Chapter 1 Earth, Moon, and Sun
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Transcript of Chapter 1 Earth, Moon, and Sun
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Chapter 1Earth, Moon, and Sun
Section 3Phases, Eclipses, and Tides
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Phases, Eclipses, and Tides
• As the moon revolves around Earth and Earth revolves around the sun, the relative positions of all of them change.• These positions cause the phases
of the moon, eclipses, and tides.
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Motions of the Moon
• The moon's orbit around Earth is an oval shape.• The moon rotates slowly on its own axis once every
27.3 days. • Because it revolves around Earth every 27.3 days, a
“day” and a “year” on the moon are the same length.• The same side of the moon, the “near side,” always
faces Earth. • The “far side” of the moon always faces away from
Earth, so you never see it from Earth.
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Phases of the Moon
• The moon does not produce the light you see. It reflects light from the sun.
• The different shapes of the moon you see from Earth are called phases.
• The moon goes through all the phases each time it revolves around Earth…about once a month.
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What Causes the Phases?
• Phases are caused by changes in the relative positions of the moon, Earth, and the sun.
• The sun lights the moon.• The phase of the moon you see depends
on how much of the sunlit side of the moon faces Earth.
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Cycles of the Moon
• During the new moon, the side of the moon facing Earth is not lit.
• As the moon revolves around Earth, you see more and more of the lighted side of the moon every day, until the side of the moon you see is fully lit.
• About 29.5 days after the last new moon, the cycle is complete, and you see a new moon again.
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Eclipses• In most months the moon revolves completely
around Earth without the moon moving into Earth's shadow or the moon's shadow hitting Earth.
• When the moon's shadow hits Earth or Earth's shadow hits the moon, an eclipse occurs.
• An eclipse occurs when an object in space comes between the sun and a third object, and casts a shadow on that object.
• There are two types of eclipses: solar eclipses and lunar eclipses
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Tilt of the Moon• The moon's orbit is tilted with respect to Earth's orbit. • So the moon rarely goes directly between Earth and the sun.
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Solar Eclipse• A solar eclipse occurs when the moon passes between Earth
and the sun, blocking the sunlight from reaching Earth.• The moon's shadow then hits Earth.
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Total Solar Eclipse
• The darkest part of the moon's shadow, the umbra, is cone-shaped.
• From any point in the umbra, light from the sun is completely blocked by the moon.
• The moon's umbra happens to be long enough so that the point of the cone can just reach a small part of Earth's surface.
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Lunar Eclipse
• A lunar eclipse occurs at a full moon when Earth is directly between the moon and the sun.
• During a lunar eclipse, Earth blocks sunlight from reaching the moon.
• The moon is then in Earth's shadow and looks dark from Earth.
• Because the moon is closest to Earth's shadow during the full moon, lunar eclipses occur only at full moon
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Lunar Eclipse
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Total Lunar Eclipse
• When the moon is in Earth's umbra, you see a total lunar eclipse.
• You can see Earth's shadow on the moon before and after the total part of a lunar eclipse.
• Unlike a solar eclipse, a lunar eclipse can be seen anywhere on Earth that the moon is visible.
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Tides
• Tides, the rise and fall of water, every 12.5 hours or so.
• The force of gravity pulls the moon and Earth (including the water on Earth's surface) toward each other.
• As Earth rotates, the moon's gravity pulls water toward the point on Earth's surface closest to the moon.
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Tides
• When the gravity of the moon and the sun pull from the same direction (new moon or full moon) it is called a spring tide and cause big differences between high tide and low tide levels.
• When the sun’s pull and the moon’s pull meet at a right angle (first-quarter moon and third-quarter moon) it is called a neap tide, which have less noticeable high tides and low tides.
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Study Guide• Section 1
– Axis tilt– Seasons (equinoxes and
solstices)– Rotation/revolution– Orbit
• Section 2– Gravity
• Newton’s law of universal gravitation
• Two factors: mass and distance• Weight changes due to gravity
changes– Inertia
• Newton’s first law of motion • Earth is in orbit because of two
factors: gravity and inertia
•Section 3• Phases of the moon (8)• Near side/ far side of the
moon• Sunlight reflects off of the
moon to make the phases• Solar eclipse• Lunar eclipse• Umbra• Tides• Spring tide/ Neap tide• Moon’s gravity causes the
tides