Chapter 1 Basics - University of Tennesseeweb.utk.edu/~prack/mse201/Chapter 1 Basics.pdf ·...
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Introduction To Materials Science and Engineering, Ch. 1
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering1
Chapter 1 Materials for Engineering
A fly-by during deployment of the aircraft carrier USS Stennis. The pilot was grounded for 30 days, but he likes the picture and thinks it was worth it.
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Introduction To Materials Science and Engineering, Ch. 1
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering2
Materials Science and Engineering
• Materials Science – Investigating relationships that exist between the structure and properties of materials
• Materials Engineering – Is, on the basis of these structure-property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a pre-determined set of properties
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Introduction To Materials Science and Engineering, Ch. 1
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering3
Structure• Sub atomic – electrons and nuclei (protons
and neutrons)• Atomic – organization of atoms or
molecules• Microscopic – groups of atoms that are
normally agglomerated together• Macroscopic – viewable with the un-aided
eye
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Introduction To Materials Science and Engineering, Ch. 1
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering4
Terminology
mil = 1 / 1000 inch = 25.4 µmmicrometer = 1 / 1,000,000 meter = 1µm
Angstrom = 1 / 10,000,000,000 meter = 1Å
1 MICROMETER IS TWO WAVELENGTHS OF GREEN LIGHT LONG
A HAIR IS 100 MICROMETERS
A 1 MICRON WIDE LINE ON A CDIS THE SAME SCALE AS A 100 FOOTWIDE ROAD ON NORTH AMERICA
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Introduction To Materials Science and Engineering, Ch. 1
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering5
Prog
ress
in a
tom
ic-le
vel u
nder
stan
ding
DNA~2 nm wide
Things Natural Things ManmadeTHE SCALE OF THINGS
10 nm
Cell membrane
ATP synthaseSchematic, central core
Cat~ 0.3 m
Dust mite300 µm
Monarch butterfly~ 0.1 m
MEMS (MicroElectroMechanical Systems) Devices10 -100 µm wide
Red blood cellsPollen grain
Fly ash~ 10-20 µm Bee
~ 15 mm
Atoms of siliconspacing ~tenths of nm
Head of a pin1-2 mm
Magnetic domains garnet
film11 µm wide
stripes
Prog
ress
in m
inia
turiz
atio
nIndium arsenide
quantum dot
Quantum dot array --germanium dots on silicon
Microelectronics
Objects fashioned frommetals, ceramics, glasses, polymers ...
Human hair~ 50 µm wide
The
Mic
row
orld
0.1 nm
1 nanometer (nm)
0.01 µm10 nm
0.1 µm100 nm
1 micrometer (µm)
0.01 mm10 µm
0.1 mm100 µm
1 millimeter (mm)
0.01 m1 cm10 mm
0.1 m100 mm
1 meter (m)100 m
10-1 m
10-2 m
10-3 m
10-4 m
10-5 m
10-6 m
10-7 m
10-8 m
10-9 m
10-10 m
Visib
lesp
ectru
m
The
Nan
owor
ld
The 2
1st c
entu
ry ch
allen
ge --
Fash
ion
mat
erial
s at t
he n
anos
cale
with
des
ired
prop
ertie
s and
func
tiona
lity
Red blood cellswith white cell
~ 2-5 µm
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Introduction To Materials Science and Engineering, Ch. 1
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering6
Processing
Structure
Properties
Performance
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Introduction To Materials Science and Engineering, Ch. 1
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering7
ex: hardness vs structure of steel• Properties depend on structure
Data obtained from Figs. 10.21(a)and 10.23 with 4wt%C composition,and from Fig. 11.13 and associateddiscussion, Callister 6e.Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.10.10; (b) Fig. 9.27;(c) Fig. 10.24;and (d) Fig. 10.12, Callister 6e.
ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel• Processing can change structure
Structure, Processing, & Properties
Cooling Rate (C/s)
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
(a)
30µm
(b)
30µm
(d)
30µm(c)
4µm
Ha
rdn
ess
(B
HN
)
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Introduction To Materials Science and Engineering, Ch. 1
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering8
1. Pick Application Determine required Properties
2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)
3. Material Identify required Processing
Processing: changes structure and overall shapeex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,magnetic, optical, deteriorative.
Material: structure, composition.
The Materials Selection Process
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Introduction To Materials Science and Engineering, Ch. 1
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering9
Composition, Bonding, Crystal Structure and Microstructure DEFINE Materials Properties
CompositionBonding Crystal Structure
ThermomechanicalProcessing
Microstructure
MechanicalProperties
Electrical & MagneticProperties
Optical Properties
Thermal Properties
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Introduction To Materials Science and Engineering, Ch. 1
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering10
T (°C)-200 -100 0
Cu + 3.32 at%Ni
Cu + 2.16 at%Ni
deformed Cu + 1.12 at%Ni
1
2
3
4
5
6
Re
sist
ivit
y, ρ
(1
0-8
Oh
m-m
)
0
Cu + 1.12 at%Ni
“Pure” Cu
• Electrical Resistivity of Copper:
• Adding “impurity” atoms to Cu increases resistivity.• Deforming Cu increases resistivity.
Adapted from Fig. 18.8, Callister 6e.(Fig. 18.8 adapted from: J.O. Linde,Ann Physik 5, 219 (1932); andC.A. Wert and R.M. Thomson,Physics of Solids, 2nd edition,McGraw-Hill Company, New York,1970.)
ELECTRICAL
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Introduction To Materials Science and Engineering, Ch. 1
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering11
• Magnetic Permeabilityvs. Composition:--Adding 3 atomic % Si
makes Fe a betterrecording medium!
Magnetic FieldMa
gn
eti
zati
on
Fe+3%Si
Fe
Adapted from C.R. Barrett, W.D. Nix, andA.S. Tetelman, The Principles ofEngineering Materials, Fig. 1-7(a), p. 9,1973. Electronically reproducedby permission of Pearson Education, Inc.,Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Fig. 20.18, Callister 6e.(Fig. 20.18 is from J.U. Lemke, MRS Bulletin,Vol. XV, No. 3, p. 31, 1990.)
• Magnetic Storage:--Recording medium
is magnetized byrecording head.
MAGNETIC
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Introduction To Materials Science and Engineering, Ch. 1
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering12
• Transmittance:--Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or
opaque depending on the material structure.
Adapted from Fig. 1.2,Callister 6e.(Specimen preparation,P.A. Lessing; photo by J. Telford.)
single crystalpolycrystal:low porosity
polycrystal:high porosity
OPTICAL
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Introduction To Materials Science and Engineering, Ch. 1
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering13
• Stress & Saltwater...--causes cracks!
• Heat treatment: slowscrack speed in salt water!
4µm--material:7150-T651 Al "alloy"(Zn,Cu,Mg,Zr)
Adapted from Fig. 11.20(b), R.W. Hertzberg, "Deformation and Fracture Mechanics of Engineering Materials" (4th ed.), p. 505, John Wiley and Sons, 1996. (Original source: Markus O. Speidel, Brown Boveri Co.)
Adapted from Fig. 17.0, Callister 6e.(Fig. 17.0 is from Marine Corrosion, Causes, and Prevention, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1975.)
Adapted from Fig. 11.24,Callister 6e. (Fig. 11.24 provided courtesy of G.H.Narayanan and A.G. Miller, Boeing CommercialAirplane Company.)
“held at 160C for 1hr before testing”
increasing loadcra
ck
spe
ed
(m
/s)
“as-is”
10-10
10-8
Alloy 7178 tested in saturated aqueous NaCl solution at 23C
DETERIORATIVE
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Introduction To Materials Science and Engineering, Ch. 1
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering14
Types of Materials
Metals: strong, ductile, tough, high density, conductors.Ceramics: strong, brittle, low density, insulators.Polymers: weak, ductile, low density, insulators.Semiconductors: weak, brittle, low density, semi-conductors.Composites: strong, ductile, low density, conductors, insulators.
Crystals: atoms have long range periodic order (a).Glasses: atoms have short range order only (b).
(a) (b)
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Introduction To Materials Science and Engineering, Ch. 1
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering15
Types of MaterialsLet us classify materials according to the way the atoms are bound together (Chapter 2).
Metals: valence electrons are detached from atoms, and spread in an 'electron sea' that "glues" the ions together. Strong, ductile, conduct electricity and heat well, are shiny if polished.
Semiconductors: the bonding is covalent (electrons are shared between atoms). Their electrical properties depend strongly on minute proportions of contaminants. Examples: Si, Ge, GaAs.
Ceramics: atoms behave like either positive or negative ions, and are bound by Coulomb forces. They are usually combinations of metals or semiconductors with oxygen, nitrogen or carbon (oxides, nitrides, and carbides). Hard, brittle, insulators. Examples: glass, porcelain.
Polymers: are bound by covalent forces and also by weak van der Waalsforces, and usually based on C and H. They decompose at moderatetemperatures (100 – 400 C), and are lightweight. Examples: plastics rubber.
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Introduction To Materials Science and Engineering, Ch. 1
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering16
Several uses of steel and pressed aluminum.
Metals
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Introduction To Materials Science and Engineering, Ch. 1
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering17
Examples of ceramic materials ranging from household and lab products to high performance combustion engines which utilize both Metals and ceramics.
Ceramics
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Introduction To Materials Science and Engineering, Ch. 1
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering18
Crystalline ceramics (a) and non-crystalline glasses (b) yield inherently different properties for applications. Open circlesrepresent nonmetallic atoms, solids represent metal atoms.
Ceramics
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Introduction To Materials Science and Engineering, Ch. 1
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering19
Examples of glasses. Depending on the material structure, the glass can be opaque, transparent, or translucent. Glasses can also beProcessed to yield high thermal shock resistance.
Ceramics
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Introduction To Materials Science and Engineering, Ch. 1
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering20
Polymers or commercially called “Plastics” need no intro.
Polymers
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Introduction To Materials Science and Engineering, Ch. 1
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering21
Polymer composite materials, reinforcing glass fibers in a polymer matrix.
Polymers
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Introduction To Materials Science and Engineering, Ch. 1
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering22
(a) Micro-Electrical-Mechanical Systems (MEMS), (b) Si wafer for computer chip devices.
Semiconductors
(a)
(b)
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Introduction To Materials Science and Engineering, Ch. 1
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering23
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Introduction To Materials Science and Engineering, Ch. 1
University of Tennessee, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering24
• Use the right material for the job.
• Understand the relation between properties,structure, and processing.
• Recognize new design opportunities offeredby materials selection.
Course Goals: SUMMARY