Chapter 1
description
Transcript of Chapter 1
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Chapter 1List the 8 characteristics of living things: Living things are made up of cells. Living things reproduce or make more of their own kind.Living things are based on a universal genetic code. Living things grow and develop .Living things obtain and use materials and energy. This is known as metabolism. Living things respond to their environment A stimuli is signal to which an organism responds. Living things maintain a constant internal environment. This is known as homeostasis.Taken as a group, living things change over time. This is called evolution.
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Chapter 11.) What are the seven steps of the scientific method?• Make observations• Make a hypothesis• Set up a controlled experiment• Collect data• Analyze data• Draw a conclusion• Peer review
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2.) What is a bias? Provide an example.• Bias= particular preference / point of view• Example: I like short people
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3.) What is a peer-review? Can peer-reviews be biased? If so, why or why not?• Peer review = way to share ideas/scientific
work so other scientists can test & evaluate each other’s work
• Peer review should not be biased because they would not prove anything
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4.) What is a hypothesis? Provide an example.Hypothesis = scientific explanation for a set of observationsExample: Trees need water to grow
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#5) List & describe the two groups within a controlled experiment. 1.Control group - exposed to same conditions as experimental group EXCEPT independent variable2. Experimental group - exposed to the independent variable (1 thing is deliberately changed)
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6.) What is the difference between the independent & dependent variables?1. Independent variable- deliberated changed by experimenter2. Dependent variable – variable that is observed & changes in response to independent variable
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7.) What is data? Information gathered Explain the difference between quantitative & qualitative data?• Quantitative – numerical data (2cm)• Qualitative – non-numerical data like shape,
color, etc (green & round)
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8. Why is peer review so important when new scientific discoveries are published?• To make sure there is NO bias
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#9) Define a theory and provide an example:Theory= well-tested explanation that unifies a broad range of observations & hypotheses; can revise if neededExample: Big Bang Theory
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Chapter 2
Carbon Compounds or organic Macromolecules
Categories
Carbohydrates
lipds Nucleic Acids
Proteins Simple Name
sugars & starches
Fats & Oils
Nucleic AcidsProteins
Monomer or Building Block
Mono saccharides
example: glucose
Gycerol & fatty acids
acidsnucleotides Amino acids
Polymer
PolysaccharideExamples: glycogen
in animals or starch
in plants
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Examples DNA&
RNA
Proteins
Main job in living things
Main source of
energy in living
things
Used to store energyForm cell membrane
(lipid bilayer)
Store & transmit
genetic info & make
proteins
Control rate of
chemicals reactions
(enzymes); Form
bone & muscles;
Transport substance
in/out of cells; Fight
disease(antibodies)
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1.) Name and define the 3 sub-particles of an atom:1. Proton: positive (+) charge in nucleus2. Neutron: neutral charge in nucleus3. Electron: negative (-) charge outside nucleus
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Chapter 22.) Define and give an example of an acid and base• Acid – substance that forms H+ ions in
solution, < 7; stomach acid• Base- substance that forms OH- ions in
solution; >7; oven cleaner• Label the pH range for: acid: <7 base:
>7 neutral substance: 7.0 (water)
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3.) In chemical reactions, atoms are neither created nor destroyed. Instead, they are rearranged or assembled in a new way. The chemicals/compounds entering the chemical reaction are called reactants while the chemicals/compounds produced are called products.
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4.) Label the following chemical equation to show products & reactants.
2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2
Reactants Products
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Chapter 25.)What type of energy is needed to get a chemical reaction started? Activation energy
6.)A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction is called a catalyst. They work by lowering a reaction’s activation energy. Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts.
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Chapter 121.) Frederick Griffith was a scientist who showed that one strain of bacteria could permanently change to another strain by a process called transformation
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Chapter 121.) Avery repeated Griffith’s work to conclude that DNA was the transforming factor. The monomer of DNA is called a nucleotide_ and consist of three basic parts: 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. The types of bases found in DNA include adenine, thymine, guanine, & cytosine.
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Chapter 122-3.)What does the entire figure represent? DNA What does the “X” in the figure represent? nucleotide
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Chapter 124.) Explain Chargaff’s base pairing rules. For example if a sample consists of 29 % of guanine (G) bases complete the following: 29 % cytosine (C), 21 % adenine (A), 21 % thymine (T)
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Chapter 125.)Explain the steps of replication- make sure to include the name and function of each enzyme. • DNA Helicase unwinds & unzips
DNA• DNA polymerase matches up
complementary DNA nucleotides to both sides of the DNA strands in opposite directions until both sides are copied
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Chapter 13
• Compare and contrast nitrogen bases and the backbone of DNA and RNA.
DNABase: ThymineDouble strandedDeoxyribose sugar
Bases:A, G, CNucleotides
RNABase: uracilSingle-strandedRibose sugar
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Chapter 13
RNA Type Function(s)
mRNA carries DNA instructions for protein synthesis to ribosome
in cytoplasm rRNA binding site for mRNA;
makes up ribosome
tRNA transfers correct amino acid to
ribosome
2.) Identify the 3 types of RNA and list the function of each.
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Chapter 13
DNA Nucleotide RNA Nucleotide
Draw same as DNA nucleotide EXCEPT name of sugar is ribose sugar
3.) Draw and label the parts of RNA and DNA nucleotides.
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Chapter 13
4. Explain (does not mean a list!) the 3 steps of transcription- make sure to include the name and function of each enzyme. (Diagrams are helpful!)
• RNA polymerase unzips DNA• One side of DNA serves as a
template to copy onto mRNA• Same enzyme matches
complementary RNA nucleotides starting at a promotor & ending at terminator
• mRNA detaches & leave thru a nuclear pore
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Chapter 135. )Describe the 3 steps of translation using all 3 (RNA’s) mRNA, tRNA and rRNA. Identify the start codon, stop codon and include 6 different amino acids in between
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Chapter 135)Describe the 3 steps of translation using all 3 (RNA’s) mRNA, tRNA and rRNA. Identify the start codon, stop codon and include 6 different amino acids in between
• mRNA atart codon binds to a ribosome• tRNA with a complementary anticodon brings amino acid to ribsome• Process repeats until stop codon is reached• Amino acids connect to form a polypeptide chain/protein
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Chapter 13Identify each component based on the figure above. Strand A- Template/sense strand Strand B- Nonsense strand Segment C- Nucleotide Process X- Transcription Process Y-Translation Strand D- mRNA E segment- start codon F segment- codon
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Chapter 13
State 3 types of mutations for each, including an illustration.
Gene mutations
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Chapter 13
Chromosome mutations