Chapter 1: Cells, Chapter 1: Cells, Reproduction, and HeredityReproduction, and Heredity

Cells are the basic units of all living things. Groups Cells are the basic units of all living things. Groups of cells form tissues that gather into organs and of cells form tissues that gather into organs and

into organ systems. All of the characteristics of an into organ systems. All of the characteristics of an organism are dictated to DNAorganism are dictated to DNA

Lesson 1: How Do Plant and Animal Cells Differ?Lesson 1: How Do Plant and Animal Cells Differ?Lesson 2: How Do Cells Work Together?Lesson 2: How Do Cells Work Together?

Lesson 3: How Do Cells Reproduce?Lesson 3: How Do Cells Reproduce?Lesson 4: How Are Traits Inherited?Lesson 4: How Are Traits Inherited?

• ObjectivesObjectives– Explain the cell theoryExplain the cell theory– Describe the functions of the various parts of plant and Describe the functions of the various parts of plant and

animal cellsanimal cells– Describe how cells are organized in multicellular organismsDescribe how cells are organized in multicellular organisms– Describe the functions of organs and organ systemsDescribe the functions of organs and organ systems– Describe the role of DNA in cell reproductionDescribe the role of DNA in cell reproduction– Compare and contrast the processes of mitosis and meiosisCompare and contrast the processes of mitosis and meiosis– Recognize that an animal’s or a plant’s traits are inherited Recognize that an animal’s or a plant’s traits are inherited

from its parentsfrom its parents– Describe how dominant and recessive genes affect Describe how dominant and recessive genes affect

inheritance of traitsinheritance of traits

Chapter 1: Cells, Reproduction, Chapter 1: Cells, Reproduction, and Heredityand Heredity

30 - Lesson 1 -30 - Lesson 1 - How Do Plant and Animal Cells How Do Plant and Animal Cells Differ?Differ?32 – The Cell Theory32 – The Cell TheoryIt was almost 200 years after the first

microscope, that scientists began studying cells in detail.

Scientists noticed that every living organism they studied had cells.

They then developed a three-part theory about cells.

30 - Lesson 1 -30 - Lesson 1 - How Do Plant and Animal Cells How Do Plant and Animal Cells Differ?Differ?32 – The Cell Theory32 – The Cell TheoryThree-Part Theory

1. Cells are the building blocks of lifea. All living things are made up of cells.

2. All life processes take place in cellsa. Growth and reproduction

3. All new cells are produced from existing cellsa. Living things begin life as a single

cell, then divides. Each single cell divides until they begin to take on different function.

What are the three parts of the What are the three parts of the cell theory?cell theory?

• Cells are building blocks of lifeCells are building blocks of life• All life processes take place in cellsAll life processes take place in cells• All new cells are produced from existing cellsAll new cells are produced from existing cells

PlantPlant CellCell animal Cellanimal Cell

Contain organelles Contain organelles called chloroplastcalled chloroplast

Has a cell wallHas a cell wall

Don’t have Don’t have Cell WallsCell Walls

Vacuoles are Vacuoles are small and have small and have

more than 1more than 1

One large One large vacuole takes up vacuole takes up most of the cellmost of the cell

Cell Cell MembraneMembrane

Organelles Organelles called called

vacuolesvacuoles

NucleusNucleus

Have Have mitochondriamitochondria

CytoplasmCytoplasm

Nucleus Nucleus MembraneMembrane

34-The Part of a CellBoth Animal and Plant cells have organelles (which keep the cell alive and healthy) and cytoplasm (which holds them in place).

Vocabulary34 – Chloroplasts – make the plant’s food

by the process of photosynthesis34 – Cell Wall – A stiff outer layer that

surrounds and protects the cell and give it shape.

35 – Nucleus – The cell’s control center, directs all of the activities that take place inside the cell.

35 – Chromosomes- The structures that carry an organism’s genetic information.

What are the functions of What are the functions of different organelles in plant different organelles in plant

and animal cells?and animal cells?

• The nucleus holds chromosomesThe nucleus holds chromosomes• Mitochondria release energy from foodMitochondria release energy from food• Vacuoles store food and wastesVacuoles store food and wastes• Chloroplasts manufacture foodChloroplasts manufacture food

36 – The Nucleus36 – The Nucleus

The chromosomes in the nucleus contain instructions for all cell activities.

Chromosomes are made up of DNA and proteins.

DNA contains the codes that determine physical characteristics such as flower color in plants and hair color in humans.

Vocabulary36 – DNA – A chemical that provides

detailed instructions to the cells about every function of life.

Why is the nucleus Why is the nucleus considered the control considered the control

center of a cell?center of a cell?

• The chromosomes in the nucleus have The chromosomes in the nucleus have instructions for all cell activities.instructions for all cell activities.

Lesson 1 ReviewLesson 1 Review

• Complete numbers 1-2 and 4-6 as a group.Complete numbers 1-2 and 4-6 as a group.• I will come around and stamp answer that are I will come around and stamp answer that are

correct, all must have the same answer as that correct, all must have the same answer as that on the paper I stamp.on the paper I stamp.

40 - Lesson 2 – How do cells work together?40 - Lesson 2 – How do cells work together?40 – Specialized cells and tissues40 – Specialized cells and tissues

Specialized cells with similar structure and function form a tissue. This is the next level of organization above cells in both plants ad animals. There are 4 tissue types in humans.

1. Epithelial tissue-contains cells that are packed together tightly

2. Connective tissue-add support and structure to the body, fills spaces and stores fat.

3. Muscle tissue-like elastic, job is to contract and relax.

4. Nerve tissue-found in brain, spinal cord, nerves and sensory receptors. These are messages that are sent to the brain.

Vocabulary40 – Tissue – Specialized cells with similar

structure and function

List the steps of how tissues List the steps of how tissues help your hand move when you help your hand move when you

touch a hot stovetouch a hot stove

• Nerves in your hand send a message to the spinal cord.Nerves in your hand send a message to the spinal cord.• A reflex takes place when nerves in the spinal cord send A reflex takes place when nerves in the spinal cord send

signals to muscles in your hand that cause you to jerk it signals to muscles in your hand that cause you to jerk it off the stove.off the stove.

• Nerves send a message up the spinal cord.Nerves send a message up the spinal cord.• The brain receives pain from the burn.The brain receives pain from the burn.

40 - Lesson 2 – How do cells work together?40 - Lesson 2 – How do cells work together?42 – Organs42 – Organs An organ is a structure made up of at least two

types of tissues that work together to perform a specific job in the body.

The different organs are:BrainHeartBlood VesselsLungsSense OrgansStomachSmall IntestineLiverPancreas

Vocabulary42 – Organ– A structure made up of at

least two types of tissues that work together to perform a specific job I the body.

Describe the levels of Describe the levels of organization from cells to organization from cells to

organsorgans

• Cells make up tissuesCells make up tissues• Tissues make up organsTissues make up organs

40 - Lesson 2 – How do cells work together?40 - Lesson 2 – How do cells work together?42 – Organs Systems42 – Organs Systems

An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform a specific function.

Organ Systems are:

Digestive: digests food

Respiratory: controls breathing

Circulatory: Gives body oxygen

Skeletal & Muscular: Provide & support movement for body

Integumentary: Skin, hair & nails that cover body

Excretory: Removes wastes from blood

Reproductive: Produces individuals

Endocrine: Makes and sends chemicals called hormones to help control body activities

40 - Lesson 2 – How do cells work together?40 - Lesson 2 – How do cells work together?42 – Organs Systems42 – Organs Systems

Plants have organs and organ systems.Roots, stems and leaves ore some of them.

Inside the stem:Xylem tissue & Phloem: transport water and

nutrientsEpithelial TissueRoot System: anchors the plant in the ground.Shoot System: Stems and Leaves

Stems: support the plant Leaves: make food

Describe the path of a blood Describe the path of a blood cell as it leaves the heart until cell as it leaves the heart until

it returns to the heart.it returns to the heart.• A red blood cell leaves the heart in an artery and goes to the A red blood cell leaves the heart in an artery and goes to the

lungs.lungs.• In the lungs, the red blood cell picks up oxygen.In the lungs, the red blood cell picks up oxygen.• The blood cell ten leaves the lungs and goes back to the heart.The blood cell ten leaves the lungs and goes back to the heart.• Next, the blood cell leaves the heart through the aorta and is Next, the blood cell leaves the heart through the aorta and is

carried by arteries and capillaries to all parts of the body.carried by arteries and capillaries to all parts of the body.• As it meets cells, it gives up its oxygen and takes on waste As it meets cells, it gives up its oxygen and takes on waste

carbon dioxide.carbon dioxide.• This blood returns to the heart via veins.This blood returns to the heart via veins.

40 - Lesson 2 – How do cells work together?40 - Lesson 2 – How do cells work together?46 – The Organism46 – The Organism

An organism is a complete living thing that relies on cells for life functions.

What makes up an organism:Groups of cellsTwo or more tissuesAll organs All organ systems

Every human cell needs oxygen and nutrients and needs to get rid of carbon dioxide and other chemicals it can’t use.

All the systems help one another work. No system or organ can work well alone.

Humans are complex multicellular organisms.

List in order the levels of List in order the levels of organization in the human organization in the human

bodybody

• CellsCells• TissuesTissues• OrgansOrgans• Organ SystemsOrgan Systems

Lesson 2 ReviewLesson 2 Review

• Complete numbers 1 and 3-6 as a group.Complete numbers 1 and 3-6 as a group.• I will come around and stamp answer that are I will come around and stamp answer that are

correct, all must have the same answer as that correct, all must have the same answer as that on the paper I stamp.on the paper I stamp.

50 - Lesson 3 – How Do Cells Reproduce?50 - Lesson 3 – How Do Cells Reproduce?50 – How Organisms Grow50 – How Organisms Grow

Asexual Reproduction-offspring of a single-cell gets all of its traits.

Fertilization is where an egg cell and a sperm cell unite to form a single cell. The single cell then divides until an embryo is formed.

As the cell grows, tissue is made to form organs and organ systems.

Plants reproduce in a similar way. They form embryo’s inside the seeds. It doesn’t grow until conditions are right (weather).

DNA controls your genes. They carry all the information for how you look, how you grow and how your body functions.

What happens within a What happens within a fertilized egg, from the time it fertilized egg, from the time it is a single cell to the time it is a single cell to the time it

forms tissues?forms tissues?• It begins as a single cell that divides and It begins as a single cell that divides and

becomes two cells.becomes two cells.• Thos two cells divide and there are four Thos two cells divide and there are four

cells.cells.• Cell division continues until cells become Cell division continues until cells become

specialized and form tissues.specialized and form tissues.

50 - Lesson 3 – How Do Cells Reproduce?50 - Lesson 3 – How Do Cells Reproduce?52 – Mitosis52 – Mitosis

Body cells are not involved in producing offspring, but reproductive cells are.

Body cells make more body cells by mitosis.

Mitosis has 6 stages.After mitosis, the two new cells

have the same number of chromosomes as the starting cell.

50 - Lesson 3 – How Do Cells Reproduce?50 - Lesson 3 – How Do Cells Reproduce?52 – Mitosis52 – Mitosis The 6 stages of Mitosis:

1. Each chromosome duplicates itself. They are connected at their centers and bunched inside the nucleus.

2. Chromosomes become rod-shaped. Nucleus membrane dissolves and chromosomes go into the cytoplasm.

3. Long fibers attach to each chromosome pair to help position the chromosomes in the center of the dividing cell.

4. Two copies of each chromosome separate and move to opposite ends of the cell.

5. The fibers break down, chromosomes uncoil and nuclear membrane forms around each set of choromosomes.

6. The cell then divides, forming two new cells. Mitosis is complete.

What has to happen before a What has to happen before a cell can divide?cell can divide?

• The chromosomes must be duplicated.The chromosomes must be duplicated.

50 - Lesson 3 – How Do Cells Reproduce?50 - Lesson 3 – How Do Cells Reproduce?54 - Meiosis54 - Meiosis

Reproductive cells are produced by Meiosis and are responsible for reproduction in plants and animals.

Before cells divide in Meiosis, the chromosomes are copied.

Each group then separates and the two chromosomes move to opposite sides of the cell and then divide. Each new cell has half of the chromosomes of the original cell, but has 2 copies of each.

Each cell divides again and move to opposite sides of the cell. Each of the 4 new cell has ½ the chromosomes of the original cell.

How does Meiosis make four How does Meiosis make four cells with 23 chromosomes cells with 23 chromosomes

from one cell with 46 from one cell with 46 chromosomes?chromosomes?

It makes copies of its chromosomes first; It makes copies of its chromosomes first; then it divides into two cells, each with 46 then it divides into two cells, each with 46

chromosomes. Then these cells divide chromosomes. Then these cells divide into two more cells, each with 23 into two more cells, each with 23

chromosomes.chromosomes.

50 - Lesson 3 – How Do Cells Reproduce?50 - Lesson 3 – How Do Cells Reproduce?56 – Genetic Variations in Organisms56 – Genetic Variations in Organisms

Asexual reproduction occurs through mitosis. Cells that are produced have genetic material identical to their original cell. Which means, there is no genetic difference between a parent organism and its offspring.

Sexual reproduction has genetic differences. This is a result of Meiosis. When a sperm and egg unite, they produce an organism with unique genetic makeup…it has only ½ its genes from each parent.

Which part of meiosis makes it Which part of meiosis makes it possible for offspring to vary?possible for offspring to vary?

When chromosomes from the parents come When chromosomes from the parents come together, they split up randomly. Some together, they split up randomly. Some chromosomes may exchange DNA with chromosomes may exchange DNA with another. These steps allow for genetic another. These steps allow for genetic

variation.variation.

Lesson 3 ReviewLesson 3 Review

• Complete numbers 2 and 4-6 as a group.Complete numbers 2 and 4-6 as a group.• I will come around and stamp answer that are I will come around and stamp answer that are

correct, all must have the same answer as that correct, all must have the same answer as that on the paper I stamp.on the paper I stamp.

• When finished, illustrate an example of mitosis When finished, illustrate an example of mitosis and meiosis.and meiosis.

What are some traits that the Zebras on this page have?

• Zebras are long-lived animals that move quickly for their large size and have teeth built for grinding and cropping grass. Zebras have horse like bodies, but

their manes are made of short, erect hair, their tails are tufted at the tip and their coats are striped.

Did you know:Zebras have black skin under their stripes.

Each zebra has its own stripe pattern much like each human’s fingerprints. The

stripes are inherited traits.

How are traits Inherited?

What are some human physical traits?

59-Lesson 4 - How Are Traits Inherited?60-Mendel’s Experiment

Mendel observed and studied peas, plants and wildlife to find out how traits are passed on from generation to generation.

He chose pea plants because he could control how they were fertilized and they are distinctive.

Mendel cross-pollinated pea plants for many years and recorded his observations.

Mendel is considered the “father of genetics

Exit Ticket

Please include:One thing you learned todayOne thing you still want to

know

Lesson 4 - How Are Traits Inherited?62 – Dominant and Recessive Factors

Traits of the first generation had only one kind of trait. The traits of their offspring, always had a ratio of 3:1.

One factor stays hidden in the first generation, but seen in the second generation.

Some factors are stronger-dominant. Othersare weaker-recessive.If an offspring has either 1 or 2 dominant factors, the trait will show up. A trait with a recessive factor will only show up

if you have two of those recessive factors.

TT=T Tt=T tt=t

Brown Eyed or Blue Eyed?

• One parent has Brown eyes• One parent has Blue eyes• Brown is the dominant color

• Choose two cards to see what color of eyes you would have if you were their child.

What caused Mendel to What caused Mendel to conclude that the factor for conclude that the factor for

tallness is dominant?tallness is dominant?

Because the tall plant showed up three times Because the tall plant showed up three times as often as the short plant in the second as often as the short plant in the second

generation.generation.

Lesson 4 - How Are Traits Inherited?64 – Genes and Inheritance

There are about 35,000 genes on human DNA

Genes from different parents combine randomly through sexual reproduction. That is why there are many possible variations in offspring.

Traits are limited to appearance. playing sports, painting, singing, writing, personality, etc.

These traits can skip generations of offspring.Example: My grandparents can draw, my parents can’t, my sister and I can!

Lesson 4 ReviewLesson 4 Review

• Complete numbers 1 and 3-6 as a group.Complete numbers 1 and 3-6 as a group.• I will roll the dice at the end of 30 minutes to see I will roll the dice at the end of 30 minutes to see

how we will be grading our papers!how we will be grading our papers!• When finished, illustrate an example of mitosis When finished, illustrate an example of mitosis

and meiosis.and meiosis.