Chapter 1 Annotating Outline Name:____________________

Honors Biology Pd:____________

As you read the textbook, paragraph by paragraph, please annotate in the spaces below. You’ll

have to answer related questions as you read as well.

Pg 23:

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1.1 Atoms, Molecules, and Compounds: (Pg. 24-25):

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Figure 1.3 (Pg. 1.3): What is this figure teaching you about chemicals in the body?

1.2 The Structure of Atoms (Pg. 26-27)

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Figure 1.4 Pg. 27: What is this figure teaching you? What determines the chemical activity of an

atom?

Questions:

1. Identify the 3 physical states of water: ______________, ________________, _____________

2. The smallest unit into which water can be divided is a ________________________________.

3. A substance that cannot be broken down chemically into smaller substances is an ___________

4. ______________ are the smallest particles of an element and still have its chemical properties.

5. Who formulated the Atomic Theory of Matter? ______________________________________

6. How is a compound different from a molecule?

7. The symbol for each element is based on ____________________________________________

8. Only 6 elements compose 97% of the compounds founds in organisms.

Name them and give their chemical symbol:

________________________, ________________________, ________________________

________________________, ________________________, ________________________

9. The element found in greatest amount in organisms is ___________________________

10. What does the subscript identify about an atom?

11. Name the 3 subatomic particles of an atom: _____________, ____________, _____________

12. Name the 2 particles found in the nucleus ______________________, ____________________

13. What is the electrical charge of a

proton? ________________ electron? ________________ neutron? __________________

14. Describe the distribution of electrons in electron shells.

15. An atom that has no charge has equal numbers of _________________ and ________________

16. What are isotopes?

17 What are radioisotopes?

18. Read p. 798. What uses do radioisotopes have in biological research?

1.3 Chemical Reactions (Pg. 28-29):

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1.4 Chemical Bonds (Pg. 29-31): Paragraph 1 (3 sent): Paragraph 2 (2 sent): Paragraph 3 (2 sent): Paragraph 4 (3 sent): Paragraph 5 (4 sent):

1.5 Ions and Living Cells (Pg.31-33):

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Figure 1.7 Pg. 30: Describe how salt is formed and then sketch it out…

Figure 1.8 Pg. 30: Describe how a water molecule is formed.

Figure 1.9 Pg. 31: Why is water polar?

Figure 1.10 Pg. 31 Describe what this figure is teaching you about water molecules.

Figure 1.13 Pg. 32: Sketch the pH scale as shown on page 32. Label neutral, increasingly basic,

increasingly acidic, sodium hydroxide (NaOH), blood, hydrochloric acid (HCl), coca-cola, ammonia.

Questions:

19. What part of the atom is involved in chemical bonds? ___________________________

Be specific in describing their location: _______________________________________

20. a. Write the equation that shows the breakdown of 2 molecules of water:

b. Why couldn’t only 2 molecule of water be shown in the equation?

21. On the right side of the equation are shown the __________________________________.

On the left side are shown the _______________________________

22. What is activation energy?

23. Define ion –

24. Describe the following types of chemical bonds and give an example of each one:

a. Ionic bond –

b. Covalent bond –

c. Polar covalent bond –

d. Nonpolar covalent bond –

e. Hydrogen bond –

25. Which of the chemical bonds is the strongest? ________________ Weakest? _______________

26. In the structural formula H – H, what does the line between the atoms represent?

27. What does ionization mean?

28. When water ionizes, what ions are formed and what are their charges?

29. What does the pH scale represent?

20. What is the pH range of an acid solution? _______________________________________

A neutral solution? _________________________________________________________

A basic solution? ___________________________________________________________

21. What pH number would indicate the

strongest acid? ________________________

strongest base? ________________________

the greatest number of OH ions? _______________________

the greatest number of H ions? ________________________

the same concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions? ________________________

22. A solution of pH 3 is _______________ times more __________________ than a pH of 4.

A solution of pH 3 is _______________ times more __________________ than a pH of 6.

A solution of pH 3 is _______________ times less ___________________ than a pH of 1

23. Why is pH important in living cells?

1.6 Organic Compounds and Life Pg. 33-34:

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1.7 Carbohydrates (Pg. 34-36):

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Figure 1.16 Pg. 35:

Many sugars make up ______________________, many fatty acids make up _____________________,

many amino acids make up ____________________________, and many nucleotides make up

_____________________________________

Figure 1.17 Pg. 35: What is this figure teaching you?

Figure 1.18 Pg. 36: Distinguish between monosaccharides, disachharides and polysaccharides.

1.8 Lipids Pg. 36-37:

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Figure 1.19 Pg. 37:

Which molecules combine to form a triglyceride?

Where do you think the three molecules of water come from?

Figure 1.20 Pg. 38: Sketch and label a phospholipid molecule.

1.9 Proteins Pg. 37-40:

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Figure 1.21 Pg. 38: Sketch and label the structure of an amino acid.

Figure 1.22 Pg. 39: What is this figure teaching you?

Figure 1.23 Pg. 40: Sketch, color, and label a primary, secondary, tertiary, and quarternary protein.

1.10 Nucleic Acids Pg. 40-42:

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Figure 1.24 Pg. 40: Distinguish between a ribose and deoxyribose sugar.

Figure 1.25 Pg. 41: Sketch out the four nitrogenous bases found in DNA. Which are made of one ring

and which are made of two rings?

Figure 1.26 Pg. 41: Now, using the four nitrogen bases, sketch and label the four DNA nucleotides.

Figure 1.27 Pg. 41: What is this figure teaching you about the arrangement of nucleotides in a nucleic

acid?

1.11 The Double Helix Pg. 43-44:

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Figure 1.30 Pg. 44: Which nitrogen bases pair up together in a DNA molecule?

1.12 The Functions of DNA Pg. 44-47:

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Figure 1.31 Pg. 45: Describe what this figure is teaching you in your own words:

Figure 1.32 Pg. 45: Examine this figure and 1.31. What are some similarities and differences between

DNA and RNA?

Figure 1.35 Pg. 47:

Below, please recreate this concept map. Use color, keep it neat, and write down any questions if you

have them:

Questions:

1. What are organic compounds? 2. Name 3 inorganic compounds that contain carbon: ___________, ___________, ___________ 3. Define macromolecule – 4. CARBOHYDRATES:

a. Name the 3 elements found in all carbohydrates: _________, __________, _________

b. What is the ratio between H and O atoms in any molecule of carbohydrate?_________

c. Name the simplest molecules (building blocks, also known as monomers) of carbohydrates: ________________________________

d. Name a common monosaccharide: _____________________________________

e. What is formed when 2 monosaccharides join together? __________________________

f. Name 3 disaccharides and list the monosaccharides that compose each one:

____________________________ = __________________ + ____________________ ____________________________ = __________________ + ____________________ ____________________________ = __________________ + ____________________

g. What is a polysaccharide?

h. Name 3 types of polysaccharides. Give the location and function of each one: i.

Polysaccharide Location Function

j. Study figure 1.18. When 2 or more monosaccharides join together, not only is a disaccharide formed, but also a molecule of __________________. This type of reaction is called dehydration synthesis, or condensation.

k. Review: Carbo = _________________ Hydro = _____________________ Mono = _________________, Di = __________________, Poly = ______________ Saccharo = _____________________________

5. LIPIDS: a. Name the 3 elements found in lipids: _____________, ______________, ___________ b. Do lipids have the same ratio between these elements that carbohydrates have? _______ c. List 2 functions of lipids:

(1) (2)

d. Why don’t lipids dissolve in water? e. Name the 2 monomers that compose lipids: __________________, _______________ f. Describe 2 ways a saturated fatty acid is different from an unsaturated fatty acid:

(1) (2) g. Name examples of

Saturated fatty acids— Unsaturated fatty acids –

h. Study figure 1.19. When 3 fatty acids bond to 1 glycerol molecule, the results are: 1 molecule of _______________________________ and 3 molecules of ___________

i. Besides fats and oils, name 2 more types of lipids. Give their location and function:

Lipids Location Function

j. Why are fats more efficient as energy sources than carbohydrates?

6. PROTEINS:

a. List 3 functions of proteins:

(1) (2) (3)

b. Name the monomers of proteins? ___________________________________

c. How many different amino acids are there? ________________________

d. What makes one amino acid different from another?

e. Study figure 1.22. Describe and draw the formation of a peptide bond. Circle the peptide bond.

f. When one amino acid joins to another amino acid, two products are formed. Name them:

_______________________________________ + ________________________

g. Describe the 4 structural forms of a protein:

(1) primary –

(2) secondary –

3) tertiary –

(4) quaternary –

7. NUCLEIC ACIDS:

a. Describe 2 functions of nucleic acids:

(1) (2)

b. Name the monomers of nucleic acids: ______________________________________

c. Name the 3 parts of a nucleotide:

(1) (2) (3)

d. Name the 2 types of nucleic acids: _____________________, ______________________ e. Name the sugar found in RNA_____________________, in DNA ___________________

f. Name the 4 nucleotides found in

(1) DNA: ______________, _______________, _________________, ______________

(2) RNA: ______________, _______________, _________________, _______________ g. Which form of nucleic acid is double-stranded? _________________

8. Name the 4 scientists who worked on the structure of DNA:

____________________, ____________________, __________________, ________________

9. Name the 2 molecules that form the backbone of DNA: _________________, _______________ 10. Name the bond that connects the 2 sides of the DNA molecule: _________________________ 11. Name the nitrogen base that always bonds to guanine: _________________________ Name the nitrogen base that always bonds to thymine: _________________________ 12. DNA forms genes. Study figure 1.35. What characteristic of DNA allows genes to be transferred from one generation to the next?