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World Regions in Global Context:World Regions in Global Context:Peoples, Places, and Environments (3Peoples, Places, and Environments (3rdrd. ed). ed)
Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, & Diana M. Liverman& Diana M. Liverman
Chapter 1: A World of RegionsChapter 1: A World of Regions
Robert M. ArthurRobert M. Arthur
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Geography mattersGeography matters• Global differences in Global differences in Cultures, Resources, Cultures, Resources,
Capital, Spatial Organization, & TerritorialityCapital, Spatial Organization, & Territoriality Geographic StudyGeographic Study
• Appreciate the variety of the world’s people Appreciate the variety of the world’s people and placesand places
• Understand the relationships between the Understand the relationships between the world’s communitiesworld’s communities
• Help with regional, national & global Help with regional, national & global developmentdevelopment
The Power of GeographyThe Power of Geography
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Geographic StudyGeographic Study• Physical GeographyPhysical Geography
Examines how natural forces shape the EarthExamines how natural forces shape the Earth
• Human GeographyHuman Geography• How human interaction modifies the How human interaction modifies the
environment and the spatial organization of environment and the spatial organization of human activityhuman activity
Regional GeographyRegional Geography• Combines both physical & human approachesCombines both physical & human approaches• Holistic examination of territoriesHolistic examination of territories
The Power of GeographyThe Power of Geography
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RegionsRegions
RegionRegion• Large size territories (such as counties, Large size territories (such as counties,
provinces, and countries, or large provinces, and countries, or large sections of countries such as the sections of countries such as the Midwest USA) that encompass many Midwest USA) that encompass many places, all or most of which share a set places, all or most of which share a set of attributes that differ from the of attributes that differ from the attributes of places that make up a attributes of places that make up a different region.different region.
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A World of RegionsA World of Regions
Regions are dynamic, changingRegions are dynamic, changing• A two-way process of people’s activities changing their A two-way process of people’s activities changing their
environment and people being affected by their environmentenvironment and people being affected by their environment• Created by people responding to the opportunities and Created by people responding to the opportunities and
constraints presented by their environmentsconstraints presented by their environments
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Setting the Boundaries – World Regions
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RegionalizationRegionalization• ClassificationClassification
Logical DivisionLogical Division GroupingGrouping HomogeneityHomogeneity
Formal RegionsFormal Regions• High degree of High degree of
homogeneityhomogeneity Functional RegionsFunctional Regions
• Characterized by Characterized by functional functional organization of organization of human occupancyhuman occupancy
The Regional ApproachThe Regional Approach
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RegionsRegions
- Formal
- Functional
- Vernacular
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Geography & InterdependenceGeography & Interdependence
““The tangible The tangible partitioning of space partitioning of space within which different within which different processes operate”processes operate”
InterdependentInterdependent World RegionsWorld Regions National StatesNational States Supranational Supranational
OrganizationsOrganizations
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RegionalizationRegionalization
The geographer’s classification of The geographer’s classification of individual places or areal unitsindividual places or areal units
The geographers equivalent of The geographers equivalent of scientific classificationscientific classification
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Boundaries and FrontiersBoundaries and Frontiers Define space, encompass territory.Define space, encompass territory.
• Permeable:Permeable: Allow the flow of goods and people across them.Allow the flow of goods and people across them.
• Impermeable:Impermeable: Act as barriers to movement of goods and people.Act as barriers to movement of goods and people.
Frontier RegionsFrontier Regions
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Regionalism & SectionalismRegionalism & Sectionalism Regionalism:Regionalism:
• When individuals begin When individuals begin to relate stronger to to relate stronger to their region than their their region than their country, then separatist country, then separatist movements can occur.movements can occur.
SectionalismSectionalism
IrredentismIrredentism
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Geopolitical FrameworkGeopolitical FrameworkNations vs. States Ethnic Separatism – Centripetal
vs. Centrifugal Forces
Basques in Spain
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GlobalizationGlobalization The increasing interconnectedness of the world’s regions.The increasing interconnectedness of the world’s regions.
Resulting from:Resulting from:• Technological Factors - Technological Factors -
Advances in communicationsAdvances in communications Advances in information handlingAdvances in information handling Advances in transportationAdvances in transportation
• Economic factors –Economic factors – Multinational corporationsMultinational corporations Trade associations between countriesTrade associations between countries
• Political factors –Political factors – Supranational governments (EU, NAFTA, Supranational governments (EU, NAFTA,
ASEAN, etc)ASEAN, etc)
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Issues of ScaleIssues of Scale
Global to Local Global to Local
Example of Call Example of Call Centers (Back Centers (Back Office Jobs)Office Jobs)
• Are we in Are we in Nebraska or in Nebraska or in India??India??
Call Center in Mumbai, India
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GlobalizationGlobalization Transnational Transnational
CorporationsCorporations
Commodity Commodity ChainsChains
Global Global StratificationStratification• Neo-liberal Neo-liberal
PoliciesPolicies
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Globalization and Population ChangeGlobalization and Population Change
Unevenly distributed, 3 major areas of high density, China, India & Europe.Unevenly distributed, 3 major areas of high density, China, India & Europe. Near water, oceans, seas, lakes or rivers, temperate, low lying areas with Near water, oceans, seas, lakes or rivers, temperate, low lying areas with
fertile soils.fertile soils. 6 billion now, projected to rise to 10 billion by 2050.6 billion now, projected to rise to 10 billion by 2050.
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Demographic Transition ModelDemographic Transition Model
Attempts to link population growth to Attempts to link population growth to Industrial Growth.Industrial Growth.
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Population Growth and ChangePopulation Growth and Change
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Age–Sex Structure of Age–Sex Structure of PopulationsPopulations
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Globalization and Cultural ChangeGlobalization and Cultural Change
The global spread of common The global spread of common architectural forms, dress, ‘fast food’, architectural forms, dress, ‘fast food’, entertainment, & the English entertainment, & the English language.language.
• These changes do have local character These changes do have local character and are not universal.and are not universal.
• Many local fashions, foods, etc. are Many local fashions, foods, etc. are exported around the world, not just exported around the world, not just those of the developed world.those of the developed world.
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Diversity Amid GlobalizationDiversity Amid Globalization
GlobalizationGlobalization• Increasing Increasing
InterconnectednessInterconnectedness• Human and Human and
Physical Physical EnvironmentsEnvironments
• Continual Continual Reorganization of Reorganization of Global and Local Global and Local GeographiesGeographies
Figure 1.0
Contemporary and Traditional Landscapes in Shanghai
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Alternative Images of GlobalizationSouthwestern India
Washington, D.C. demonstration
Guilin, China
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Cultural GlobalizationCultural Globalization
McDonald’s in Thailand …
… Linguistic Diversity in Maryland
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Economic Globalization – FormalEconomic Globalization – Formal
Figure 1.10
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Economic Globalization – Economic Globalization – InformalInformal
Figure 1.6
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Economic Development, Economic Development, Technology, and Social Well-BeingTechnology, and Social Well-Being
Uneven global distribution of natural Uneven global distribution of natural resources and of energy sourcesresources and of energy sources• Favors a few countries while leaving others Favors a few countries while leaving others
disadvantageddisadvantaged• Political factors important tooPolitical factors important too
Japan has few resourcesJapan has few resources unfavorable conditions (war, civil strife, corrupt unfavorable conditions (war, civil strife, corrupt
governments, poor infrastructure)governments, poor infrastructure)
• Technology facilitates the shift of energy and Technology facilitates the shift of energy and natural resource inputs to cheaper sourcesnatural resource inputs to cheaper sources
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Global InequitiesGlobal Inequities
Figure 1.11
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Technology SystemsTechnology Systems 1790 – 1840:1790 – 1840:
• Water & steam, textiles, ironworkingWater & steam, textiles, ironworking• Canals & turnpikesCanals & turnpikes
1840 – 1890:1840 – 1890:• Coal powered steam, machine tools, steelCoal powered steam, machine tools, steel• Railroads & world-wide shippingRailroads & world-wide shipping
1890 – 1950:1890 – 1950:• Internal combustion power, oil, plastics, electricalInternal combustion power, oil, plastics, electrical• Aircraft, automobiles, radio & telecommunicationsAircraft, automobiles, radio & telecommunications
1950 – 1990:1950 – 1990:• Nuclear power, electronics, petrochemicalsNuclear power, electronics, petrochemicals• Global air routes, highwaysGlobal air routes, highways
1990 - ?:1990 - ?:• Solar energy, robotics, microelectronics, biotechnology & ITSolar energy, robotics, microelectronics, biotechnology & IT
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Economic SectorsEconomic Sectors
Primary Activity:Primary Activity:• Natural resource extractionNatural resource extraction
Secondary Activity:Secondary Activity:• Manufacturing or processing of natural Manufacturing or processing of natural
resourcesresources
Tertiary Activity:Tertiary Activity:• Sale and exchangeSale and exchange
Quaternary Activity:Quaternary Activity:• Information processing and handlingInformation processing and handling
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Economic DevelopmentEconomic Development
Gross Domestic Product (GDP):Gross Domestic Product (GDP):• All goods and services produced by a country All goods and services produced by a country
in one yearin one year Gross National Product (GNP):Gross National Product (GNP):
• All goods, services and income or loss All goods, services and income or loss generated abroad from investments, bank generated abroad from investments, bank accounts, etc.accounts, etc.
Measures the overall wealth of a country, Measures the overall wealth of a country, not how that wealth is distributed.not how that wealth is distributed.• Divide by the population to give GDP Divide by the population to give GDP per per
capita.capita.
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Economic DevelopmentEconomic Development
Figure 1.47
Figure 1.49
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Economic DevelopmentEconomic Development
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Social Well-BeingSocial Well-BeingHuman Development Index – UN:Human Development Index – UN:
Measures distribution of wealth, education, infant mortality, life Measures distribution of wealth, education, infant mortality, life expectancy, gender issues & many other factorsexpectancy, gender issues & many other factors
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Social Development – Health and Social Development – Health and EducationEducation
< Receiving a polio vaccine in Jakarta
Women and Literacy
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Development & Gender EqualityDevelopment & Gender Equality
Global inequality of female income & attainmentGlobal inequality of female income & attainment• In many countries women perform most of the workIn many countries women perform most of the work
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Earth System ScienceEarth System Science Dynamic ProcessesDynamic Processes Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics
• Continental DriftContinental Drift• Continental ShieldContinental Shield
Alfred WegenerAlfred Wegener
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Plate TectonicsPlate Tectonics
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Seasons, Weather & ClimateSeasons, Weather & Climate Earth’s OrbitEarth’s Orbit
• Axial TiltAxial Tilt• EquinoxEquinox• Summer SolsticeSummer Solstice• Winter SolsticeWinter Solstice
WeatherWeather• At a specific time & At a specific time &
placeplace RainRain SnowSnow WindyWindy
ClimateClimate• Average conditions Average conditions
over longer time over longer time framesframes
SeasonalitySeasonality MonsoonsMonsoons
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Atmospheric CirculationAtmospheric Circulation
Hadley CellsHadley Cells• Trade WindsTrade Winds• WesterliesWesterlies• Jet StreamsJet Streams• Subtropical Subtropical
HighsHighs• Intertropical Intertropical
Convergence Convergence ZoneZone
• Polar FrontsPolar Fronts
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PrecipitationPrecipitation
Convectional PrecipitationConvectional Precipitation• EquatorialEquatorial
Orographic PrecipitationOrographic Precipitation• Rising air over mountainsRising air over mountains
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Global Global Rainfall Rainfall
& & Climatic Climatic ZonesZones
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World EcosystemsWorld Ecosystems EcosystemsEcosystems
• BiomesBiomes
BiogeographyBiogeography• BiodiversityBiodiversity
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Climate ChangeClimate Change
Natural ProcessesNatural Processes• GlaciersGlaciers• VolcanoesVolcanoes• TectonicsTectonics
Human ProcessesHuman Processes• Greenhouse GasesGreenhouse Gases• Carbon DioxideCarbon Dioxide• Water VaporWater Vapor• AerosolsAerosols
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World-SystemWorld-System
Economic TiesEconomic Ties• CapitalismCapitalism• CommunismCommunism
Immanuel Immanuel WallersteinWallerstein
InterdependentInterdependent• CoreCore• Semi-PeripherySemi-Periphery• PeripheryPeriphery• Consolidation of the Consolidation of the
World EconomyWorld Economy• Spatial JusticeSpatial Justice
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Organizing the CoreOrganizing the Core Division of LaborDivision of Labor
• Separation of productive Separation of productive processesprocesses
• Gender division of laborGender division of labor
StandardizationStandardization• TimeTime• SpaceSpace• MeasureMeasure• ValueValue• MoneyMoney
Organizes laborOrganizes labor Facilitates tradeFacilitates trade Supports IndustrySupports Industry Supports creditSupports credit
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National IdentitiesNational Identities Nation Nation
Nation-StateNation-State
Nationalism Nationalism
DiasporaDiaspora
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Commodification of NatureCommodification of Nature Judeo-Christian ViewJudeo-Christian View
Earlier View, Organic:Earlier View, Organic:• Nature as nurturing and chaoticNature as nurturing and chaotic• Both considered femaleBoth considered female
EnlightenmentEnlightenment• Rationalize the nurturingRationalize the nurturing• Tame the chaoticTame the chaotic
CommodifyCommodify
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Organizing the PeripheryOrganizing the Periphery
ExplorationExploration SettlementSettlement 1870s on – 1870s on –
• Growth of coloniesGrowth of colonies Leadership CyclesLeadership Cycles HegemonyHegemony
• Imperial Imperial OverstretchOverstretch
ImperialismImperialism ColonialismColonialism
• BritainBritain• GermanyGermany• FranceFrance• The NetherlandsThe Netherlands• U.S.U.S.• JapanJapan
Carving of AfricaCarving of Africa
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Imperialism & ColonialismImperialism & Colonialism
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Imperialism & ColonialismImperialism & Colonialism
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International Division of LaborInternational Division of Labor
Specialization of regions & Specialization of regions & peoplespeoples• Supply the coreSupply the core• Comparative AdvantageComparative Advantage• Non-CompetitiveNon-Competitive
World Economic World Economic GeographyGeography
International Trade International Trade RoutesRoutes
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Exploration & ExploitationExploration & Exploitation
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U.S. Tribal LandsU.S. Tribal Lands
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Discovery or InvasionDiscovery or Invasion
Economic, Political, & Economic, Political, & Religious MotivesReligious Motives
Supposed Superiority Supposed Superiority of the Westof the West
Transformation and Transformation and Destruction of Local Destruction of Local SystemsSystems
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Development TheoryDevelopment Theory
Rostow’s Stages of Economic GrowthRostow’s Stages of Economic Growth• Assumes that poverty and lack of development are the problems Assumes that poverty and lack of development are the problems • Also assumes that poor countries need to emulate Western growthAlso assumes that poor countries need to emulate Western growth
DevelopmentalismDevelopmentalism
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NeoliberalismNeoliberalism World BankWorld Bank International Monetary Fund (IMF)International Monetary Fund (IMF) Structural AdjustmentStructural Adjustment
• PrivatizationPrivatization• Export ProductionExport Production• Removal of Import RestrictionsRemoval of Import Restrictions• Encourage Foreign InvestmentEncourage Foreign Investment• Reduce Government BudgetsReduce Government Budgets
Food Subsidies, Welfare Programs, Health Food Subsidies, Welfare Programs, Health Care, Education usually first to sufferCare, Education usually first to suffer
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Key Factors of GlobalizationKey Factors of Globalization New International New International
Division of LaborDivision of Labor• Decline of U.S. as an Decline of U.S. as an
Industrial ProducerIndustrial Producer• Decentralization of Decentralization of
Manufacturing Manufacturing ProductionProduction
• Specializations Within Specializations Within the Corethe Core
Internationalization of Internationalization of FinanceFinance• Global Banking & Global Banking &
Financial MarketsFinancial Markets• World CitiesWorld Cities
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Key Factors of GlobalizationKey Factors of Globalization New Technology SystemsNew Technology Systems
• Energy TechnologiesEnergy Technologies• Manufacturing & Manufacturing &
Management TechnologiesManagement Technologies• Communications & Communications &
TransportationTransportation Time-Space ConvergenceTime-Space Convergence
Homogenization of Homogenization of Consumer MarketsConsumer Markets• World ProductsWorld Products• MaterialismMaterialism• Advertising & EntertainmentAdvertising & Entertainment
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Key Factors of GlobalizationKey Factors of Globalization Transnational CorporationsTransnational Corporations
• Limited Liability CorporationsLimited Liability Corporations• Investments & Activities Span International BoundariesInvestments & Activities Span International Boundaries• Exercise of Power Over Peripheral StatesExercise of Power Over Peripheral States• Export of Jobs to Cheaper Labor MarketsExport of Jobs to Cheaper Labor Markets
Footloose CompaniesFootloose Companies
Transnational Transnational Economic Economic IntegrationIntegration
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Urban StructureUrban Structure
Seattle and Industry
Contrasts between high and low income – New Delhi
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Cultural DiversityCultural DiversityCultural Collisions … and Hybridization
Figure 1.33
Figure 1.35Gujarat, India
South Asia
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Culture (cont’d)Culture (cont’d)
Cultural Cultural ImperialismImperialism
Cultural Cultural NationalismNationalism
Cultural Syncretism Cultural Syncretism or Hybridizationor Hybridization
Figure 1.34a–c
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Language …Language …
Figure 1.36
Figure 1.37
Dubai, UAE
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… … and Religionand Religion
Figure 1.38
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World Regions in Global Context:World Regions in Global Context:Peoples, Places, and Environments (3Peoples, Places, and Environments (3rdrd. ed). ed)
Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, Sallie A. Marston, Paul L. Knox, & Diana M. Liverman& Diana M. Liverman
End of Chapter 1:End of Chapter 1:
A World of RegionsA World of Regions