Chapter 1: Class Notes The Human Body An Orientation...
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Chapter 1: Class Notes The Human Body—An Orientation Anatomy ________________________________ of the body and its parts Observation is used to see sizes and relationships of parts Anatomy—Levels of Study _______________________ o Large structures o Easily observable Anatomy—Levels of Study _________________________ o Structures cannot be seen with the naked eye o Structures can be viewed only with a microscope The Human Body—An Orientation Physiology Study of how _____________________________________________ Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology _______________ determines what _______________ can occur If structure ______________, the function must also change Levels of Structural Organization Six levels of structural organization 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Transcript of Chapter 1: Class Notes The Human Body An Orientation...
Chapter 1: Class Notes
The Human Body—An Orientation Anatomy ________________________________ of the body and its parts Observation is used to see sizes and relationships of parts
Anatomy—Levels of Study _______________________
o Large structures o Easily observable
Anatomy—Levels of Study _________________________
o Structures cannot be seen with the naked eye o Structures can be viewed only with a microscope
The Human Body—An Orientation Physiology Study of how _____________________________________________
Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology _______________ determines what _______________ can occur
If structure ______________, the function must also change
Levels of Structural Organization Six levels of structural organization
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Organ System Overview
Integumentary system o Forms the external body covering (skin)
o Protects deeper tissue from injury
o Helps regulate ____________________
o Location of cutaneous nerve receptors
Skeletal system
o Consists of _________, _____________
_____________, and _____________
o ______________ the body
o Provides muscle ______________ for movement
o Site of blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
o Stores minerals
Muscular system o Skeletal muscles contract or ___________
o Produces ____________ of bones
Nervous system o Fast-acting control system
o Consists of:
o ________________ internal and external change
o Sends messages via nerve impulses to central nervous
system
o Central nervous system activates effectors (muscles
and glands)
Endocrine system Pituitary gland
Thyroid and parathyroids
Adrenal glands
Thymus
Pancreas
Pineal gland
Secretes regulatory hormones
o
o
o
Cardiovascular System Includes _____________________________
o Heart pumps blood
o Vessels transport blood to tissues
Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart
o
o
o
Lymphatic system Includes:
Returns leaked fluids back to blood vessels
Cleanses the blood
Involved in immunity
Respiratory system Includes:
Supplies blood with oxygen
Removes carbon dioxide
Digestive system Includes:
Breaks down food
Allows for nutrient absorption into blood
Eliminates indigestible material as feces
Urinary system Includes:
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
Maintains acid-base balance
Regulates water and electrolytes
Reproductive system ____________, includes the testes, scrotum,
penis, accessory glands, and duct system
Testes ____________________
Duct system ____________________
_____________ includes the ovaries, uterine tubes,
uterus, and vagina
Ovaries__________________
Uterus provides site of ___________________
Maintaining Life: Necessary Life Functions Maintain boundaries
Movement
o ____________________
o Movement of _____________________
Responsiveness
o Ability to sense changes and react
Digestion
o Breakdown and absorption of nutrients
Necessary Life Functions ___________________—chemical reactions within the body
o _______________ complex molecules into smaller ones (catabolic)
o _______________ larger molecules from smaller ones (anabolic)
o Produces _______________
o Regulated by hormones
___________________________
o Eliminates waste from metabolic reactions
o Wastes may be removed in urine or feces
Necessary Life Functions _______________________
o Occurs on cellular level or organismal level
o Produces future generation
_____________________
o Increases cell size and number of cells
Survival Needs Nutrients
o Chemicals for energy and cell
building
o Includes __________________
_________________________
_________________________
Oxygen
o Required for chemical reactions
Survival Needs Water
o _______________ of body weight
o Most abundant ____________in the human body
o Provides for metabolic reactions
Stable __________________________
o ________ (98°F)
Atmospheric pressure
o Must be appropriate for ___________________
Homeostasis Homeostasis—_________________________________________________
o A dynamic state of equilibrium
o Necessary for ______________________________ and to sustain life
Homeostatic imbalance
o A disturbance in homeostasis results in disease
Maintaining Homeostasis The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems
o Receptor
Responds to changes in the environment (_______________)
Sends information to control center along an ____________pathway
Maintaining Homeostasis Control center
o Determines set point
o Analyzes ________________________
o Determines appropriate response
Effector
o Provides a _______________________ to the stimulus
o Information flows from control center to effector along efferent pathway
Feedback Mechanisms ____________________________
o Includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
o __________________________________________________________
o Works like a household thermostat
Feedback Mechanisms ____________________________
o ____________________________________________ to push the
variable farther
o Reaction occurs at a faster rate
o In the body positive feedback occurs in blood clotting and during the birth of
a baby
The Language of Anatomy Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding
Exact terms are used for:
o Position
o Direction
o Regions
o Structures
Anatomical position Standard body position used to avoid confusion
Terminology refers to this position regardless of actual body position
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
Directional Terms Directional terms
o Explains location of one body structure in relation to another
_______________(cranial or cephalad): toward the head or upper part of a structure
or the body; above
_______________(caudal): away from the head or toward the lower part of a
structure or the body; below
_______________(anterior): toward or at the front of the body; in front of
_______________(posterior): toward or at the backside of the body; behind
_______________: toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
_______________: away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
_______________: between a more medial and a more lateral structure
_______________: close to the origin of the body part or point of attachment to a limb
to the body trunk
_______________: farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of
a limb to the body trunk
________________(external): toward or at the body surface
________________(internal): away from the body surface; more internal
Regional Terms Anterior (ventral) body landmarks Posterior (dorsal) body landmarks
Body Planes and Sections Sections are cuts along imaginary lines known as _____________
Three types of planes or sections exist as right angles to one another
A _______________________ divides the body (or organ) into left and right parts
A _______________________, section divides the body (or organ) into equal left and
right parts
A _______________________, section divides the body (or organ) into anterior and
posterior parts
A _______________________, section divides the body (or organ) into superior and
inferior parts
Body Cavities Two body cavities
o Dorsal
o Ventral
Body cavities provide protection to _________________
Dorsal body cavity subdivisions
1. Cranial cavity
2. Spinal cavity
Protective membranes in dorsal Body Cavity:
Ventral body cavity subdivisions (separated by the ____________________)
1. Thoracic cavity o Cavity ____________ to the diaphragm
o Houses________________________________
o _____________________, the central region, houses heart, trachea, and
other organs
A. Pleural Cavity – contains___________________
Visceral Pleura __________________
Parietal Pleura _____________________
B. Medial Portion - Mediastinum:
Contains the __________________________________________
_____________________ – visceral and parietal
Pericardial cavity – space filled with _____________________________
2. Abdominopelvic cavity
o Cavity _____________to the diaphragm
o Superior abdominal cavity:______________________________________
Protected only by trunk muscles
o Inferior pelvic cavity: __________________________________________
Protected somewhat by bony pelvis
o No physical structure separates abdominal from pelvic cavities
Protective membranes in Abdominopelvic cavity:
Body Cavities:
Space between ___________________ and ______________________ membranes is
filled with fluid.
Thoracic cavity = _________________________
Abdominopelvic cavity = ___________________
Peritoneal membranes:
Greater Omentum
“ _______________________”
Lesser Omentum
Suspends the superior border of the stomach to the liver
Mesentery
Encircles & holds _____________________ to the __________ wall of
abdominopelvic cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity subdivisions o Four quadrants
o Nine regions
Body Cavities Other body cavities include:
o Oral and digestive cavities
o Nasal cavity
o Orbital cavities
o Middle ear cavities
