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Chapter 1. Copyright Rowman & Littlefield. All rights reserved.
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CHAPTER 1FOUNDATIONS FOR INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Berko, R. M., Aitken, J. E., & Wolvin, A. D. (2010). ICOMM: Interpersonal concepts and competencies. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.
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Why is effective communication crucial?
Communication is meaningful in your life because it is how you know yourself .
Communication is the basis for human contact.
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What is Communication?
Conscious or unconscious. Intentional or unintentional. Process. Feelings and ideas are expressed. verbal and/or nonverbal messages. Messages sent, received, and
comprehended.
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Communication is
Dynamic. Continuous. Irreversible. Interactive. Contextual.
This classic theory was developed by David Berlo and first presented in David K. Berlo, The Process of Communication: An Introduction to Theory and Practice (New York: Holt,
Rinehart and Winston, 1960).
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Models of Communication
THE LINEAR MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
Source Encodes Receiver Sensory channels Decode
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THE INTERACTIONAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
Add to the original model: Feedback Adaptation
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THE TRANSACTIONAL MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
Add to the models: Messages are processed
simultaneously by the communicators.
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COMMUNICATIVE NOISE
Environmental noise. Physiological-impairment noise. Semantic noise. Syntactical noise. Organizational noise. Cultural noise. Psychological noise.
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Make A List
What can interfere with effective interpersonal communication?
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DEALING WITH NOISE
Need to be flexible. Need to show sensitivity. Need to be adaptive.
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THE BASIS FOR COMMUNICATION
Nature and nurture. Ethnographic Theory of Needs
proposes that the basic forces that determine human behavior are feeling secure, protecting one's space (territoriality), finding pleasure, and ensuring survival of the species.
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INTRAPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Intrapersonal communication is the active internal processing of messages.
Self-talk. Affirmations. Diaries.
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INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Interaction between two people who share a relationship.
The basis for interpersonal transactions is the sending and receiving of messages in such a way that the messages are successfully encoded and decoded.
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CULTURE
“Culture is the rules for living and functioning in society.”
Larry Samovar, Richard Porter, Edwin McDaniel, Intercultural Communication, A Reader 12 ed., (Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2009), p. 10.
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Make A List
What makes up a culture or co-culture?
Ethnicity? Nationality Social-economic class? Age? Geographic region?
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US AMERICANS NEED TO ADAPT
Immigration statistics indicate that “whites, who currently make up around two-thirds of the US population, will become a minority (47%) by 2020.
The largest minority in the US is currently Hispanic, whose proportion will double in the next decades to 29% in 2050.
http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2008-02-11-population-study_N.htm
“Whites to be minority in US by 2020: study,”
News.yahoo.com/s/afp/2008, February 11, 2008.
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CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE
Culture is learned. Roots are deep in the
communication process. Culture is a dynamic system that
changes over time; however, the deep structure of a culture resists change.
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ETHNOCENTRISM
Tendency to put a person's own culture and patterns of society as the essence of many decisions and judgments.
Think one’s culture is best.
Robley D. Rhine, "William Graham Sumner's Concept of Ethnocentrism: Some Implications for Intercultural Communication," World Communication 18 (Spring 1989): 2.
Warning, you may find content offensive, but you can search the Internet for videos about ethnocentrism, such as this one What is Culture Ethnocentrism 0001
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ETHICS AND COMMUNICATION
Ethics is a study of what should serve as a framework for what is moral (acceptable) and immoral (unacceptable) behavior in a particular culture.[i]
Your ethical value system is the basis for your decision-making and your understanding of why you will or will not take a particular stand or action.
It is the basis for your communication ethics.
[i] Richard L. Johannesen, Ethics in Human Communication 4 Ed. (Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press, 2001), p. 2.
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Make A List
What are the characteristics of an ethical interpersonal communicator?
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An Ethical Communicator
Communicates truthfully. Never uses the objective of honesty
as an excuse to be abusive or hurtful. Is assertive, may be persuasive, but
never coerces another person. Never invents stories or information
without explaining.
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An Ethical Communicator
Explains or gives credit to the source of information.
Knows how to keep confidences. Owns up to biases, prejudices, and
inappropriate behavior. Stops gossip and prejudicial
comments.
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An Ethical Communicator
Avoids talking behind the back of another person, but instead confronts problems with others by using a content-based interaction.
Avoids name-calling, personal attacks, or dredging up another person's past mistakes.
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An Ethical Communicator
Attacks the issue to be dealt with, rather than attacking the other person.
Creates a positive interpersonal climate with the objective of supporting the needs of the individuals in the relational interaction.
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BASIC CONCEPTS OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Communication takes place within a system.
Messages cannot be erased. Communication is proactive. The meaning of a given act of
communication cannot be separated from the components of the communicative act ( participants, context, purpose)
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BASIC CONCEPTS OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Interpersonal communication is culture-oriented.
We teach others how to treat us. We communicate what and who we
are. We seek to persuade.
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BASIC CONCEPTS OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Meaning is in people, not in words. We cannot not communicate. People react to your actions. You do what you do because in the
end you expect to achieve happiness.
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BASIC CONCEPTS OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
You cannot always have the same understandings and feelings as others.
People would rather be praised than punished, punished rather than ignored.[1]
Be curious, not furious.[2]
[1] A concept expressed on her nationally syndicated radio program by Dr. Joy Brown, psychologist, http://www.drjoy.com/ [2] Ibid.
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JOIN OUR FACEBOOK GROUP
Join our Facebook group http://www.facebook.com/groups/edit.php?edit_members&gid=212031107692#/group.php?gid=212031107692&ref=search&sid=839393655.3678944990..1 Go to the Discussion board and discuss an idea from this chapter.
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INTERNET
Explore the Internet--websites, videos, music--using the search terms of "communication," "culture," and "ethics." What can you find that is consistent with the ideas of in chapter one of your textbook?
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MODEL OF COMMUNICATION
Draw your own model of communication. What elements are essential? Is your model simpler or more complex than the ones in your textbook?
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COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Using a clothes hanger, thread, and paper, create a mobile that represents a communication system. On each piece of hanging paper, write a crucial element of effective communication.
How hard is it to keep your mobile in balance?
What happens if you touch or remove one element?
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END CHAPTER 1FOUNDATIONS FOR INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Berko, R. M., Aitken, J. E., & Wolvin, A. D. (2010). ICOMM: Interpersonal concepts and competencies. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. Visuals from Microsoft clipart or as indicated.