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Transcript of Chapter 027
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1Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Chapter 27
Disseminating Research Findings
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2Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Disseminating Research Findings
Final step in research process If it isn’t communicated, nobody knows Ethical responsibility to research subjects not
to have wasted their time Developing a research report Disseminating report through
Presentations Publications
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3Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Content of a Research Report
Article, conference podium presentation, conference poster presentation
Four major sections: Introduction Methods Results Discussion of the findings
Also includes title and abstract
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4Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Title and Abstract
Title Tells reader what was studied Engages the reader Includes principal variables and hints at method;
may include population Abstract
Summarizes key aspects of study 100 to 300 words in length Problem, purpose, framework, methods, sample,
one or two results, conclusions
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5Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Introduction
Discusses background/significance of problem
Identifies problem statement and purpose Reviews relevant empirical and theoretical
literature Describes study framework (variables may be
conceptually defined here) Identifies research purpose (aims, objectives,
questions, or hypotheses if applicable)
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6Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Methods
How study was conducted Must provide sufficient detail for critical
appraisal or replication Design Sample and setting Methods of measurement Data collection process Plan for data analysis
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7Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Design
Explicitly stated What type of quantitative research Must match title, purpose, type of variables,
and statistical tests used
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8Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Sample and Setting
Describe Sampling method Criteria for selecting sample Sample size Sample characteristics Statistical power analysis used Details about subject recruitment Method for assigning subjects to groups
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9Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Measurement Methods
How variables were operationalized and measured
Measure’s scaling and range of scores Frequency with which instrument was used Reliability and validity information Accuracy, precision, selectivity, sensitivity,
and sources of error of physiological measures
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10Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Data Collection Process and Procedures
Who collected, and how they collected If more than one person collected, how they
were trained How data were recorded, if not apparent
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11Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Analysis Plan
Pre-analysis preparation of the data Data analysis:
Statistics used Program used
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12Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Results
What was learned from This study Results generated from statistical analyses Description of the sample
Narrative format Organized into figures and tables
Presentation of results Descriptive statistics first (mean, standard
deviation) (quantitative) Then results organized by hypotheses, questions,
or objectives (quantitative)
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13Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Presentation of Results in Figures and Tables
Space-saving Use of APA guidelines Must be clear, accurate, complete
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14Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Figures
Diagrams or pictures that illustrate the results Used only if they clarify, save space, and are
acceptable by journal editors Bar graph Line graph Pie chart
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15Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Tables
More frequently used than figures Useful for display of complex statistical
relationships Used to identify correlations among variables Correlation matrices
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16Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Discussion
Ties other sections of the research report together and interprets them
Includes Major findings Limitations of study Conclusions drawn from findings Implications of findings for nursing Recommendations for further research
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17Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Reference Citations
All sources that were cited in the report APA (2010) format required by editors of
many nursing and psychology journals In alphabetical order by first author:
First author is the major contributor Don’t change order of authors for a publication
when citing them
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18Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Qualitative Research Report
Title: clear, concise, identifies study focus Abstract: briefly summarizes key parts of
study and usually includes Aim of study Qualitative approach (e.g., phenomenology,
grounded theory, ethnography, or historical) Methods including sample, setting, and methods
of data collection Brief synopsis of findings Implications of findings
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19Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Introduction
Principal concept to be studied Significance of study topic Type of qualitative study conducted Aim/purpose of study Why topic is important (gap) in relation to
existing literature Sometimes a brief literature review
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20Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Methods
General method of inquiry Specific methods of inquiry used in study Data analysis plan/procedures
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21Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Results
Presentation of findings Usually organized by themes/essences Presented in context, when possible
Ethnography Phenomenology Grounded
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22Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Discussion
Conclusions Study limitations Implications for nursing Recommendations for further research
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23Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Theses and Dissertations
Detailed reports that students develop as part of requirements for a degree
Most organized as chapters (more recently, some now organized as introduction, and two to five publishable papers)
Huge literature reviews, especially in dissertations
All written in accordance with requirements of their respective programs
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24Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Audiences for Communication of Research Findings
Targeting the audience or readership General considerations:
Cui bono? Who will benefit by knowing this? Within nursing? Within another discipline? Limitations to generalization may increase with
geography
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25Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Strategies for Communicating Research to Different Audiences
Nurses Health care professionals Policymakers Consumers
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26Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Audience of Nurses
Most commonly selected by nurses In-person presentations at conferences of
organizations Conference abstracts in program proceedings
Journals Target by readership Target by professional interest Books—popular or professional
Textbook chapters
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27Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Audience of Health Care Professionals and Policy Makers
Pan-disciplinary conferences Some specialty journals Most useful when
Topic applies to others outside nursing A substantial nursing interest group exists within
the organization
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28Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Audience of Health Care Consumers
News releases Nursing research article in a local paper Online Popular press
Journals Books
Television and radio Patient and family teaching
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29Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Purpose of Presenting Research Findings
Share preliminary findings Answer questions about their studies Interact with other interested researchers Receive immediate feedback on study Verbal presentations Poster presentations
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30Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Verbal Presentations
Requires Receiving acceptance of your abstract as a
presenter Developing a research report Delivering the report Responding to questions
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31Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Receiving Acceptance as a Presenter - Hints
Submit a good abstract (acceptance based on the quality of the abstract) Usually based on results from completed study,
not yet published Title of abstract must create interest, and
body of abstract “sells” the study to reviewers When writing abstract, know the audience
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32Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Developing an Oral Research Presentation
Depends on focus and audience of conference, and on total time allotted
Aim: One slide per minute Focus: What is new in this area of research? Acknowledgment of funding sources and
declaration of conflict of interest
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33Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Delivering a Research Report and Responding to Questions
Practice, practice, practice Time the presentation Attempt not to read the slides Attempt not to read from a script Try to anticipate questions that audience
might ask
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34Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Poster Sessions
Usually last 1 to 2 hours Poster might be accepted while study is still
in progress, or might be an entire completed study
Much less threatening to present Individual conversations with passersby at
conference who look at the poster Networking Must be eyecatching
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35Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Publishing Findings
Most theses are never published Even negative findings are important Very time-consuming Authorship credit: discussion best when a
paper is First considered First author: largest contribution and/or
conceptualized the research All authors: must have contributed Last author: sometimes a distant senior member
of a large research team
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36Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Publishing a Journal Article
Steps in developing a manuscript for publication: Select a journal Develop a query letter Prepare a manuscript Submit a manuscript for review Revise the manuscript
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37Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Selecting a Journal
Refereed journal: peer-reviewed; uses referees or expert reviewers to determine whether a manuscript is acceptable for publication
Nonrefereed journal: editor makes decisions to accept or reject manuscripts
Type of journal must match article
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38Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Journal Impact Factor
May not be the principal concern for new authors
Measures the frequency of citation for average articles in that journal
Journal citation report (JCR) provides quantitative measures to evaluate scientific journals, including data on journal impact factors
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39Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Develop a Query Letter
No more than one page Usually includes abstract and researcher’s
qualifications for writing article May mention length of manuscript (but first
check to see what length of article that journal accepts)
May mention number of tables or figures (but first check to see how many that journal accepts)
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40Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Preparing a Manuscript
Written according to format outlined by journal -APA most common
Written according to journal’s guidelines Guidelines pertain to
Manuscript preparation Submission guidelines Discussion of copyright and conflict of interest
Read some of journal’s articles, and imitate the style of the better ones
Use an article from journal as a guide or template
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41Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Submitting a Manuscript for Review
Submit to only one journal at a time With few exceptions, use electronic
submission only
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42Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Peer Review
By two or more persons Usually standing reviewers for that journal Read, evaluate, identify strengths and
limitations, and make suggestions Like a critique
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43Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Possible Results of Review
Accept as submitted (rare), with likely date for publication
Accept pending minor revisions, sometimes with likely data for publication
Tentatively accept, with major revisions Reject (less frequent, but sometimes because
topic is not suitable for that journal)
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44Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Revisions as Requested
Address limitations identified by reviewers in revised manuscript
Write cover letter explaining exactly how each comment was addressed in rewrite
Usually results in an acceptance; sometimes results in a rejection
Quality manuscripts will display Knowledge of research evidence Timeliness/topic of current interest Newly emerging idea Generalizability across population or international boundaries contribution to theory
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45Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Publication in Online Journals
Advantages: All applications and feedback online Faster communications Continuous publication (usually), so article
published promptly Fewer page limits More tables, figures, accepted Animations acceptable for some Links to other citations possible Real-time tracking of access for impact measures
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46Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Publication in Online Journals (Cont’d)
Disadvantages Not as prestigious Not all refereed
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47Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Publishing Research Findings in Books
Monographs, books, and chapters in books Rarer than journals for most studies Some qualitative, some complex quantitative Requires extensive commitment on the part
of the researcher
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48Copyright © 2013, 2009, 2005, 2001, 1997 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Duplicate Publications and Self-Plagiarism
An article or major portions of an article concurrently published by two journals
Only acceptable if each represents a Different part of the same research
If intentional, self-plagiarism—scientific misconduct
Also applies to published conference proceedings When publishing, acknowledge previous
conference presentations with same material