letter Writing on Formal, Semi-formal and Informal situations.

Length:150 words

Time: 20 minutes

Task 2: Essay Writing

Essays are written to:

A. Persuade

B. Offer Suggestions

C. Compare and Contrast

D. Give Causes and Effects

E. Give Advantages and Disadvantages

Parts of an Essay

Introduction (First Paragraph)

Body (Second, Third and Fourth Paragraph)

Conclusion (Last Paragraph)

Note: There must be 4 or 5 (recommended) paragraphs in your essay.

5 Steps to Write an Essay

Step 1: Read the Topic

Step 2: Underline the Key Words

Step 3: Brainstorming for 3 Key Ideas

Step 4: Decide Layout

Step 5: Write

Introductions

One easy way to write the introduction for an argument or opinion essay is to write THREE

sentences:

two about the topic

one thesis sentence

You can write either Situation or Opinion introductions. There's not much difference between

them.

Situation Introductions

Opinion Introductions

Situation Introductions

Write two sentences to describe the two sides of the present situation. The third sentence - the

Thesis sentence - will describe what you are going do in your essay.

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Sentence 1 One side of the present situation

Sentence 2 The other side of the present situation

Sentence 3 Thesis: What you are going to do in your essay

Who should take care of our old people?

Sentence 1 In my country, most old people live happily with their children.

Sentence 2 Increasingly however, many families cannot take care of their parents

Sentence 3

(Thesis)

This essay will describe some of the problems involved with taking care

of old people, and discuss who should be responsible.

Does Aid to Poor Countries Work?

Sentence(s) 1 For the last fifty years, poor countries have been receiving huge sums of

money from rich donor countries.

Sentence 2 Some of this money has improved lives, while much of it has disappeared

or made no difference.

Sentence 3

(Thesis) In this essay, I will discuss some arguments for and against foreign aid.

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Should dangerous sports be banned?

Sentence 1 Every year, thousands of people are injured or killed in sports such as

boxing or motor-racing.

Sentence 2 Because of this, many people are opposed to such sports, and want them

to be stopped or controlled.

Sentence 3

(Thesis)

This essay will look at some of the arguments for and against banning

dangerous sports.

Opinion Introductions

In this kind you give two opposite opinions in the first two sentences. The third sentence says

what you are going to do.

Does space exploration benefit mankind?

Sentence For Many people are excited about space exploration.

Sentence Against However, others feel it is a massive waste of money

Sentence 3

(Thesis)

This essay will look at some of the arguments for and against space

exploration.

Does space exploration benefit mankind?

Sentence For Space, for many people, really is the final frontier. They are excited by

the exploration and potential of space.

Sentence Against

However, not everyone agrees that this money is well-spent. Many people

feel that we should solve problems here on earth before beginning our

journey to space

Sentence 3

(Thesis)

This essay will look at some of the arguments for and against space

exploration.

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Do Athletes Deserve Their High Salaries?

Sentence(s) 1

Every day, we read about new record contracts and salaries earned by

sportsmen and women. Some people do not agree with these huge

payments

Sentence 2 Others believe that our sports heroes deserve every penny.

Sentence 3

(Thesis)

This essay will look at some of the arguments for and against the high

salaries of athletes.

Finally, if you are having problem thinking about an introduction, leave some space and write it

later - AFTER you write the body or conclusion.

Thesis Sentence

A thesis statement is a sentence (or two) that states what you are going to do in your essay. It is a

kind of signpost or map that shows the reader what direction you will take. It usually comes at

the end of the Introduction.

In this essay, I will outline the arguments for

and against physical education in schools.

In this essay, I will examine some reasons for

the growth of the tourism industry.

You can leave out "I."

This essay looks at ideas in favour of and against early marriage.

This essay will discuss the benefits of having universal free health care.

Be Strong

Sometimes you don't need a "will" or "going to". Your thesis statement is so strong that it is clear

what your opinion is.

Beating children brutalizes parents, damages the parent-child relationship, and is completely

unnecessary.

In an essay with the thesis statement above, there will clearly be three parts - one on the effects

of corporal punishment on parents, one part with the effects relationship, and another which

claims that beating is not needed.

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Words to use in the thesis sentence

analyze, look at, examine, discuss, outline, consider, describe

Essay Layout for Further Understanding.

Introduction

Present

situation Many crimes and social problems are caused by children.

Despite the damage these teenage criminals cause, parents are not held

responsible in most countries.

What this essay

will do (Thesis

sentence)

This essay will discuss whether parents should be forced to pay for their

children's crimes.

Paragraph 2:

Against

Topic Sentence There are many reasons why parents should not be responsible for crimes

committed by teenage children.

Reason 1:

Independence

First of all, teenagers today are independent. They often move out of the

parent's house at 18 years of age or younger. They are expected to learn to

take care of themselves and make their own decisions, and not stay like

small children attached to their parents.

Reason 2:

Parents

working

Secondly, parents are working. They cannot watch their adolescent

children all the time.

Reason 3:

Parents have

done their job

A third point is that even children from good families can sometimes

commit crimes. Parents should not be responsible if they have worked

hard to raise their children properly.

Paragraph 3:

For

Topic Sentence However, because of the many problems young troublemakers cause, I

feel we should make parents responsible.

Reason 1: Lack

of Parental

Control

Firstly, most juvenile crimes are committed by adolescents whose parents

do not care or make any effort to control their children. If parents had to

pay fines, they might make more effort.

Reason 2:

Children not

mature

Another point is that even though the children may seem mature, they are

not really able to make good decisions. Parents should be responsible for

raising and teaching their children until they are fully grown.

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Reason 3:

Children will

think

Furthermore, if children know that their parents will have to pay, they will

think carefully before doing getting into trouble

Conclusion

Summary In summary, there are good reasons both for and against making parents

pay for acts committed by their children.

Future/Personal

Opinion

However, I feel strongly that if we want to reduce the number of such

crimes, we need to make parents take more responsibility.

The example below could be for or against.

Introduction:

3 sentences

Present situation and/or Both sides of Argument (1-2 sentences)

What you are going to do in this essay / Your opinion (Thesis

sentence)

Paragraph 2

7/8 Sentences

Topic Sentence: Argument 1 or Reason 1

Example, Explanation, or supporting detail (2-4 sentences)

Paragraph 3

7/8 Sentences

Topic Sentence: Argument 2 or Reason 2

Example, Explanation, or supporting detail (2-4 sentences)

Paragraph 4

7/8 Sentences

Topic Sentence: Argument 3 or Reason 3

Example, Explanation, or supporting detail (2-4 sentences)

Conclusion

3 Sentences

Summary

Present situation and your opinion

Future statement

What Makes a Body Look Good?

Paragraphs, that's the answer! If your paragraph is in good shape, your body will look good and

feel good.

Here's what you need to have in a body paragraph.

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Topic Sentence

Argument or Reason 1

Example, Explanation, or supporting detail

Argument or Reason 2

Example, Explanation, or supporting detail

Argument or Reason 3 (Three is a magic number. Always aim to have 3 ideas.)

Example, Explanation, or supporting detail

Paragraph summary (optional)

Let's look at an example.

Is Education Being Devalued?

Topic Sentence People have several arguments against the need for degrees.

Argument or Reason 1 They say that having so many graduates devalues a degree.

Example, Explanation, or

supporting detail People lose respect for the degree holder.

Argument or Reason 2 It is also claimed that education has become a rat race,...

Example, Explanation, or

supporting detail

...since graduates have to compete for jobs even after years of

studying.

Argument or Reason 3 Another point is that studying for such a long time leads to learners

becoming inflexible.

Example, Explanation, or

supporting detail

By that I mean that they know a lot about one narrow subject, but

are unable to apply their skills.

Example, Explanation, or

supporting detail (You can have

one, two, or even more of these

for every idea)

Employers, on the other hand, prefer more flexible and adaptable

workers.

People have several arguments against the need for degrees. They say that having so many

graduates devalues a degree. People lose respect for the degree holder. It is also claimed that

education has become a rat race, since graduates have to compete for jobs even after years of

studying. Another point is that studying for such a long time leads to learners becoming

inflexible. By that I mean that they know a lot about one narrow subject, but are unable to apply

their skills. Employers, on the other hand, prefer more flexible and adaptable workers.

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Conclusion

The conclusion is the end of the essay. It is the last part of the essay and it is the part that the

reader may remember most. It should be clear and avoid confusing the reader.

The reader expects the conclusion to do some or all of the following

rephrase the question

summarize the main ideas

give your opinion, if you haven't given it already

look to the future (say what will happen if the situation continues or changes)

The reader DOES NOT expect new information in the conclusion. Never add a new idea just

because you have thought of it at the end!

You must do all of this in just three or four sentences!

Wrapping Paper

Another way to look at the Introduction and the Conclusion is to think about gift wrapping

paper. Your intro and conclusion wrap around your essay like a piece of bright paper "wraps" a

present. They are not the main part of the essay, but they do make your essay look good.

Your conclusion 'wraps' up the essay. We don't put something valuable, like money or

gold, hidden in the wrapping paper, so don't put new information or important ideas in the

conclusion.

Specimen Conclusions

Should we test products on animals?

I agree that we need to make sure that animals who are used for testing new products have the

minimum of suffering. However, I am convinced that animal testing is necessary, and that it will

continue to benefit humans in new and wonderful ways.

Should we beat children?

In conclusion, physical punishment can be a useful method of discipline. However it should be

the last choice for parents. If we want to build a world with less violence we must begin at home,

and we must teach our children to be responsible.

Is education important?

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In conclusion, although there are undoubtedly some problems with increased levels of education,

I feel strongly that the country can only progress if all its people are educated to the maximum of

their ability.

Who are the better parents - men or women?

I think this is not an either/or question. Both men and women have strengths and skills that are

important for children's psychological growth. We need to ensure that both parents play an

important role in the family in order to give children a good start in life.

Who learns quicker - adults or children?

Finally, I feel that we cannot generalize about children or adults being better learners. It depends

on the situation and the motivation of the person, and the level of enthusiasm he or she has for

learning.

Should dangerous sports be banned?

In summary, our society would be healthier if more people took part in sports of all kinds. We

should continue to try to prevent accidents and injuries. However, we should also ensure that

sports are challenging, exciting, and, above all, fun.

KEY WORDS for IELTS Essay WRITING

Stating Your Opinion

In my opinion, According to me,

In my view, To me,

From my point of view, I think

It seems to me that I believe

From my perspective To my way of thinking

It appears that I suppose

I realize I understand

I imagine I feel

Giving Examples

For example, For instance,

such as In other words,

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as like

that is namely

To illustrate To paraphrase

Comparing

Similar to As...as

in common also

Either...or In the same way,

Neither...nor At the same time

Just as resemble

Contrasting

However, But

On the contrary, On the other hand,

Differ from Nevertheless

Although Though

Otherwise Instead

Alternatively, Even though

Generalizing

Generally, Generally speaking,

Overall, On the whole,

In general, By and large,

It seems to me that I believe

All in all, Basically,

Essentially, As a rule,

All things considered For the most part

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Expressing Certainty

Certainly, Undoubtedly,

Doubtless, No doubt,

Definitely, Of course,

Expressing Partial Agreement

More or less, To some extent,

Up to a point, Almost,

In a way, So to speak,

Showing Cause

Due to Because

Because of Owing to

Showing Effect

Therefore, As a result,

Consequently, For this reason,

Thus, So,

thereby Eventually,

Hence, The reason why

Marking Time

First, Last

Second, Lastly,

Third, Then,

Firstly, First of all,

Secondly, Before

Thirdly, After

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During While

To begin with At the same time

Simultaneously After this / that

Since Meanwhile

Afterwards Following this

When As soon as

Adding Information

Furthermore In addition

Also And

Moreover Similarly

Likewise As well as

Besides Too

Even What’s more

Expressing Condition

If Whether

In case Unless

Provided that So that

Concluding

To summarize In conclusion

Lastly, Finally,

To conclude with, In short,