Chapter 1: Freedom, Order, or Equality Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning Why Is Government...

Chapter 1: Freedom, Chapter 1: Freedom, Order, or EqualityOrder, or Equality

Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning

Why Is Government Necessary?

• Order

• Liberty

• Authority and Legitimacy

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Forms of Government

• Totalitarian

• Authoritarianism

• Aristocracy

• Democracy• Derived from the Greek words demos (“the

people”) and kratos (“authority”)• Political authority comes from citizens

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Direct Democracy

• Political decisions are made by the people directly, rather than by elected representatives

• Attained most easily in small communities

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Voter registration in ChicagoAP Photo/Nam Y. Huh


Representative Democracy

• Constitution established a representative democracy

• Framers called this a Republic• Experimental• Power (votes) resides with citizens• Representatives make policy and law

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Direct Democracy Today

• Initiative: voters can propose a law or a constitutional amendment

• Referendum: referred by the legislature to the voters for approval/ disapproval

• Recall: allows voters to dismiss an elected official from office before term expires

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Is Direct Democracy Dangerous?

• Founders believed in government based on the consent of the people, but were highly distrustful of anything that might look like “mob rule.” • Feared tyranny of majority over rights of the

minority.• Believed “masses” were too uneducated to make

informed decisions.• Devised institutions to filter the popular will through

elected elites.

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A Democratic Republic

Democratic republic and representative democracy really mean the same thing—government based on elected representatives—except for the historical quirk that a republic cannot have a vestigial king.

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National Portrait Gallery


A Democratic Republic (cont.)

• Principles of Democratic Government• Universal suffrage• Majority rule

• Constitutional Democracy• Limited government• Usually includes constitutional checks• Multiple points of access to power

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What Kind of Democracy Do We Have?

• Majoritarianism• Government ought to do what majority of people

desire

• Elite theory• Society is ruled by small group who wish to further

their own self-interests

• Pluralism• Views politics as a conflict among interest groups,

with decision-making characterized by bargaining and compromise

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Fundamental Values

• Political Socialization

• Liberty versus Order

• Equality versus Liberty• Economic Equality• Property Rights• Capitalism

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Tensions Over Big Government

• How much power should the American government have and what role should it play in the lives of citizens? • Gulf oil spill and cleanup• Mining safety regulations• Recalls (auto, food, pharmaceutical)• Taxes• National security policies

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Ideologies:Liberalism versus Conservatism

• Conservatives • Favor limited government involvement in economy• Often favor government involvement in social issues

to preserve traditional values

• Liberals • Favor government regulation of economy to benefit

society• On social issues, prefer limited government role

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A Four-Cornered Ideological GridIn this grid, the colored squares represent four different political ideologies.

• The vertical choices range from cultural order to cultural liberty.

• The horizontal choices range from economic equality to economic liberty.

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Ideologies:The Traditional Political Spectrum

• Socialism: strong support for economic and social equality

• Libertarianism: skepticism toward government

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Classical Liberalism

• Liberal once meant limited government and no religion in politics. • Liberal evolved into its modern American meaning

along with the political evolution of the Democratic Party, once the party of limited government, but now the party of (relative) economic equality.

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The Traditional Political Spectrum

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Other Ideologies

• Communism: a revolutionary variant of socialism• Government control of all enterprises• Partisan dictatorship• No free markets

• Fascism: often totalitarian • Absolute ruler • Rejection of individualism

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Ideologies in the Islamic World

• While communism and fascism are the historical ideologies that totalitarianism was coined to describe, our current international concern is with the radical and fundamentalist interpretation of Islam known as Islamism.• Islamism rejects Western democratic values• Desires worldwide Islamic political order

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A Demographic Profile of America

“Here is not merely a nation but a teeming Nation of nations”

Walt Whitman

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Obama Election Night

A news story showing brief clips of Obama speaking in Chicago’s Grant Park after his election win was confirmed.

Air Date: 11/5/2008

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Click the icon to open the movieVideo Supplied by Motion Gallery


Video Questions

1. Was Obama’s election a direct result of the changing demographic breakdown in the U.S.?

2. After this election, did ethnic background become more or less important for future candidates?

3. Where does Obama fall on the ideological grid? Has this changed since his election?

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Religious Diversity

• Although a large majority (83%) of Americans still identify as Christians, Americans now claim affiliation with 1600 different religious affiliations and denominations.• About 16% are not religiously affiliated.

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The Changing Face of America

• Aging

• Population Growth

• Ethnic Change• Changes in Hispanic community

• Women• In the workforce• In Congress and state government

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Illegal Immigrants

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SOURCE: Washington Post, National Weekly Edition, May 29–June 4, 2006, 8.


The Aging of America

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*Data for 2025 and 2050 are projections.Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census.


Changing U.S. Population

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Questions for Critical Thinking

1. Do you think a direct democracy is a rational option for governing in the United States?

2. Describe the forms of direct democracy that exist. Discuss the pros and cons of these mechanisms.

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Questions for Critical Thinking

3. Do some Americans equate security and order with protection against fellow citizens who are racially, culturally, or economically different?

4. Is protection against discrimination an important issue today? Which groups in American society most need protection?

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Web Links

• U.S. Census Bureau

• U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services

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Chapter 1: Freedom, Order, or Equality Copyright © 2011 Cengage Learning Why Is Government...

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