Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.

36
Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering

Transcript of Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.

Page 1: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.

Chapter 1

An Introduction to

Graphical Communication

in Engineering

Page 2: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.

Objectives• Explain and illustrate how engineering

graphics is one of the special tools available to an engineer

• Define how engineering visualization, modeling, and graphics are used by engineers in their work

Page 3: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.

Objectives (cont’d.)• Provide a short history of how engineering

graphics, as a perspective on how it is used today, was used in the past

Page 4: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.

Introduction• Roles of engineering graphics:

– Communication– Record keeping– Analysis

• Computers, three-dimensional modeling, and graphics software:– Made it increasingly effective to use engineering

graphics in design, visualization, and optimization

Page 5: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.

A Short History• Ancient history

– Cave paintings– Egyptian pyramids, Native American pyramids

• Egyptian hieroglyphics

– Roman arch, Roman road– Archimedes screw

• Diagrams depicting its use

Page 6: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.
Page 7: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.
Page 8: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.
Page 9: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.

The Medieval Period• Europe: large building construction

– Flying buttress– Towers

• Asia: large fortifications, shrines, and temples– Great Wall of China

• Large-scale civil engineering projects

Page 10: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.

The Renaissance• Physical scientific thinking

– Empirical observations and mathematics

• Accurate sizing

• Descriptive geometry– Fortifications

• By 1800s, most engineering was civil or military

Page 11: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.

Descriptive Geometry

Page 12: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.

The Industrial Revolution• Began with mechanical engineering

• Mass production– Each product identical– Short production times

• Engineering schools– Communication necessary

• Patent drawings vs. engineering drawings

Page 13: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.
Page 14: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.
Page 15: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.

More Recent History• Electrical engineering

– Electric motors, generators, power conversion, and transmission lines

• Chemical engineering– Production of petroleum products and synthetic

chemicals

• Industrial and manufacturing engineering– Improving production quality, control, and efficiency

Page 16: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.

More Recent History (cont’d.)• Nuclear engineering

– Result of the nuclear energy and nuclear weapons programs

• More recent disciplines– Bioengineering, information and computational

sciences, micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), and nano-engineering

Page 17: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.
Page 18: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.

The People and Their Skills• Many people with many different types of

skills participate in development and production of a project– Clear, unbroken, and unambiguous flow of

communication must take place– Graphical communication must follow

universally accepted standards

Page 19: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.
Page 20: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.

Organization of Project Life Phases• Concept

• Design

• Fabrication

• Installation

• Operation

• Disposal

Page 21: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.

Organization of Functional Groups• Research and Development

• Design

• Manufacturing

• Sales and/or Buying

• Service

• Subcontractors

Page 22: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.

Organization of Skills• Engineers

– Ensure systems operate within limits– Specify materials and sizes of parts and

assemblies

• Designers– Responsible for product’s fit and finish

• Drafters– Responsible for documentation

Page 23: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.

Organization of Skills (cont’d.)• Fabricators

– Make the parts

• Inspectors– Responsible for checking

• Technicians– Responsible for maintenance and operation

Page 24: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.

Concurrent Engineering• Process where design and aspects of

fabrication phases are combined– Different groups of engineers work together– Product design may be altered to facilitate

fabrication

• Advantage: product development reduced

• Disadvantage: large errors in design are expensive

Page 25: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.

Engineering Graphics Technology• Early years

– Up until Renaissance period, most drawings done by hand

– Many drawings were distorted and done in 2-D• Good for conveying ideas and rough sizing• Poor for precision• Made part interchangeability and mass production

difficult

Page 26: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.

Instrument Drawing• Early instruments: straightedges with

scales, compasses, dividers, protractors• Other classic drawing instruments include:

– Drafting board– T square– Triangle– French curve– Template

Page 27: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.

The Computer Revolution• Advantages of computer-based graphics

– Ease of data storage and transmission– Precise drawing data– Ease of data manipulation

• Computer-aided drawing (CAD) software– Developed in 1970s for mainframes– Became popular in 1980s because of PCs

Page 28: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.
Page 29: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.
Page 30: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.

Graphics as a Design Tool• Three-dimensional (3-D) modeling

– Began in 1980s as an engineering design tool– Quickly adopted by mechanical engineering;

called solid modeling– Permitted viewing a 3-D object from different

perspectives, unlike CAD– Aided in visualization– Required more computation power and memory

than CAD

Page 31: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.

Graphics as an Analysis Tool• Descriptive geometry still useful in large-

scale civil, architectural, and mining projects

• Solid modeling used to calculate mechanical properties of parts

• 3-D land models– Make visualization of landscapes easier

Page 32: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.

Graphics as a Presentation Tool• Charts

– Commonly used for presenting data to general public

• Graphs– More technical; show data trends

• Geometric models built with three-dimensional modeling software– Finite element analysis (FEA)

Page 33: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.

The Modern Role of Engineering Graphics

• Best way to communicate idea for part is to show a picture– Now computer-generated from 3-D models

• Engineering graphics is still analysis tool, but type of analysis has changed– Now, graphical models examine fit and

function

Page 34: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.
Page 35: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.

The Modern Role of Engineering Graphics (cont’d.)

• Modern graphics classes mainly cover:– Visualization– Analysis– Function– Optimization of designs

• Sketching

Page 36: Chapter 1 An Introduction to Graphical Communication in Engineering.

Summary• Learned that graphical communication is

vital in nearly all aspects of engineering

• Learned that technological tools have made tasks associated with classical engineering graphics much easier

• Discussed 3-D modeling and its impact on engineering graphics