Chapter 05
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Transcript of Chapter 05
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Essentials of Fire Fighting6th Edition
Firefighter I
Chapter 5 — Fire Behavior
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Explain the science of fire as it relates to energy, forms of ignition,
and modes of combustion.
Learning Objective 1
5–2
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Understanding the physical science of fire can help firefighter safety.
5–3
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There are two types of changes firefighters should understand.
5–4
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The concept of energy is also important for firefighters to know.
5–5
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There are two forms of energy that firefighters should know about.
5–6
Co
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drzyko
wski, N
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There are many types of energy and all can change from one type to another.
5–7
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You should also know about how to measure and the exchange of energy.
5–8
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There are two types of energy reactions that you should understand.
5–9
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The process of ignition follows a sequence of steps.
5–10
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Piloted and autoignition are the two forms of ignition.
5–11
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Fire and combustion require similar conditions to occur.
5–12
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The fire triangle is the oldest and simplest fire model.
5–13
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The fire tetrahedron represents the uninhibited chain reaction that must be present for fire to occur.
5–14
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There are several materials that affect both ignition and fire development.
5–15
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The two types of combustion occur under different circumstances.
5–16
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The products of combustion generate as fuel burns and changes chemical composition.
5–17
(Cont.)
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The products of combustion generate as fuel burns and changes chemical composition.
5–18
(Cont.)
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WARNING
Smoke is fuel and is always potentially flammable. Wear full PPE and SCBA anytime you work in smoke.
5–19
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The products of combustion generate as fuel burns and changes chemical composition.
5–20
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REVIEW QUESTION
How does the science of fire relate to energy, forms of ignition, and modes of combustion?
5–21
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Describe the impact of thermal energy on heat, temperature,
and heat transfer.
Learning Objective 2
5–22
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Thermal energy (heat) is the energy element in both fire models.
5–23
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You should understand the relationship between heat and temperature.
5–24
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There are several sources of thermal energy you should recognize.
5–25
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Understanding the concept of heat transfer can help in several ways.
5–26
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The concept of transfer rate is influenced by several factors.
5–27
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Conduction is the transfer of heat through and between solids.
5–28
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Convection is the transfer of thermal energy by circulation or movement of fluid (liquid or gas).
5–29
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Radiation is the transmission of energy as an electromagnetic wave, without an intervening medium.
5–30
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REVIEW QUESTION
What impact does thermal energy have on heat, temperature, and heat transfer?
5–31
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Recognize the physical states of fuel.
Learning Objective 3
5–32
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Fuel is the material or substance oxidized or burned in combustion.
5–33
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The chemical content of fuel influences heat of combustion and heat release rate.
5–34
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Gaseous fuel can be the most dangerous of all fuel types.
5–35
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The properties of liquid fuel are important to understand.
5–36
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Vaporization is the transformation of a liquid to a vapor or gaseous state.
5–37
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Solubility is a factor to consider regarding liquid fuels.
5–38
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Density is also a factor to consider regarding liquid fuels.
5–39
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The properties of solid fuel influence the process of pyrolysis.
5–40
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REVIEW QUESTION
What are the physical states that fuel can be found in?
5–41
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Explain the relationship between oxygen and life safety.
Learning Objective 4
5–42
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Oxygen is the primary oxidizing agent present at most fires.
5–43
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Combustion occurs after a fuel has been converted to a gaseous state and mixed with an oxidizer in proper ratio.
5–44
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REVIEW QUESTION
How do oxygen and life safety relate to one another?
5–45
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Identify the products of self-sustained chemical reactions.
Learning Objective 5
5–46
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Self-sustained chemical reactions create several products.
5–47
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REVIEW QUESTION
What products of self-sustained chemical reactions combine to
make flammable and toxic substances?
5–48
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Explain the factors that affect fire development.
Learning Objective 6
5–49
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Describe the stages of fire development.
Learning Objective 7
5–50
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The stages of fire development occur in both unconfined and confined fires.
5–51
(Cont.)
Co
urte
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Click image to
play
Traditional – Lab development
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The stages of fire development occur in both unconfined and confined fires.
5–52
Click image to
play
Co
urte
sy of D
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Ma
drzyko
wski, N
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Actual – Real world development
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There are several factors that will affect fire development.
5–53
(Cont.)
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There are several factors that will affect fire development.
5–54
(Cont.)
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There are several factors that will affect fire development.
5–55
(Cont.)
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There are several factors that will affect fire development.
5–56
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REVIEW QUESTION
What different factors can impact fire development?
5–57
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The incipient stage starts when the elements of the fire triangle come together and combustion begins.
5–58
Co
urte
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The growth stage occurs as the fire transitions and is influenced by air in the compartment.
5–59
Co
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Thermal layering can also occur during the growth stage.
5–60
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Isolated flames and rapid transitions may also be a part of the growth stage.
5–61
Co
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The fully developed stage occurs when all combustible materials are burning.
5–62
Co
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The decay stage brings combustion to a complete stop through two means.
5–63
Co
urte
sy of D
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Ma
drzyko
wski, N
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REVIEW QUESTION
What are the stages of fire development?
5–64
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Recognize signs, causes, and effects of rapid fire development.
Learning Objective 8
5–65
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Rapid fire development is responsible for numerous deaths and injuries.
5–66
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Flashover occurs when combustible materials in a compartment ignite almost simultaneously.
5–67
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There are several common elements in flashover to be aware of.
5–68
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Progression to a flashover is determined by two factors.
5–69
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Firefighters should be aware of several flashover indicators.
5–70
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Backdraft is a change in ventilation that results in explosively rapid combustion of flammable gases.
5–71
Co
urte
sy of B
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Esp
osito
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Firefighters should know about several backdraft indicators as well.
5–72
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Backdraft effects vary depending on several factors and will not always occur immediately after the opening is made.
5–73
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A smoke explosion may occur before or after the decay stage as unburned fuel gases contact an ignition source.
5–74
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REVIEW QUESTION
What are the signs and causes of a backdraft?
5–75
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Describe the methods through which fire fighting operations can influence fire behavior.
Learning Objective 9
5–76
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Firefighters can influence fire behavior through temperature reduction.
5–77
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5–78
Firefighters can influence fire behavior through fuel removal.
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Oxygen exclusion reduces a fire’s growth and may extinguish it over time.
5–79
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Chemical flame inhibition uses agents to interrupt the combustion reaction.
5–80
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Unplanned ventilation may occur before or after suppression operations start.
5–81
(Cont.)
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WARNING
Wind driven conditions can occur in any type of structure. Wind speeds as low as 10 mph (16 kph) can create wind-driven conditions.
5–82
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Unplanned ventilation may occur before or after suppression operations start.
5–83
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Tactical ventilation is planned, systematic, and coordinated.
5–84
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WARNING
Even coordinated tactical ventilation increases the combustion rate in ventilation controlled fires.
5–85
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REVIEW QUESTION
How can fire fighting operations impact fire behavior?
5–86
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• You need to understand the combustion process, how fire behaves, and how to select appropriate extinguishing agents.
• Understanding fire behavior can help you recognize developing fire conditions and respond safely to mitigate hazards present in the fire environment.
Summary
5–87