Chapter 1 blog notes
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Transcript of Chapter 1 blog notes
History’s Beginnings
Earliest Human Societies
Early Human Migration to 10,000 years ago http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/ms_wh_survey/g
et_chapter_group.htm?cin=1&ci=1&rg=map_center&at=animated_maps&var=animated_maps
Studying History and Early Humans Why do people study history and try to learn more
about the past?
To find out about ancestors and more about themselves
http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/ms_wh_survey/page_build.htm?id=resources/jsp/starting_with_a_story/starting_with_a_story_ch1
Why Study History What has happened to a person, a family, or society in
the past may affect what will occur in the future
More than recounting and studying past events
Involves: studying society’s culture, religion, politics, and economics
Historians try to find patterns and see past through eyes of people who lived it
Primary and Secondary Sources Evidence used to answer Historians questions
Primary Source: something written or created by a person who witnessed a historical event
Military records, marriage certificates, diaries, and private letters
Artifacts: buildings, works of art, tools
Oral History: made up of verbal or unwritten accounts of events
includes stories, customs, and songs
Secondary Source: a work produces about a historical event by someone who was not actually there
Newspapers, books, and paintings
Oral History
Why History Changes Historians might use different evidence
Steps:
Evidence is examined and trustworthy evidence is sorted.
Evidence is interpreted: articles, books, and museum displays
Interpretations can be conflicting
Discovery of new evidence may lead to new conclusions
Early Humans Were Hunter-Gatherers Hunted animals and gathered plants for food
Moved to new locations when food ran out
Adapting to the Environment Depended on Environment for shelter
Lived in caves, rock shelters, made shelters out of tree branches, plant fibers or skins of animals
Lived together in bands
Made up of several families (30 people)
Men: hunted and fished
Women: gathered foods and cared for children
Early Humans on the Move Hunter-gatherers were nomads: people who move
from place to place Movement limited; returned to same places with
changing seasons
Some moved to new lands Migration: the act of moving from one place to settle in
another
Migration People followed animals to hunt
13,000 B.C. had migrated to much of world Traveled across a land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska
Developing Tools and Culture Technology: ways in which people apply knowledge, tools,
and inventions to meet their needs.
The Development of Technology 2 million years ago Stone tools for cutting
Carrying bags, stone hand axes, awls, drills, bows, flint spearheads, metal tools
Tools used for: building shelter, hunting and butchering animals
The Use of Fire 500,000 years ago: learned to make fire
Provided heat and light (could cook food)
Used to temper tools made of metal
Early Human Culture Art, language, and religion are unique to humans
Language: develop out of need to communicate
Religion: the worship of God, gods, or spirits
Early Humans: everything in nature had a spirit
Early Art: created in caves or on rocks
The Beginnings of Agriculture 8,000 B.C.
Learned to grow plants and raise animals
Climate Changes
Rising temps caused glaciers to melt
Humans could move into new areas
Growing seasons became longer
Domesticated : (humans learned to grown and breed the grasses ) wild grasses
The Domestication of Animals Learned to capture and tame animals
Captured animals provided constant source of food
9,000 B.C.
1st animals domesticated
Reliable food source, clothing, and other products
Made tools from bones
Horses, llamas, and camels used for transportation
Dogs domesticated to help in hunts
The Agricultural Revolution Development of farming
Agriculture: planting of seeds to raise crops
Ag. Revolution
Shift from food gathering to food raising
Began around 8,000 B.C.
Brought changes in tools and technology
People made hoes, plows and sickles
More food available allowed for increases in population and better opportunities to settle in one place
The First Communities
Settlements Begin Became better farmers as tools improved
Groups remained in same areas instead of moving
Developed larger, more permanent settlements
Farming Villages Develop Worldwide Agriculture developed where water was available
Irrigation: the watering of dry land using systems of ditches, pipes, and streams
Fertile soil: produced bigger & better crops
Attracted farmers to larger villages; villages grew in size
Village Life Advantages:
Food was plentiful
Could withstand attacks by nomadic bands
Disadvantages:
Risk of fire, disease, and flood
Surpluses Boost Development As agriculture techniques improved, farmers produced
surpluses More than what is needed to survive
Surpluses not limited to food Materials for making cloth or other products (wool)
Surpluses in good seasons helped during bad seasons Able to support more people during surpluses
Population grew, villages economies varied as people developed special skills
People Develop Different Skills Not everyone had to raise food with surpluses
People began to specializing
Skill in one kind of work
Potters, weavers, and holy person or shamans (interpreted natural events)
Non-farmers traded their goods and services for food
Simple Villages Grow More Complex Surpluses and specialization led to growth of villages
Life became more complex
Social relationships became more complicated
A Changing Way of Life More people living together in villages Increased trade between villages Skilled people spent years learning trade
Artisans: people trained in skills or craft Occupational classes or social classes developed
Social class: a group of people with similar customs, backgrounds, training, and income.
Need for laws and leadership to keep order and settle disputes Government created Communities safer and more stable
Life in Complex Villages Larger population & live closer together
Larger supply of skills, ideas, and needs
Life more complicated
Catal Huyuk Complex village in Turkey 8,000 people 32 acres Agricultural village
Wheat, barley, and peas
Raised sheep Buried dead under floors of their homes Vivid murals on walls of houses Developed special skills
Making tools and luxury items Produced cloth, wooden vessels, and simple pottery