Chapter 06

Chapter Six

Installation of Fire Protection Systems

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Learning Objectives

• List four classes of fire

• Identify fire suppression system agents compatible with each class

• Describe method of extinguishment

• List and describe the four basic types of sprinkler systems

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Learning Objectives

• Describe differences between NFPA 13, 13D, and 13R standards and applications

• Describe function of standpipe pressure reducing valves and potential hazards

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Learning Objectives

• Describe the purpose for UL-300 standard

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Fire Protection Systems

• Extinguishing systems for structural protection and life safety

• Detection and alarm devices

• Smoke control and removal systems

• Extinguishing systems for industrial process

• Portable first aid extinguishing devices

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• Engineered systems

• Designed for a specific hazard

• Any change in hazard requires reevaluation of the system to determine its effectiveness

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• A primary responsibility of the inspector is to verify system maintenance

• No change to hazard classification

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Fire Extinguishing Systems

• Agents used in extinguishing systems must be appropriate for the hazard

• Compatible with one another

• Water extinguishers are not appropriate for fires in energized electrical equipment

• ABC and BC types of dry chemical are not compatible

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Fire Classes

A - Common combustibles

B - Flammable liquids and gases

C - Energized electrical equipment

D - Combustible metals

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Extinguishing Agent Classes

A - Water, dry chemical, foam, some halon

B - CO², dry chemical, halon, foam

C - CO², dry chemical, halon

D - Dry powder

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Fire Triangle

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Fire Tetrahedron

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NFPA 13

• Property protection system

• Provides a high level of safety

• All areas of building are protected

• Including combustible void spaces

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Occupancy Classifications

• Light Hazard

• Ordinary Hazard Group 1

• Ordinary Hazard Group 2

• Extra Hazard Group 1

• Extra Hazard Group 2

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Light Hazard Occupancies

• Occupancies where quantity and combustibility is low

• Fires develop a low rate of heat release

• Stock piles do not exceed 8 feet

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• Churches

• Schools

• Libraries

• Offices

• Theaters

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• Clubs

• Hospitals

• Museums

• Residential

• Restaurants

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Ordinary Hazard Group 1

• Occupancies where quantity and combustibility is low

• Fires develop a moderate rate of heat release


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• Automobile parking

• Bakeries

• Canneries

• Dairies

• Restaurant service areas

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• Occupancies where quantity and combustibility is moderate

• Fires develop a moderate rate of heat release


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• Cereal mills

• Chemical plants

• Distilleries

• Dry cleaners

• Machine shops

• Repair garages

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Extra Hazard Group 1

• Occupancies where quantity and combustibility is very high

• Fires develop a high rate of heat release

• May contain a small amount of flammable liquids

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• Aircraft hangars

• Plywood manufacturing

• Saw mills

• Textile picking

• Upholstering with plastic foam

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• Occupancies where quantity and combustibility is very high

• Fires develop a high rate of heat release

• May contain a large amount of flammable liquids

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Extra Hazard Group 2• Flammable liquid spraying

• Manufactured home assembly

• Plastics processing

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Sprinkler Standards

• NFPA 13R Standard – Installation of sprinkler systems in residential

occupancies up to four stories

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NFPA 13R

• Residential occupancies 4 stories

• Sprinklers may be omitted from:– Bathrooms 55 ft²– Closets 24 ft²– Garages, carports, porches, attics, crawl

spaces, and combustible voids

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NFPA 13R

• Provide a high level of life safety

• Designed to prevent or delay flashover and permit escape

• Does not provide property protection

• Building may sustain fire damage

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NFPA 13D

• One- and two-family dwellings

• Sprinklers may be omitted from:– Bathrooms 55 ft²– Closets 24 ft²– Garages, carports, porches, attics, crawl

spaces, and combustible voids

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NFPA 13D

• One- and two-family dwellings

• Designed to prevent or delay flashover and permit escape

• Does not provide property protection

• Building may sustain considerable damage

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Sprinkler System Types

• Wet Pipe Systems

• Dry Pipe Systems

• Preaction Systems

• Deluge Systems

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Wet Pipe Systems

• Most common

• Most reliable

• Water > 7 psi

• Most economical

• For areas not subject to freezing

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Dry Pipe Systems750 gallons per dry pipe valve

• Quick opening device > 500 gallons

• Dry pipe valve in room that is heated, lighted room

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Differential

• Ratio of air pressure to water pressure necessary to balance the dry pipe valve

• Maintaining it in the closed position

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Dry Pipe Systems

750 gallons per dry pipe valve

• Quick opening device > 500 gallons

• Dry pipe valve in room that is heated and lighted

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Preaction Systems

• Closed heads

• Detection devices control valve

• Activation charges system– Wet

• > 20 heads require 7 psi air for supervision

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Deluge Systems

• Used where fire may outrun sprinkler system

• High hazard areas

• Hangars

• Loading racks

• Explosives

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ESFR Sprinklers

• Early Suppression Fast Response– Flow rates up to 125 pm– Designed to extinguish not control– Protect rack storage up to 35 feet with

sprinklers at ceiling only

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Standpipe Classes

• Class I– Fire department– 500 gpm for 30 minutes– 250 gpm for additional standpipes

• Class II– For use by building occupants– 100 gpm for 30 minutes

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Standpipe Classes

• Class III– FD and building occupants

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Types of Standpipe Systems

• Wet with constant water supply

• Dry with automatic actuation

• Dry with manual actuation

• Dry without fixed water supply

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Standpipe Pressure Reducing Devices

• Prevent overpressure on lower floors

• Fire pumps must overcome head pressure of .434 psi per foot or 5 lbs per floor– Achieves correct pressure at topmost outlet

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Standpipe Pressure Reducing Devices

• Pressure on lower floors is higher by about 5 lbs per floor

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Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems

• Designed and installed per NFPA 17

• Automatic and manual actuation

• Warning signs and alarms

• Acceptance tests

• Discharge tests

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Wet Chemical Fire Extinguishing Systems

• Designed and installed per NFPA 17A




• Discharge tests

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Halogenated Extinguishing Systems

• Designed and installed per NFPA 12A




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Halogenated Extinguishing Systems

• Agent names based on chemical formula– Chlorine 1 1– Flourine 3 2– Bromine 0 1– Iodine 1 1

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Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems

• Designed and installed per code and manufacturers instructions




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Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems

• Designed and installed per NFPA 12




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Foam Extinguishing Systems

• Designed and installed per NFPA 11, 11A, 16




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Water Spray Fixed Systems• Designed and installed per NFPA 15

• Automatic actuation


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Fire Department Connections

• Required by – NFPA 13 – Standard for the Installation of

Sprinklers

– NFPA 13R – Residential Occupancies up to 4 Stories

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Fire Department Connections

• Required for all sprinklers systems except:– Limited area systems off domestic water

supply– Systems < 20 heads

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Fire Department ConnectionRequirements

• Connection will supply all sprinklers or all standpipes

• Street front or location approved by the FD

• 18-42” above ground, w/sign

• No obstructions

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Fire Alarm and Detection Systems

• Notification of occupants

• Activation of fire protection systems

• NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm Code

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Fire Alarm System Components

• Detection devices– Smoke, heat, water flow, UV flame

• Signaling or notification devices– Bells, horns, AV devices

• Control panel– System “brain”

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Summary

• Fire protection systems are hazard-specific

• Sprinkler system standards 13, 13D, and 13R provide different levels of protection

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Summary

• Passive fire protection features, rated and (or) noncombustible construction

• Active features, sprinklers, alarms, etc, are complimentary

Chapter 06

Business

Transcript of Chapter 06