Chapter 05 - Electricity for Lighting

8/11/2019 Chapter 05 - Electricity for Lighting

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ELECTRICITY FORELECTRICITY FORLIGHTINGLIGHTINGbyby

EngrEngr. Alexis T.. Alexis T. BelonioBelonio

Department of Agricultural Engineering andDepartment of Agricultural Engineering andEnvironmental ManagementEnvironmental Management

College of AgricultureCollege of Agriculture

Central Philippine UniversityCentral Philippine UniversityIloilo CityIloilo City

[email protected]@yahoo.com


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IntroductionIntroduction

Good lighting is theGood lighting is the

right amount of theright amount of theright kind of light in theright kind of light in the

right places.right places.

Good lighting is vital toGood lighting is vital to

our health, comfort,our health, comfort,

and convenience.and convenience.


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Definition and PrinciplesDefinition and Principles

LightLightIt is a visually evaluated radiant energy.It is a visually evaluated radiant energy.

Lumen is a unit measure of light source output.Lumen is a unit measure of light source output.It is used when the lighted area is measured inIt is used when the lighted area is measured insquare feet and the intensity is measured insquare feet and the intensity is measured in

footfoot--candles.candles. Light intensity is measured in units known asLight intensity is measured in units known as

foot candles.foot candles.

One footOne foot--candle of intensity is a quantity of onecandle of intensity is a quantity of onelumen per square foot area.lumen per square foot area.


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The foot candle ftThe foot candle ft--c has been accepted inc has been accepted in

illumination engineering as the unit useillumination engineering as the unit usewhen specifying the intensity of lightwhen specifying the intensity of light

needed for the various seeing task.needed for the various seeing task.

A footA foot--candle meter is used for measuringcandle meter is used for measuring

the light intensity of various location.the light intensity of various location.


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Lighting Broiler Farm


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Quality of LightQuality of Light

Quality and quantity are essentials in goodQuality and quantity are essentials in good

lighting.lighting. Good quality lighting means the area isGood quality lighting means the area is

free from glare, wellfree from glare, well--diffused, and welldiffused, and well

distributed.distributed.

Good quality lighting means there isGood quality lighting means there is

absence of discomfort, eye fatigue,absence of discomfort, eye fatigue,annoyance, and contrasting shadows.annoyance, and contrasting shadows.


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LuminaireLuminaire

It is the most importantIt is the most important

lighting fixture accessorylighting fixture accessory LuminaireLuminaire conceals theconceals the

light source or to redirectlight source or to redirect

the light or to break upthe light or to break upand distribute the light,and distribute the light,

and for decoration.and for decoration.


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Types ofTypes of LuminaireLuminaire

Direct TypeDirect Typesuited for general purposesuited for general purpose

farm use. It the most efficient among thefarm use. It the most efficient among thedifferent types ofdifferent types of luminaireluminaire.. Shallow DomeShallow Dome

Standard DomeStandard Dome

Deep BowlDeep Bowl

Shallow Dome Standard Dome DeepBowl


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Semi or indirect Type suited forresidential applications. It eliminate glare

and provide excellent quality but gives lessintensity per watt.

Semi-direct type

Indirect type

Semi-Direct Indirect


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Types of Incandescent BulbsTypes of Incandescent Bulbs Inside frosted bulbsInside frosted bulbsfor general usefor general use

Clear glass bulbsClear glass bulbs

SilverSilver--bowl bulbsbowl bulbsreflects the light backreflects the light backtoward the screw basetoward the screw base

Blue bulbsBlue bulbsreduces glare but also reducesreduces glare but also reduces

outputoutput Milky white bulbsMilky white bulbsgives off a soft white lightgives off a soft white light

Lumen per output per watt is higher for theLumen per output per watt is higher for the

larger wattage ratings.larger wattage ratings. Larger bulbs are more efficient.Larger bulbs are more efficient.


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Fluorescent LampFluorescent Lamp

Light is produced when the enclosed gas isLight is produced when the enclosed gas ismade to react with the fluorescent materialmade to react with the fluorescent materialon the inside surface of the gas tube.on the inside surface of the gas tube.

Average life is from 2,500 to 6,000 hrsAverage life is from 2,500 to 6,000 hrs


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Recent types of fluorescent bulbsRecent types of fluorescent bulbs

Fluorescent lamp produces about threeFluorescent lamp produces about threetimes more light per watt thantimes more light per watt thanincandescent bulb.incandescent bulb.

Fluorescent lamp is favorably costFluorescent lamp is favorably costeffective as compared with incandescenteffective as compared with incandescentlamp.lamp.

It is frequently employ when a person isIt is frequently employ when a person isworking close to the bulb since it is moreworking close to the bulb since it is morecooler than the incandescent bulb. Itcooler than the incandescent bulb. It

produces less amount of infrared energyproduces less amount of infrared energyand lower wattage rating for the sameand lower wattage rating for the sameamount of light.amount of light.


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Lighting ArrangementLighting Arrangement

Local LightingLocal Lightingarranging the light source relativelyarranging the light source relativelyclose to work, such as desk lamp or a lamp overclose to work, such as desk lamp or a lamp overworkbench. The plan is to provide light for certainworkbench. The plan is to provide light for certain

limited areas and not to be concerned with lighting inlimited areas and not to be concerned with lighting inlarge space.large space.

General LightingGeneral LightingA light source arrangement whichA light source arrangement which

are designed to supply a fairly uniform light intensityare designed to supply a fairly uniform light intensityover large areas. It generally supplies light of lowover large areas. It generally supplies light of lowintensity.intensity.

Combination of Local and General LightingCombination of Local and General LightingIn thisIn thisarrangement, the entire space is lighted generally andarrangement, the entire space is lighted generally andthen supplemental lighting is employed for a specialthen supplemental lighting is employed for a speciallocal area within the space. The general lightinglocal area within the space. The general lighting

should be 1/3 of the light at those areas which are toshould be 1/3 of the light at those areas which are toreceive the highest intensity.receive the highest intensity.


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Room IndexRoom Index

Refers to the proportion of room dimension inRefers to the proportion of room dimension interms of the amount of light received in a giventerms of the amount of light received in a givenspecific area.specific area.

It is the walls wastes light.It is the walls wastes light.

The walls and ceiling absorb some of the lightThe walls and ceiling absorb some of the lightand much of the light reflected by the walls doesand much of the light reflected by the walls doesnot reach the useful places.not reach the useful places.

Large rooms having lower ratio of wall area toLarge rooms having lower ratio of wall area tofloor area use light more efficiently than smallfloor area use light more efficiently than smallrooms.rooms.


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Coefficient of UtilizationCoefficient of Utilization

It is the ratio of the quantity of light on the working placeIt is the ratio of the quantity of light on the working place

to the quantity of light output from the source.to the quantity of light output from the source.

It is the expression of the efficiency of the lightingIt is the expression of the efficiency of the lighting

arrangement and it is influenced by the room index, thearrangement and it is influenced by the room index, the

luminaireluminaire, and condition of the walls., and condition of the walls.


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Formula for Lamp Lumen RequiredFormula for Lamp Lumen Required

Foot Candles x Floor Area

Lamp Lumen Rqd = ---------------------------------------------

Coeff of Utilization x Service Factor

Service factor is taken as 0.7 which allows for a decrease in lumenoutput as the total hours of lamp use increase and as the surface ofthe lamp and luminaire become dusty and spotted with use


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Recommended Lighting IntensityRecommended Lighting Intensity

for Swine Housingfor Swine Housing

AreaArea Lighting IntensityLighting IntensityLuxLux (Lumen/m(Lumen/m22))

Breeding, gestation,Breeding, gestation,andand farrowingfarrowing 150150

NurseriesNurseries 100100

Growing and finishingGrowing and finishing 5050

Inspection areasInspection areas 200200

Based on PAES 401:2001

R d d Li htiR d d Li hti


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Recommended LightingRecommended Lighting

Intensity for Poultry FarmIntensity for Poultry FarmTypeType Lighting IntensityLighting Intensity

LuxLux (Lumen/m(Lumen/m22

))Broiler HouseBroiler House 200200

Layer HouseLayer House 200200

Source: PAES 402:2001 and PAES 403:2001


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Room Index According to SpaceRoom Index According to Space

Proportion (Room Width: 9.5 to 10.5)Proportion (Room Width: 9.5 to 10.5)

RoomRoomLengthLength

88--8.5 ft*8.5 ft* 99--9.5 ft*9.5 ft* 1010--11.5 ft*11.5 ft* 1212--13.5 ft*13.5 ft* 1414--16.5 ft*16.5 ft*

1010--1414 HH II JJ JJ --

1414--2020 HH II JJ JJ JJ

2020--3030 GG HH II JJ JJ

3030--4242 GG GG HH II JJ

4242--6060 FF GG HH II JJ

*Height of Light source above floor


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Proportion (Room Width: 13 to 15.5)Proportion (Room Width: 13 to 15.5)



1414--2020 GG HH HH II JJ


3030--4242 FF FF GG HH II

4242--6060 EE FF FF HH II

6060--9090 EE EE FF GG HH


R S


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Proportion (Room Width: 16 to18.5)Proportion (Room Width: 16 to18.5)




2020--3030 FF FF GG HH II

3030--4242 EE FF GG HH HH

4242--6060 EE EE FF GG GG

6060--110110 EE EE FF GG GG



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Proportion (Room Width: 19 to 21.5)Proportion (Room Width: 19 to 21.5)



2020--3030 EE FF GG HH II


4242--6060 DD EE EE FF GG

6060--9090 DD EE EE FF GG

9090--140140 DD DD EE FF FF


R I d A di t SR I d A di t S


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Proportion (Room Width: 22 to 26)Proportion (Room Width: 22 to 26)




3030--4242 DD EE FF GG GG

4242--6060 DD DD EE FF GG

6060--9090 DD DD EE FF FF

9090--140140 CC DD EE EE FF


R I d A di t SR I d A di t S


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Proportion (Room Width: 27 to 33)Proportion (Room Width: 27 to 33)



3030--4242 DD DD EE FF GG

4242--6060 CC DD DD FF FF

6060--9090 CC CC DD EE FF

9090--140140 CC CC DD EE EE



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Coefficient of Utilization for Direct and SemiCoefficient of Utilization for Direct and Semi--

Direct Incandescent LampDirect Incandescent Lamp

Room IndexRoom Index Light InteriorsLight Interiors Dark InteriorsDark Interiors

AA 0.690.69 0.650.65

BB 0.670.67 0.630.63

CC 0.640.64 0.600.60

DD 0.620.62 0.580.58

EE 0.580.58 0.530.53

FF 0.530.53 0.480.48

GG 0.500.50 0.450.45

HH 0.460.46 0.420.42

II 0.420.42 0.370.37

JJ 0.340.34 0.280.28

Type of Luminaire: RLM Standard dome Frosted lamp

MS = 1.0 x MH


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C ffi i t f Utili ti f Di t d S i


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Direct Fluorescent LampDirect Fluorescent Lamp


AA 0.720.72 0.690.69

BB 0.700.70 0.680.68

CC 0.670.67 0.650.65

DD 0.650.65 0.630.63

EE 0.600.60 0.580.58

FF 0.540.54 0.520.52

GG 0.510.51 0.490.49

HH 0.470.47 0.460.46

II 0.420.42 0.410.41

JJ 0.320.32 0.310.31

Type of Luminaire: Fluorescent Fixture % lumen up, 0% lumen down, 80 Direct RLM, 2-40 watts

MS = 1.0 x MH

C ffi i t f Utili ti f Di t d S iC ffi i t f Utili ti f Di t d S i


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AA 0.580.58 0.560.56

BB 0.570.57 0.550.55

CC 0.550.55 0.530.53

DD 0.530.53 0.520.52

EE 0.500.50 0.480.48

FF 0.460.46 0.450.45

GG 0.430.43 0.420.42

HH 0.400.40 0.390.39

II 0.360.36 0.350.35

JJ 0.280.28 0.280.28

Type of Luminaire: Fluorescent Fixture % lumen up, 0% lumen down, 64 Direct RLM with louvers

MS = 0.9 x MH

C ffi i t f Utili ti f Di t d S iC ffi i t f Utili ti f Di t d S i


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AA 0.410.41 0.160.16

BB 0.390.39 0.150.15

CC 0.340.34 0.130.13

DD 0.310.31 0.120.12

EE 0.280.28 0.110.11

FF 0.240.24 0.090.09

GG 0.220.22 0.080.08

HH 0.190.19 0.070.07

II 0.150.15 0.060.06

JJ 0.110.11 0.040.04

Type of Luminaire: Fluorescent Fixture % lumen up,80 % lumen down, 0 Indirect-glass, plastic, or metal

MS = 1.2 x MH

Lumen Ratings for InsideLumen Ratings for Inside FrostedFrosted


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Lumen Ratings for InsideLumen Ratings for Inside-- FrostedFrosted

Incandescent LampIncandescent LampWattsWatts Initial LumenInitial Lumen Lumen at 70%Lumen at 70%

Rated LifeRated LifeRated AverageRated Average

Laboratory Li fe, hrLaboratory Life, hr

66 4040 . . .. . . 1,5001,500

1010 7979 7272 1,5001,500

1515 140140 121121 1,2001,200

2525 260260 217217 1,0001,000

4040 468468 428428 1,0001,000

5050 660660 625625 1,0001,000

6060 828828 786786 1,0001,000

7575 1,1101,110 987987 750750100100 1,6201,620 1,5301,530 750750

150150 2,5802,580 2,3402,340 750750

200200 3,6403,640 3,2403,240 750750

300300 5,8205,820 5,1605,160 750750

Lumen Ratings for Preheat StartingLumen Ratings for Preheat Starting


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Lumen Ratings for Preheat StartingLumen Ratings for Preheat Starting

Fluorescent LampFluorescent LampWattsWatts TubeTube

Length, in.Length, in.3,5003,500

WhiteWhiteDaylightDaylight Soft WhiteSoft White 2500 2500

WhiteWhite

66 99 210210 186186 . . .. . . 198198

88 1212 330330 295295 . . .. . . 310310

1313 2121 585585 520520 . . .. . . 545545

1414 1515 490490 435435 380380 460460

1515 1818 615615 585585 480480 600600

2020 2424 920920 800800 700700 860860

3030 3636 1,4701,470 1,2501,250 1,1701,170 1,3801,380

4040 4848 2,3002,300 1,9201,920 1,7201,720 2,1002,100

100100 6060 4,2004,200 3,9003,900 3,3003,300 4,0004,000


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Required Number of Fluorescent BulbsRequired Number of Fluorescent Bulbs


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Required Number of Fluorescent BulbsRequired Number of Fluorescent Bulbs

for Different Lighting Intensityfor Different Lighting Intensity

LightingLightingIntensityIntensity

25W25W 40W40W

500500 0.6820.682 0.2660.266

400400 0.5460.546 0.2130.213

300300 0.4090.409 0.1600.160

200200 0.2730.273 0.1070.107

150150 0.2050.205 0.0800.080100100 0.1360.136 0.0530.053

5050 0.0680.068 0.0270.027

1010 0.0140.014 0.0050.005


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ReferencesReferences Brown, R. 1956. Farm electrification. McGrawBrown, R. 1956. Farm electrification. McGraw--Hill BookHill Book

Company. New York. 367pp.Company. New York. 367pp.

PAES. 2001. Philippine Agricultural Engineering StandardsPAES. 2001. Philippine Agricultural Engineering StandardsVolume II. AMTEC, CEAT, UPLB, College, Laguna.Volume II. AMTEC, CEAT, UPLB, College, Laguna.


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Chapter 05 - Electricity for Lighting

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