Chapter 1: Human Heredity by Cummings Thompson Learning Brooks/ Cole

Introduction – Mr. Al González Class Organization

Lecture – course content (chronological and general to specific)

Expectations: Attend every lecture Read your text E-quizzes Visit the OLC Study-Buddy

Tutorials/Recitation Online Tutoring On campus tutoring Test Aids

Who am I? Course Syllabus

Soon to come……

Chapter 1: Human Heredity by Cummings Thompson Learning Brooks/ Cole

Syllabus, Grades & Test Stuff• Learn the material and then

demonstrate your comprehension of it.1. Chapter Tests and required

assignments result in a grade.• No make-ups! • Final grades will be based on a total point

system (~1000).• Grades will be posted on

(www.teacherease.com) • Let’s check-out the syllabus

Chapter 1: Human Heredity by Cummings Thompson Learning Brooks/ Cole

Chapter 1A Perspective on Human Genetics

Iceland – deCODE

•Database of Genetic Information

•Purpose: To identify genetic markers, diseases of the entire population & develop therapies.

•Info will be shared with the pharmaceutical companies.

•Controversy?

Chapter 1: Human Heredity by Cummings Thompson Learning Brooks/ Cole

Genetics Is the Key to Biology

Genetics is the science of heredity Study of how traits are passed

from one generation to the next

Chapter 1: Human Heredity by Cummings Thompson Learning Brooks/ Cole

Genes

Are the basic structural and functional unit of genetics

Are sequences of nucleotides in DNA

Control cells by directing protein synthesis

Chapter 1: Human Heredity by Cummings Thompson Learning Brooks/ Cole

The Genetic Material - DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Composed of Nucleotide subunits

Nucleotides are composed of

Deoxyribose (sugar) Phosphate group Bases:

A (Adenine), T (Thymine)

G (Guanine) or C (Cytosine)

Double Helix

Chapter 1: Human Heredity by Cummings Thompson Learning Brooks/ Cole

The Genetic Code Is Universal

Sequence of nucleotides determines how the protein is produced from the gene

Mutations are changes on the DNA

Chapter 1: Human Heredity by Cummings Thompson Learning Brooks/ Cole

Chromosomes

Genes are found in the nucleus

Arranged on chromosomes

Fig. 1.6

Chapter 1: Human Heredity by Cummings Thompson Learning Brooks/ Cole

How Are Genes Transmitted from Parent to Offspring?

Gregor Mendel Monk Conducted

experiments (x-bred) or transmitted traits in peas

demonstrated the Principles of Inheritance

Fig. 1.3

Chapter 1: Human Heredity by Cummings Thompson Learning Brooks/ Cole

Approaches

1. Transmission Genetics

2. Pedigree Analysis

3. Cytogenetics

4. Molecular Genetics

5. Population Genetics

Chapter 1: Human Heredity by Cummings Thompson Learning Brooks/ Cole

Transmission Genetics

Studies the pattern of inheritance that results when traits are passed from generation to generation

Chapter 1: Human Heredity by Cummings Thompson Learning Brooks/ Cole

Pedigree Analysis

Family history is used to construct the pattern of how a trait is passed from generation to generation Fig. 1.5

Chapter 1: Human Heredity by Cummings Thompson Learning Brooks/ Cole

Cytogenetics

Studies chromosome number and structure

Fig. 1.6

Chapter 1: Human Heredity by Cummings Thompson Learning Brooks/ Cole

Molecular Genetics

Uses recombinant DNA technology to identify, isolate, clone, and analyze genes

Tremendous impact in the last 40 years

Debate over social, legal and ethical issues

Chapter 1: Human Heredity by Cummings Thompson Learning Brooks/ Cole

Population Genetics Identifies how much genetic variation

exists in populations Investigates factors, such as migration,

population size, and natural selection, that change the frequency of a specific gene over time

Coupled with DNA technology, investigates evolutionary history and DNA identification techniques

Chapter 1: Human Heredity by Cummings Thompson Learning Brooks/ Cole

Uses of Genetics

Basic Research

Information about how genes function

What happens when they do not work?

Applied Research

Commercial products in healthcare, industry, and agriculture

Chapter 1: Human Heredity by Cummings Thompson Learning Brooks/ Cole

Genetics and Social Policy

Eugenics Genetic Technology Human Genome Project Health Care Recombinant DNA Technology

Chapter 1: Human Heredity by Cummings Thompson Learning Brooks/ Cole

Eugenics: A Flawed Idea

Francis Galton Selective breeding of

humans Traits are not

influenced by env’t. Was an influential

force in Immigration laws Restriction of

reproductive rights

Fig. 1.8

Chapter 1: Human Heredity by Cummings Thompson Learning Brooks/ Cole

Genetic Technology

Recombinant DNA Important for

Research

Genetic testing

Gene therapy

BiotechnologyFig. 1.10

Chapter 1: Human Heredity by Cummings Thompson Learning Brooks/ Cole

Human Genome Project

Public and private research Sequence the entire human genome First draft in 2001 completed in 2003 3 billion nucleotides 35,000 genes Genomics focuses on the organization

and function of the genomes

Chapter 1: Human Heredity by Cummings Thompson Learning Brooks/ Cole

Health Care

Microarray Screens genome

10 million children and adults in U.S. suffer from a genetic disorder

Develop new treatments

Fig. 1.11

Chapter 1: Human Heredity by Cummings Thompson Learning Brooks/ Cole

Recombinant DNA Technology

Genetically modified food Production of human proteins to treat disease

How should this technology be used?

What are the ethical, legal, and social concerns?Controversial?

Chapter 1: Human Heredity by Cummings Thompson Learning Brooks/ Cole

Timeline of Recent Changes