Chapter 1: Human Anatomy PE 254. Systems...
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Transcript of Chapter 1: Human Anatomy PE 254. Systems...
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Chapter 1: Human Anatomy
PE 254
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Systems
Cardiovascular
Respiratory
Digestive
Nervous
Endocrine
Skeletal
Muscular
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Cardiovascular System
Heart, blood vessels, hormones, enzymes and wastes.
Four chambers (size of a fist).◦ Upper chambers (Atriums).
Right atrium contains the sinus node◦ Lower chambers (Ventricles).◦ Vena cava.◦ Pulmonary Artery and vein.◦ Aorta.◦ Coronary Arteries and veins.◦ Veins◦ Capillaries
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Pulmonary Circuit Systemic Circuit
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Circulation in the Heart
Video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3ZDJgFDdk0
Right Atrium
•Receives deoxygenated blood from vena cava•Pumps deoxygenated blood to right ventricle
Left Atrium
•Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins•Pumps oxygenated blood to left ventricle
Right Ventricle
•Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs for gas exchange via pulmonary arteries
Left Ventricle
•Pumps oxygenated blood to the system (e.g., tissues and muscles) via aorta
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Cardiorespiratory System
Blood vessels Arteries = vessels that carry blood away
from the heart Veins = vessels that carry blood to the
heart Capillaries = very small blood vessels that
distribute blood to all parts of the body
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Respiratory System
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Digestive System
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Nervous System
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Endocrine System
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During Exercise: Nervous and Endocrine
Systems
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Skeletal System
Gives form to the body
Protects vital organs
Consists of 206 bones
Acts as a framework for attachment of muscles
Designed to permit motion of the body
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Structure of the Spine
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The Thorax
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The Pelvis
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The Lower Extremity
Hip
Thigh
Knee
Leg
Ankle
Foot
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The Upper Extremity
Shoulder girdle
Arm
Elbow
Forearm
Wrist
Hand
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Joints
Degree of movement Synarthrosis – immovable joint
(ex: the skull) Amphiarthrosis – slightly movable joint
(ex: fibrocartilaginous disc between the vertebrae; ligament or membrane links the two bones such as scapula to the clavicle)
Diarthrosis – freely movable joint
(ex: hip or shoulder joint)
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Diarthrosis Joints
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Examples of Diarthrosis Joints
Bal l and Socket Hinge
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Muscular System
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Types of Muscle (1 of 3)
Skeletal (voluntary) muscle
Attached to the bones of the body
Smooth (involuntary) muscle
Carry out the automatic muscular functions of the body
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Types of Muscle (2 of 3)
Smooth (involuntary) muscle
Carry out the automatic muscular functions of the body
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Types of Muscle (3 of 3)
Cardiac muscle
Involuntary muscle
Has own blood supply and electrical system
Can tolerate interruptions of blood supply for only very short periods
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Muscle Fiber Types
Slow-twitch fibers (Type I) Fatigue resistant Don’t contract as rapidly and forcefully as fast-twitch
fibers Rely primarily on oxidative energy system
Fast-twitch fibers ( Type II) Contract rapidly and forcefully Fatigue more quickly than slow-twitch fibers Rely more on nonoxidative energy system
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Muscle Groups
Because a single muscle usually does not act alone when it exerts tension in normal body movement, it acts as one member of the team of muscles that partially or wholly can control or contribute to the joint movement occurring. Therefore, it is convenient and adequate in most cases of gross muscular analysis to refer to the action of “groups of individual muscles” rather than trying to name each one that is or might acting.
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Examples of Muscle Groups
Elbow flexors/extensors
Knee flexors/extensors
Shoulder abductors/adductors
Shoulder flexors/extensors
Hip flexors/extensors
Hip abductors/adductors
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Standard Reference TerminologyAnatomical Reference Position
Erect standing position with all body parts, including the palms of the hands, facing forward; considered the starting position for body segment movements
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Basic Joint Articulations
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Pronation (elbow and forearm)
Supination (elbow and forearm)
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Standard Reference TerminologyDirectional Terms
Superior
Inferior
Anterior
Posterior
Medial
Lateral
Proximal
Distal
Superficial
Deep
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Standard Reference TerminologyAnatomical Reference Planes
Cardinal planes – 3 imaginary perpendicular reference planes that divide the body in half by mass
Sagittal plane Frontal plane Transverse plane
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Standard Reference TerminologyAnatomical Reference Axes
An imaginary axis of rotation that passes through a joint to which it is attached
Mediolateral axis Anterioposterior axis Longitudinal axis
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PLANES of Motion AXES of Rotation
SAGITTAL(FRONT TO BACK MAKING TWO HALVES, LEFT AND RIGHT)
MEDIOLATERAL
FRONTAL(SIDE TO SIDE MAKING TWO HALVES, FRONT AND BACK)
ANTERIOPOSTERIOR
TRANSVERSE(TRANSVERSE MAKING TWO HALVES, TOP AND BOTTOM)
LONGITUDINAL
Planes of Motion and Axes of Rotation
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Sagittal plane movements
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Frontal Plane Movements
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Transverse Plane Movements
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What could a biomechanist do to improve sport performance?
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Group Activity
Group 1: Lunges.Group 2: Standing broad jump.Group 3: Discus throw.Group 4: 100-meter sprint from the starting block.Group 5: Push-ups.Group 6: Shoulder press with barbells.Group 7: Free throws in basketball. Group 8: Javelin throw.Group 9: Bench press with straight bar.Group 10: Field-goal kick in football.
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Group Activity
Identify the following:
1. Joint(s) involved in activity
2. Muscle group(s) involved in activity
3. Plane(s) of motion
4. Axis(es) of rotation