Chapter 1. General Physiology

8/4/2019 Chapter 1. General Physiology

1/70

1. Textbook of Medical Physiology. Arthur C. Guyton, John

E. Hall. 2000.

2. Human physiologyAtlases. Stefan Silbernagl. 2009.

3. Netters Atlas of human physiology. John T. Hansen, Bruse

M. Koeppen. 2009.


2/70

CHAPTER 1.

GENERAL

PHYSIOLOGY


3/70

CHAPTER 1. GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY

1.1. Homeostasis

1.2. The internal environment

1.3. Membrane transport mechanisms

1.3.1. The electrochemical gradient

1.3.2. Classification of membrane transport systems1.4. Membrane potentials

1.4.1. Ionic basis of membrane potentials

1.4.2. Resting membrane potential

1.5. Action potential

1.6. Refractory periods

1.7. Action potential propagation


4/70

1.8. Synaptic transmission

1.9. Skeletal muscle

1.9.1. Neuromuscular junction1.9.2. Sarcomeres

1.9.3. Molecular components of sarcomeres

1.9.4. Sliding filament theory

1.9.5. Force of contraction

1.9.6. Skeletal muscle diversity

1.10. Smooth muscle


5/70

1.1. Homeostasis


6/70

Physiology (physis - nature, logosnature) is concerned

with how a state of health and wellness is maintained in aperson and, therefore, it takes a global view of how the body

systems function and how they are controlled.


7/70

Major Components and Functions of the Body Systems

Body System Component(s) Major Function(s)

Cardiovascular Heart, blood vessels, blood Transport of materials

throughout the body

Digestive Gastrointestinal tract, liver,

pancreas

Assimilation of nutrients;

elimination of some wastes

Endocrine Endocrine glands Coordination of body functions

through release of regulatory

molecules

Immune Thymus, spleen, lymphaticsystem,

white blood cells

Defense against pathogens

Integumentary Skin Protection against external

environment


8/70

Major Components and Functions of the Body Systems

Body System Component(s) Major Function(s)

Musculoskeletal Skeletal muscle

and bones

Movement and support

Nervous Brain, spinal cord,

peripheral nerves

Coordination of body functions through

electrical signals and release of

regulatory molecules; cognition

Reproductive Gonads, penis,

vagina, uterus

Procreation

Respiratory Lungs Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchangewith external environment

Urinary Kidneys, bladder Homeostasis of ion concentrations in

internal environment; elimination of

wastes


9/70

Homeostasis - a stable internal environment in which cells are

able to function.


10/70

The stability of the bodys internal environment is defined by

the maintenance of several physiologic controlled variables

within narrow normal ranges.


11/70

Some Examples of Physiologic Controlled Variables

Controlled Variable (Arterial

Blood Sample)Typical Set Point Value

O2 partial pressure 100 mm Hg

CO2 partial pressure 40 mm Hg

pH 7.4

Glucose 90 mg/dL (5 mM)

Core body temperature 98.4F (37C)

Serum Na+ 140 mM/L

Serum K+

4.0 mM/L

Serum Ca2+ 2.5 mM/L

Mean arterial blood pressure 90 mm Hg

Glomerular filtration rate 120 mL /min


12/70

1.2. The internal environment


13/70

Body fluid compartments


14/70

The volume of total body water and body weight


15/70


16/70

1.3. Membrane transport mechanisms


17/70

The transport of solutes across cell membranes is fundamental

to the survival of all cells, and the transport mechanisms are

therefore present in all cells.

Specializations in membrane transport mechanisms often

underlie tissue function.


18/70

1.3.1. The electrochemical gradient


19/70

The electrochemical gradient is the driving force for ion flux, which

is a combination of the membrane voltage (electrical gradient) and

the ion concentration gradient (chemical gradient).


20/70

ICF ECF

Na+ 12 mmole*l-1 145 mmole*l-1

K+ 155 mmole*l-1 4 mmole*l-1

Ca+ 10-8-10-7 mmole*l-1 2 mmole*l-1

Cl- 4 mmole*l-1 120 mmole*l-1

A- 155 mmole*l-1 Other anions

5 mmole*l-1

Differences of ICF and ECF

-

+

Na+

Ca2+

Cl-


21/70

Ions Chemicalgradient

Electrical

gradient

K+ out cell in cell

Na+ in cell in cell

Ca+ in cell in cell

Cl- in cell out cell

A- out cell out cell

The electrochemical gradient is the driving force for ion flux, which

is a combination of the membrane voltage (electrical gradient) and

the ion concentration gradient (chemical gradient).

- - - - - - -

------

+

++++++

+ + + + + + +

+ + + + + + +

------

+

++++++

- - - - - -

-

+Na+

Ca2+

Cl-


22/70

1.3.2. Classification of membranetransport systems


23/70

Classification of membrane transport systems


24/70

Passive transport pathways


25/70

Osmosis


26/70

Hypertonic solutionNaCl (> 0,9%)

Isotonic solutionNaCl ( 0,9%)

Hypotonic solutionNaCl (< 0,9%)

Osmosis


27/70

Primary active transport


28/70

3 Na+

- - - - - - -

--

----

+++

++++

+ + + + + + +

+ + + + + + +

------

+++

++++

- - - - - -

2 +

Na+/K+-ATPase (sodium pump)


29/70

Secondary active transport

Cotransporters (symporters) couple the movement of two

or more solutes in the same direction.

Exchangers (antiporters) couple the movement of two

solutes in the opposite direction.


30/70

Exocytosis and endocytosis

Exocytosis

Endocytosis
http://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpg


31/70

1.4. Membrane potentials
http://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpg


32/70

The resting membrane potential; all cells have a negative

intracellular potential.
http://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpg


33/70

Nerve Muscle Endocrine

The presence of membrane voltages is fundamental to the

function of excitable tissues (e.g., nerve, muscle and endocrine),

which are able to generate and propagate electrical signals in the

form of action potentials.
http://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpg


34/70

1.4.1. Ionic basis of membrane

potentials


35/70

A. The resting membrane

potential; all cells have a

negative intracellularpotential.

B. B. Generation of a K+

diffusion potential.

- - - - - - -

------

++++++

+

+ + + + + + +

+ + + + + + +

------

++++++

+

- - - - - -

-

+Na+

Ca2+

Cl-
http://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpg


36/70

1.4.2. Resting membrane potential


37/70

The Nernst equation:

E x = Equilibrium potential for ion

z = Ion valence (+1 for K+, -1 for Cl-, +2 for Ca2+, and so on)

[X]i = Intracellular concentration of X

[X]o = Extracellular concentration of X

o

i

X

X

zE

][

][log

5,61
http://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpg


38/70

The Goldman equation:

Vm = (gK

/gm

)EK

+ (gNa

/gm

)ENa

+ (gCl

/gm

)ECl

gx/gm = Fractional conductance of ion x

E x = Equilibrium potential for ion x
http://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpg


39/70

The membrane potential and its changes

The restingmembranepotential(RMP)

-70

Hyperpolarization(MP>RMP)

Polarization(MP=RMP)

Derpolarization(MP>RMP)Vm, mV
http://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpg


40/70

1.5. Action potential

1.6. Refractory periods


41/70

Nerve action potential


42/70

Action potential

- - - - - - -

------

+++++++

+ + + + + + +

+ + + + + + +

------

+++++++

- - - - - -

-

+Na+

Ca2+

Cl-

The resting Na +in cell +out cell
http://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpg


43/70

1.7. Action potential propagation


44/70

Nerve action potential


45/70


46/70

1.8. Synaptic transmission


47/70

Electrical synapses
http://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://900igr.net/datas/biologija/Nejrony/0049-049-Elektricheskij-sinaps.jpg


48/70

Components of a chemical synapses


49/70

1.9. Skeletal muscle

1.9.1. Neuromuscular junction


50/70

Innervation ofskeletal muscle


51/70

The motor unit


52/70

1.9.2. Sarcomeres


53/70

Structure of skeletal muscle


54/70

The sarcomere


55/70

1.9.3. Molecular components of

sarcomeres


56/70

Molecular components of thin and thick filaments


57/70

1.9.4. Sliding filament theory


58/70

Sliding filament theory of muscle contraction


59/70



60/70



61/70



62/70

1.9.5. Force of contraction


63/70

Temporal summation


64/70

Temporal summation


65/70

1.9.6. Skeletal muscle diversity


66/70

Comparison of Slow Twitch and Fast Twitch Muscle Fibers

Characteristic Slow Twitch (Type I) Fast Twitch (Type II)Color Red (myoglobin) White (low myoglobin)

Metabolism Oxidative Glycolytic

Mitochondria Abundant Few

Glycogen

content

Low High

Fatigability

Low

High

Thickness Thin Thick
http://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpg


67/70

More slow twitch

fibers

More fast twitch

fibers

Two types of the general proportions of muscle fiber types
http://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.peoples.ru/sport/atlete/ben_johnson/johnson_2.jpg


68/70

1.10. Smooth muscle


69/70

A. Structure of asmooth muscle cell. B.

Excitation contraction

coupling in smooth

muscle.
http://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpghttp://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/images/exocytosis.jpg


70/70

Thank you

for your attention!

Chapter 1. General Physiology

Documents

Transcript of Chapter 1. General Physiology