Chapter 01 2020 Enhanced Edition - The Sociological ... · Web viewAuguste Comte's philosophy of...

True / False

1. Sociology is a systematic study because sociologists apply both theoretical perspectives and research methods to examinations of social behavior. a. True b. FalseANSWER: TruePOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Putting Social Life into PerspectiveQUESTION TYPE: True / FalseLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

SOT.KEND.19.1.1 - Define sociology and explain how it can contribute to our understanding of social life.

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: UnderstandOTHER: Pickup

2. The sociological imagination refers to the ability to view personal problems independently of the social settings in which the problems occur. a. True b. FalseANSWER: FalsePOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: Putting Social Life into PerspectiveQUESTION TYPE: True / FalseLEARNING OBJECTIVES: SOT.KEND.19.1.2 - Identify what is meant by the sociological imagination.KEYWORDS: Bloom's: RememberOTHER: Modified

3. A society is a large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations. a. True b. FalseANSWER: TruePOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: Putting Social Life into PerspectiveQUESTION TYPE: True / FalseLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


KEYWORDS: Bloom's: RememberOTHER: Modified

4. An example of the sociological imagination is the awareness that helps us understand that there is a connection between losing our job and the high unemployment rate in the region in which we live. a. True b. False

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ANSWER: TruePOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Putting Social Life into PerspectiveQUESTION TYPE: True / FalseLEARNING OBJECTIVES: SOT.KEND.19.1.2 - Identify what is meant by the sociological imagination.KEYWORDS: Bloom's: UnderstandOTHER: Pickup

5. The term sex refers to the socially constructed meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with femininity and masculinity. a. True b. FalseANSWER: FalsePOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Importance of a Global Sociological ImaginationQUESTION TYPE: True / FalseLEARNING OBJECTIVES: SOT.KEND.19.1.3 - Describe how we can develop a global sociological imagination.KEYWORDS: Bloom's: RememberOTHER: New

6. Urbanization is the process by which societies are transformed from dependence on agriculture and handmade products to an emphasis on manufacturing and related industries. a. True b. FalseANSWER: FalsePOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Sociological ThinkingQUESTION TYPE: True / FalseLEARNING OBJECTIVES: SOT.KEND.19.1.4 - Describe the historical context in which sociological thinking

developed.KEYWORDS: Bloom's: RememberOTHER: Modified

7. Herbert Spencer coined the term sociology to describe a new science that would engage in the study of society. a. True b. FalseANSWER: FalsePOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: True / FalseLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

SOT.KEND.19.1.5 - Discuss why early social thinkers were concerned with social order and stability.



8. Unlike Herbert Spencer, Auguste Comte supported the idea of the "survival of the fittest," or the view of society known as social Darwinism. a. True b. FalseANSWER: FalsePOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: True / FalseLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


KEYWORDS: Bloom's: UnderstandOTHER: New

9. One of Durkheim's major criticisms is that he failed to consider social structure or the determining power of society in much of his theorizing. a. True b. FalseANSWER: FalsePOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: True / FalseLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



10. In the Marxian framework, the bourgeoisie is composed of those who must sell their labor because they have no other means to earn a livelihood. a. True b. FalseANSWER: FalsePOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: True / FalseLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

SOT.KEND.19.1.6 - Identify reasons why many later social thinkers were concerned with social change.

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: RememberOTHER: Pickup

11. Max Weber believed that sociological research should not exclude the researcher's personal values and economic interests.


a. True b. FalseANSWER: FalsePOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: True / FalseLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

SOT.KEND.19.1.7 - Discuss how industrialization and urbanization influenced the theories of Max Weber and Georg Simmel.

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: UnderstandOTHER: Modified

12. Michel Foucault developed formal sociology, an approach that focuses attention on the universal social forms that underlie social interaction. a. True b. FalseANSWER: FalsePOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: True / FalseLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


KEYWORDS: Bloom's: RememberOTHER: New

13. Conflict perspectives are based on the assumption that society is a stable, orderly system characterized by societal consensus, whereby the majority of members share a common set of values, beliefs, and behavioral expectations. a. True b. FalseANSWER: FalsePOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: True / FalseLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

SOT.KEND.19.1.8 - Compare and contrast contemporary functionalist and conflict perspectives on social life.


14. Durkheim observed that anomie is caused primarily by an absence of social change and a lack of specialized division of labor in society. a. True b. FalseANSWER: FalsePOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

REFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: True / FalseLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



15. According to the functionalist perspective, societies develop social structures (institutions) that persist because they play a part in helping society survive. These institutions include the family, education, government, religion, and the economy. a. True b. FalseANSWER: TruePOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: True / FalseLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



16. Social scientist Thorstein Veblen used the term random consumption to refer to the continuous public display of one's wealth and status through purchases such as expensive houses, clothing, motor vehicles, and other consumer goods. a. True b. FalseANSWER: FalsePOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: True / FalseLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



17. According to Robert K. Merton, a latent function of education is the transmission of knowledge and skills from one generation to the next; a manifest function is the establishment of social relations and networks. a. True b. FalseANSWER: FalsePOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: True / FalseLEARNING OBJECTIVES:




18. C. Wright Mills believed that the most important decisions in the United States are made largely behind the scenes by a small clique composed of the top corporate, political, and military officials. a. True b. FalseANSWER: TruePOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: True / FalseLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



19. Melinda, an affluent entrepreneur, wears the most expensive jewelry and clothes to display her wealth and status. This is an example of conspicuous consumption. a. True b. FalseANSWER: TruePOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ChallengingREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: True / FalseLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


KEYWORDS: Bloom's: ApplyOTHER: New

20. The conflict and functionalist perspectives focus primarily on a microlevel analysis, whereas the symbolic interactionist approaches are based on a macrolevel analysis. a. True b. FalseANSWER: FalsePOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: True / FalseLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

SOT.KEND.19.1.9 - Identify key differences in contemporary symbolic interactionism and postmodernist perspectives on social life.

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: AnalyzeOTHER: Modified

21. Symbols are instrumental in helping people derive meanings from social situations. a. True


b. FalseANSWER: TruePOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: True / FalseLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



22. The origins of the symbolic interactionist perspective can be traced to C. Wright Mills, who is credited with coining the term symbolic interactionism. a. True b. FalseANSWER: FalsePOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: True / FalseLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



23. Marcus spends excessively and has a huge credit card debt. A psychologist is likely to explain Marcus's situation by focusing on the internal factors acting on him, whereas a sociologist is likely to explain the situation by focusing on the external factors causing him to spend excessively. a. True b. FalseANSWER: TruePOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ChallengingREFERENCES: Putting Social Life into PerspectiveQUESTION TYPE: True / FalseLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


KEYWORDS: Bloom's: ApplyOTHER: Modified

24. According to Simmel, interaction patterns are the same between a dyad (a social group with two members) and a triad (a group with three members) because the dynamics of communication remain the same regardless of the number of people in the group. a. True b. FalseANSWER: FalsePOINTS: 1


DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: True / FalseLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



25. Unlike sociology, which concentrates primarily on a single institution, political science examines all major social institutions, including the economy and politics. a. True b. FalseANSWER: FalsePOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Putting Social Life into PerspectiveQUESTION TYPE: True / FalseLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



Multiple Choice

26. Sociology is defined as the: a. systematic study of human society and social interaction. b. scientific study of the evolutionary aspects of social behavior and human cognition. c. scientific analysis of the internal forces acting on the individuals in a given society. d. academic discipline that examines individual human behavior.ANSWER: aPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: Putting Social Life into PerspectiveQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



27. When one country makes a decision to cut down several trees and refuses to take part in environmental conservation, the decision affects the whole world rather than that country alone. This example best illustrates the concept of __________. a. conspicuous consumption b. global interdependence c. sustainable development d. social assimilationANSWER: bCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

POINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ChallengingREFERENCES: Putting Social Life into PerspectiveQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



28. Darius uses credit cards to finance his vacations and dine at expensive restaurants. This scenario best illustrates the concept of a __________. a. functionalist society b. planned economy c. Consumer society d. differential economyANSWER: cPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ChallengingREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



29. Twenty-year-old Mia grew up in a low-income neighborhood. She drinks excessively and is addicted to drugs. The ability to understand that the cause for her behavior may be related to the kind of social environment she was exposed to as a child best illustrates the concept of __________. a. differential association b. the sociological imagination c. social assimilation d. a hybrid identityANSWER: bPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ChallengingREFERENCES: Putting Social Life into PerspectiveQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES: SOT.KEND.19.1.2 - Identify what is meant by the sociological imagination.KEYWORDS: Bloom's: ApplyOTHER: Modified

30. The ability to understand that smoking may be as common as it is because it facilitates social interaction among smokers best illustrates the concept of __________. a. false consciousness b. social stratification c. the looking-glass self d. the sociological imaginationCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

ANSWER: dPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ChallengingREFERENCES: Putting Social Life into PerspectiveQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES: SOT.KEND.19.1.2 - Identify what is meant by the sociological imagination.KEYWORDS: Bloom's: ApplyOTHER: New

31. Some sociologists argue that sociology must be completely value free. This means that they believe that: a. sociological research should be conducted to benefit society rather than the researcher himself or herself. b. sociology should not be affected by personal and emotional biases. c. sociological research should not be based on a rigid set of rules. d. sociology should be qualitative and empirical rather than quantitative and empirical.ANSWER: bPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Putting Social Life into PerspectiveQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



32. The sociological imagination helps people: a. prevent their personal problems from affecting the people around them. b. evaluate social situations based on personal intuitions. c. distinguish between personal troubles and public issues. d. view personal problems independently of the social settings in which the problems occur.ANSWER: cPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Putting Social Life into PerspectiveQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES: SOT.KEND.19.1.2 - Identify what is meant by the sociological imagination.KEYWORDS: Bloom's: UnderstandOTHER: New

33. Spending and overspending are encouraged by the values of society. The sociological imagination is useful for examining such issues because it: a. encourages people to view personal problems independently of the social settings in which the problems

occur. b. helps people evaluate social situations based on personal intuitions. c. integrates microlevel troubles with macrolevel problems on a global basis. d. helps sociologists explain human behavior and cognition based on the internal forces acting on people.ANSWER: c


POINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Putting Social Life into PerspectiveQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES: SOT.KEND.19.1.2 - Identify what is meant by the sociological imagination.KEYWORDS: Bloom's: UnderstandOTHER: Modified

34. A social construction of reality occurs when: a. reality is distorted as a result of social groups and organizations influencing people's beliefs and actions. b. large numbers of people act and respond as if socially constructed categories exist in reality. c. people make dysfunctional or irrational decisions under social pressure. d. people act impulsively in social situations in which they believe they cannot be personally identified.ANSWER: bPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: The Importance of a Global Sociological ImaginationQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES: SOT.KEND.19.1.3 - Describe how we can develop a global sociological imagination.KEYWORDS: Bloom's: UnderstandOTHER: New

35. The world's high-income countries are nations: a. with technologically advanced service occupations. b. with high levels of power distance in society. c. characterized by low levels of pluralism. d. characterized by low levels of social stratification.ANSWER: aPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: The Importance of a Global Sociological ImaginationQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES: SOT.KEND.19.1.3 - Describe how we can develop a global sociological imagination.KEYWORDS: Bloom's: UnderstandOTHER: Modified

36. The United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and the countries of Western Europe are examples of __________. a. middle-income countries b. subordinate-income countries c. low-income countries d. high-income countriesANSWER: dPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Importance of a Global Sociological ImaginationCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

QUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES: SOT.KEND.19.1.3 - Describe how we can develop a global sociological imagination.KEYWORDS: Bloom's: RememberOTHER: Modified

37. Middle-income countries are nations: a. with primarily agrarian economies. b. with industrializing economies. c. characterized by low levels of pluralism. d. characterized by low levels of social stratification.ANSWER: bPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: The Importance of a Global Sociological ImaginationQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES: SOT.KEND.19.1.3 - Describe how we can develop a global sociological imagination.KEYWORDS: Bloom's: UnderstandOTHER: Modified

38. The nations of Eastern Europe and many Latin American countries are examples of __________. a. developed countries b. high-income countries c. middle-income countries d. low-income countriesANSWER: cPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Importance of a Global Sociological ImaginationQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES: SOT.KEND.19.1.3 - Describe how we can develop a global sociological imagination.KEYWORDS: Bloom's: RememberOTHER: Modified

39. Low-income countries are: a. characterized primarily by high levels of pluralism. b. characterized by low levels of national income but high levels of personal income. c. industrializing economies. d. primarily agrarian nations.ANSWER: dPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: The Importance of a Global Sociological ImaginationQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES: SOT.KEND.19.1.3 - Describe how we can develop a global sociological imagination.KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Understand


OTHER: Modified

40. Many of the nations of Africa and Asia, such as India, where people typically work the land are examples of __________. a. subordinate-income countries b. low-income countries c. middle-income countries d. high-income countriesANSWER: bPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Importance of a Global Sociological ImaginationQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES: SOT.KEND.19.1.3 - Describe how we can develop a global sociological imagination.KEYWORDS: Bloom's: RememberOTHER: Modified

41. _____ is a term used by many people to specify groups of people distinguished by physical characteristics. a. Race b. Creed c. Ethnicity d. TribeANSWER: aPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Importance of a Global Sociological ImaginationQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES: SOT.KEND.19.1.3 - Describe how we can develop a global sociological imagination.KEYWORDS: Bloom's: RememberOTHER: Modified

42. __________ refers to the cultural heritage or identity of a group and is based on factors such as language or country of origin. a. Race b. Faction c. Ethnicity d. CreedANSWER: cPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Importance of a Global Sociological ImaginationQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES: SOT.KEND.19.1.3 - Describe how we can develop a global sociological imagination.KEYWORDS: Bloom's: RememberOTHER: Modified


43. The term __________ is used to refer to the relative location of a person or group within the larger society, based on wealth, power, prestige, or other valued resources. a. caste b. class c. faction d. cliqueANSWER: bPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Importance of a Global Sociological ImaginationQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES: SOT.KEND.19.1.3 - Describe how we can develop a global sociological imagination.KEYWORDS: Bloom's: RememberOTHER: Modified

44. The term __________ refers to the biological and anatomical differences between females and males. a. sex b. gender c. primary distinction d. secondary distinctionANSWER: aPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Importance of a Global Sociological ImaginationQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES: SOT.KEND.19.1.3 - Describe how we can develop a global sociological imagination.KEYWORDS: Bloom's: RememberOTHER: Modified

45. The term __________ refers to the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with femininity and masculinity. a. sex b. gender c. primary distinction d. secondary distinctionANSWER: bPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Importance of a Global Sociological ImaginationQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES: SOT.KEND.19.1.3 - Describe how we can develop a global sociological imagination.KEYWORDS: Bloom's: RememberOTHER: Modified

46. Which of the following best exemplifies a social construction? a. Sex b. AgeCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

c. Gender d. HeightANSWER: cPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Importance of a Global Sociological ImaginationQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES: SOT.KEND.19.1.3 - Describe how we can develop a global sociological imagination.KEYWORDS: Bloom's: RememberOTHER: Pickup

47. At the same time that urban problems were growing worse as a result of industrialization, social thinkers started to believe that by applying the methods developed by natural sciences, they might discover the laws of human behavior and apply these laws to solve social problems. This period is referred to as the __________. a. Age of Enlightenment b. Social Age c. Age of Discovery d. Early Modern PeriodANSWER: aPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



48. The term __________ refers to the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities rather than in rural areas. a. Counter-Reformation b. urbanization c. industrialization d. neo-RestorationANSWER: bPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Sociological ThinkingQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES: SOT.KEND.19.1.4 - Describe the historical context in which sociological thinking


49. The term __________ refers to the process by which societies are transformed from dependence on agriculture and handmade products to an emphasis on manufacturing and related processes. a. horticultural revolutionCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

b. technological revolution c. urbanization d. industrializationANSWER: dPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Sociological ThinkingQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES: SOT.KEND.19.1.4 - Describe the historical context in which sociological thinking


50. The French philosopher __________ coined the term sociology to describe a new science that would engage in the study of society. a. Max Weber b. Herbert Spencer c. Emile Durkheim d. Auguste ComteANSWER: dPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



51. Who among the following is considered the founder of sociology? a. Max Weber b. Karl Marx c. Emile Durkheim d. Auguste ComteANSWER: dPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



52. According to Auguste Comte, societies contain __________, which are forces for social order and stability. a. social statics


b. social dynamics c. social choices d. social functionsANSWER: aPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



53. According to Auguste Comte, societies contain __________, which are forces for conflict and change. a. social statics b. social functions c. social dynamics d. social choicesANSWER: cPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



54. Auguste Comte's philosophy of __________ refers to a belief that the world can best be understood through scientific inquiry. a. positivism b. nihilism c. stoicism d. constructionismANSWER: aPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



55. According to Comte, which of the following is a dimension of positivism? a. Observational


b. Inclusive c. Methodological d. ConclusiveANSWER: cPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



56. According to a number of contemporary sociologists, which of the following is a criticism of Comte's theories? a. He failed to apply his insights on social thinking to specific historical periods. b. He focused on the experiences of a privileged few. c. He failed to consider the natural science model. d. He underemphasized the need for scientific enquiry in explaining social situations.ANSWER: bPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



57. In Society in America, __________ examined religion, politics, child rearing, slavery, and immigration, paying special attention to social distinctions based on class, race, and gender. a. Jane Addams b. Auguste Comte c. Herbert Spencer d. Harriet MartineauANSWER: dPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



58. According to the British social theorist __________, societies develop through a process of "struggle" (for existence) and "fitness" (for survival), which he referred to as the "survival of the fittest."


a. Talcott Parsons b. Auguste Comte c. Herbert Spencer d. Emile DurkheimANSWER: cPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



59. According to __________ Theory of General Evolution, society, like a biological organism, has various interdependent parts (such as the family, the economy, and the government) that work to ensure the stability and survival of the entire society. a. Auguste Comte's b. Emile Durkheim's c. Charles Darwin's d. Herbert Spencer'sANSWER: dPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



60. __________ is the belief that those species of animals, including human beings, best adapted to their environment survive and prosper, whereas those poorly adapted die out. a. Social Darwinism b. Social pluralism c. Social nihilism d. Social dynamismANSWER: aPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:




61. __________ are patterned ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside any one individual but that exert social control over each person. a. Social inferences b. Social constructs c. Social suppositions d. Social factsANSWER: dPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



62. Wilson was in his 50s during the late 1800s. He owned large portions of land and controlled large production facilities in which many people were employed. In the context of the Marxian framework, to which social class did Wilson most likely belong? a. Proletariat b. The blue-collar class c. Bourgeoisie d. The plebian classANSWER: cPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ChallengingREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



63. __________ is a condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of the loss of shared values and of a sense of purpose in society. a. Social stratification b. Catharsis c. Cultural breakdown d. AnomieANSWER: dPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


KEYWORDS: Bloom's: RememberCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

OTHER: Modified

64. A note left at the scene of a suicide expressed the victim's concern that he felt little sense of moral guidance. He indicated that he was uncertain about what was right or wrong in today's world. In the context of Emile Durkheim's theory, the victim's suicide can most likely be attributed to __________. a. anomie b. deindividuation c. convergent thinking d. social pluralismANSWER: aPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ChallengingREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



65. Sociologist __________ is one of the founding figures in the functionalist theoretical tradition. a. C. Wright Mills b. Emile Durkheim c. Karl Marx d. Max WeberANSWER: bPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



66. The theory that history is a continuous clash between conflicting ideas and forces was developed by: a. Talcott Parsons. b. Karl Marx. c. Emile Durkheim. d. Robert K. Merton.ANSWER: bPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:




67. Karl Marx believed that class conflict is necessary in order to produce social change and a better society. For Marx, the most important changes are __________. a. religious b. familial c. political d. economicANSWER: dPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



68. In the Marxian framework, which of the following classes comprises those who own and control the means of production? a. Bourgeoisie b. The blue-collar class c. Proletariat d. The plebian classANSWER: aPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



69. In the Marxian framework, the term __________ refers to the tools, land, factories, and money for investment that form the economic basis of a society. a. means of production b. instruments of capitalism c. means of consumption d. channels of distributionANSWER: aPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple Choice


LEARNING OBJECTIVES:



70. In the Marxian framework, which of the following classes comprises those who must sell their labor because they have no other means to earn a livelihood? a. Bourgeoisie b. The patrician class c. Proletariat d. The white-collar classANSWER: cPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



71. Robert works on the assembly line at a local automobile factory and trades his labor for wages. In the context of the Marxian framework, to which social class does Robert most likely belong? a. The patrician class b. The white-collar class c. Bourgeoisie d. ProletariatANSWER: dPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ChallengingREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



72. Vincent works at a production factory. He works long hours for very low wages. He believes there is nothing he can do about his situation and constantly feels detached from society and from himself. In the context of the Marxian framework, which of the following terms best describes Vincent's situation? a. Deindividuation b. Alienation c. Differential association d. Systematic desensitizationANSWER: bPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ChallengingCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

REFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



73. In the context of the Marxian framework, which of the following terms refers to a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement from other people and from oneself? a. Deindividuation b. Systematic desensitization c. Differential association d. AlienationANSWER: dPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



74. German social scientist __________ emphasized that sociology should be value free—research should be done scientifically, excluding the researcher's personal values and economic interests. a. Emile Durkheim b. Max Weber c. Karl Marx d. Herbert SpencerANSWER: bPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



75. Max Weber stressed that sociologists should employ __________ (understanding or insight) to gain the ability to see the world as others see it. a. verstehen b. gemeinschaft c. gesellschaft d. thumosANSWER: aPOINTS: 1Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



76. According to Max Weber, which of the following is the most significant factor in determining the social relations between people in industrial societies? a. Class struggle b. Social stratification c. Rational bureaucracy d. Functional differentiationANSWER: cPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



77. Who among the following developed formal sociology, an approach that focuses attention on the universal social forms that underlie social interaction? a. Robert K. Merton b. Talcott Parsons c. Georg Simmel d. C. Wright MillsANSWER: cPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



78. Max Weber disagreed with Karl Marx's idea that: a. sociology should be value free. b. economics is the central force in social change. c. the Industrial Revolution brought about negative social changes. d. bureaucratic domination can be used to maintain powerful interests in society.ANSWER: b


POINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



79. __________ is perhaps the most influential contemporary advocate of the functionalist perspective and stressed that all societies must meet social needs in order to survive. a. Max Weber b. C. Wright Mills c. Talcott Parsons d. Karl MarxANSWER: cPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



80. __________ is the founder of the symbolic interaction perspective. a. Robert Park b. Ernest Burgess c. George Herbert Mead d. Charles Horton CooleyANSWER: cPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



81. __________ is one of the best-known early women sociologists in the United States because she founded Hull House, one of the most famous settlement houses, in an impoverished area of Chicago. a. George Herbert Mead b. Mary Wollstonecraft c. Ernest Burgess d. Jane Addams


ANSWER: dPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



82. According to W. E. B. Du Bois, the term __________ refers to the identity conflict of being a black and an American. a. double-consciousness b. dual concern c. status conflict d. functional conflictANSWER: aPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



83. __________ are defined as a set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and (occasionally) predict social events. a. Hypotheses b. Heuristics c. Theories d. PrototypesANSWER: cPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



84. Each theory helps interpret reality in a distinct way by providing a framework in which observations may be logically ordered. Sociologists refer to this theoretical framework as a __________, which is an overall approach to or viewpoint on some subject. a. heuristic b. perspective c. hypothesisCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

d. prototypeANSWER: bPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



85. Functionalist perspectives are based on the assumption that: a. society is a stable, orderly system. b. groups in society are engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources. c. capitalist societies serve as a basis to further oppress the oppressed. d. struggle between different social classes is inevitable and acts as a prime source of social change.ANSWER: aPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



86. Functionalist theorists posit that: a. groups in society are engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources. b. struggle between different social classes is inevitable and acts as a prime source of social change. c. the majority of members in society share a common set of values, beliefs, and behavioral expectations. d. capitalist societies serve as a basis to further oppress the oppressed.ANSWER: cPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



87. Purchasing necessary items such as food, clothing, and household items is a(n) __________ of shopping. a. latent function b. involuntary function c. manifest function d. linear function


ANSWER: cPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



88. __________ suggested that a division of labor (distinct, specialized functions) between husband and wife is essential for family stability and social order. a. George Herbert Mead b. Max Weber c. Charles Horton Cooley d. Talcott ParsonsANSWER: dPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



89. From a functionalist perspective, the husband/father performs the __________, which involve leadership and decision-making responsibilities in the home and employment outside the home to support the family. a. expressive tasks b. instrumental tasks c. responsive tasks d. interdependent tasksANSWER: bPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



90. From a functionalist perspective, the wife/mother is responsible for the __________, including housework, caring for the children, and providing emotional support for the entire family. a. expressive tasks b. instrumental tasks c. compatible tasksCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

d. independent tasksANSWER: aPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



91. According to Robert K. Merton, __________ are intended and/or overtly recognized by the participants in a social unit. a. linear functions b. latent functions c. prerequisite functions d. manifest functionsANSWER: dPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



92. The transmission of knowledge and skills from one generation to the next is a __________ of education. a. latent function b. nonlinear function c. prerequisite function d. manifest functionANSWER: dPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



93. According to Robert K. Merton, __________ are unintended functions that are hidden and remain unacknowledged by participants. a. nonlinear functions b. latent functions


c. prerequisite functions d. manifest functionsANSWER: bPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



94. Many young people "hang out," meet friends, and eat lunch at the food courts of shopping malls. From a functionalist perspective, this is an example of a __________ of shopping. a. nonlinear function b. latent function c. prerequisite function d. manifest functionANSWER: bPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



95. Meena began smoking as she believed smoking helped calm herself down when she was restless or anxious. She soon became a habitual smoker, and every time she went outside her office to smoke, she would meet new people and often made friends with them. In this scenario, Meena's social circle expanding is an example of a __________ of smoking. a. manifest function b. direct function c. latent function d. static functionANSWER: cPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ChallengingREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



96. Education sometimes contributes to the perpetuation of gender, racial, and class inequalities. From a functionalist perspective, this consequence of education best exemplifies __________.Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

a. a dysfunction b. social dysphoria c. a social lag d. functional differentiationANSWER: aPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



97. Which of the following theorists would most likely argue that a booming economy benefits other social institutions, including the family, religion, and education? a. Functionalist theorists b. Conflict theorists c. Symbolic interactionists d. PostmodernistsANSWER: aPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



98. Conflict perspectives posit that: a. the majority of members in society share a common set of values, beliefs, and behavioral expectations. b. society is characterized by an inherent presence of stability and order. c. groups in society are engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources. d. division of labor between husband and wife is essential for family stability and social order.ANSWER: cPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



99. Which of the following is a difference between sociology and anthropology?


a. Sociology is particularly interested in contemporary social organization, whereas anthropology primarily concentrates on the study of humankind in all times and spaces.

b. Sociology primarily focuses on internal factors relating to individuals in its explanations of human behavior, whereas anthropology specifically focuses on external social factors.

c. Sociology concentrates primarily on a single institution, whereas anthropology examines all major social institutions, including the economy and politics.

d. Sociology focuses on traditional societies and the development of diverse cultures, whereas anthropology examines how we perceive ourselves in relation to the rest of the world.

ANSWER: aPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ChallengingREFERENCES: Putting Social Life into PerspectiveQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


KEYWORDS: Bloom's: AnalyzeOTHER: New

100. According to Max Weber, __________ is the ability of a person within a social relationship to carry out his or her own will despite resistance from others. a. potentiality b. power c. competence d. defianceANSWER: bPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



101. C. Wright Mills used the term __________ to refer to a small clique of top corporate, political, and military officials. a. top of the heap b. military industrial complex c. oligarchy d. power eliteANSWER: dPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:


KEYWORDS: Bloom's: RememberCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

OTHER: Modified

102. According to feminist theorists, we live in a(n) __________, a system in which men dominate women and in which things that are considered to be "male" or "masculine" are more highly valued than those considered to be "female" or "feminine." a. patriarchy b. autarchy c. matriarchy d. anarchyANSWER: aPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



103. The feminist perspective assumes that: a. division of labor between husband and wife is essential for family stability and social order. b. the wife/mother in a family is responsible for the expressive tasks, including providing emotional support for

the entire family. c. change is essential in order for people to achieve their human potential without limits based on gender. d. social institutions, including school, church, and government, must work together to preserve the family

system over time.ANSWER: cPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



104. Social scientist Thorstein Veblen described early wealthy U.S. industrialists as engaging in __________, which is the continuous public display of one's wealth and status through purchases such as expensive houses, clothing, motor vehicles, and other consumer goods. a. massive consumption b. representative consumption c. random consumption d. conspicuous consumptionANSWER: dPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical Perspectives


QUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



105. A macrolevel analysis examines: a. whole societies and large-scale social structures. b. important social dynamics in individuals' lives. c. people's day-to-day interactions and their behavior in groups. d. societies from a symbolic interactionist perspective.ANSWER: aPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



106. Debbie is interested in understanding how changes in society on a large scale are related to unemployment. She is examining how the movement of factory jobs from the United States to overseas locations is related to an increase in the number of unemployed people in the United States. Debbie is most likely conducting a: a. microlevel analysis. b. comparative analysis. c. macrolevel analysis. d. transactional-level analysis.ANSWER: cPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ChallengingREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



107. A microlevel analysis focuses on: a. analyzing society from a functionalist perspective. b. examining social dynamics in individuals' lives. c. examining whole societies and social systems. d. analyzing society from a conflict perspective.ANSWER: bPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: Moderate


REFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



108. Unlike the conflict and functionalist perspectives, the symbolic interactionist perspective: a. is based on a microlevel analysis, which focuses on small groups. b. is based on a macrolevel analysis, which examines large-scale social structures. c. believes that society is a stable, orderly system. d. believes that society is a continuous power struggle among competing groups.ANSWER: aPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ChallengingREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



109. Which of the following statements is true of the symbolic interactionist perspective? a. It posits that society is characterized by an inherent presence of stability and order. b. It examines whole societies, large-scale social structures, and social systems. c. It examines people's day-to-day lives and their behavior in groups. d. It posits that social life is a continuous power struggle among competing social groups.ANSWER: cPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



110. In studying the education system, which of the following perspectives would most likely focus on examining the daily activities within schools, the various forms of communication between teachers and pupils, and the influence of peer groups on individuals? a. The symbolic interactionist perspective b. The postmodernist perspective c. The conflict perspective d. The functionalist perspectiveANSWER: aPOINTS: 1


DIFFICULTY: ChallengingREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



111. Which of the following is a similarity between sociology and anthropology? a. Both focus on internal factors and mental processes that affect individuals. b. Both study many aspects of human behavior. c. Both study humankind in all times and spaces. d. Both concentrate on a single institution rather than studying all major social institutions.ANSWER: bPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ChallengingREFERENCES: Putting Social Life into PerspectiveQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



112. Signs, gestures, written language, and shared values, all of which meaningfully represent something else, are examples of __________. a. symbols b. social constructs c. norms d. anomic elementsANSWER: aPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



113. Becky proposes that in a hospital setting, individuals will act differently toward each other if one person in the setting has a stethoscope around his or her neck. Which of the following can most likely be inferred based on this information? a. Becky is a proponent of the conflict perspective. b. The stethoscope acts as symbol that defines the dynamics of the interaction between the individuals. c. The stethoscope acts as an anomic element and causes power inequality among the individuals. d. Becky is a proponent of the functionalist perspective.ANSWER: bCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

POINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ChallengingREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



114. In social encounters, each person's interpretation or definition of a given situation becomes a subjective reality from that person's viewpoint. This statement is most consistent with the __________. a. functionalist perspective b. symbolic interactionist perspective c. conflict perspective d. postmodernist perspectiveANSWER: bPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



115. Sociologists applying a __________ to the study of consumerism would primarily focus on a microlevel analysis of people's face-to-face communication. a. conflict framework b. functionalist framework c. symbolic interactionist framework d. postmodern frameworkANSWER: cPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



116. According to __________, existing theories have been unsuccessful in explaining social life in contemporary societies that are characterized by consumerism and global communications. a. functionalist perspectives b. conflict perspectives c. symbolic interactionist perspectives d. postmodern perspectivesCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

ANSWER: dPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



117. Postmodern theories are based on the assumption that: a. the majority of members in society share a common set of values, beliefs, and behavioral expectations. b. division of labor between husband and wife is essential for family stability and social order in contemporary

society. c. groups in society are engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources. d. large-scale and rapid social change, globalization, and technology are central features of the contemporary

era.ANSWER: dPOINTS: 1REFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



118. A difference between sociology and political science is that sociology: a. studies humankind in all times and spaces. b. examines all major social institutions. c. focuses on internal factors that affect individuals. d. focuses on traditional societies and the development of diverse cultures.ANSWER: bPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ChallengingREFERENCES: Putting Social Life into PerspectiveQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



119. Which sociologist won a Nobel Prize for his or her assistance to the underprivileged? a. Harriet Martineau b. Jane Addams c. Talcott Parsons d. C. Wright Mills


ANSWER: bPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



120. Which of the following is a difference between sociology and psychology? a. Unlike psychology, sociology focuses on studying a single aspect of human behavior. b. Unlike psychology, sociology is particularly interested in traditional, rather than contemporary, societies. c. Unlike psychology, sociology focuses on understanding one institution in detail rather than examining all

major social institutions. d. Unlike psychology, sociology specifically focuses on the effects of external social factors on individuals.ANSWER: dPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ChallengingREFERENCES: Putting Social Life into PerspectiveQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



121. Stephanie and Ali are both professors. Stephanie teaches about both traditional and contemporary societies and the development of diverse cultures, whereas Ali teaches particularly about contemporary social organization, relations, and social change. Both their classes cover many aspects of human behavior. From this information, one can conclude that: a. Stephanie teaches anthropology, whereas Ali teaches sociology. b. Stephanie teaches sociology, whereas Ali teaches political science. c. Stephanie teaches political science, whereas Ali teaches anthropology. d. Stephanie teaches sociology, whereas Ali teaches anthropology.ANSWER: aPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ChallengingREFERENCES: Putting Social Life into PerspectiveQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



122. Which of the following branches of anthropology is the closest to sociology and focuses on a comparative study of similarities and differences that looks for patterns in human behavior, beliefs, and practices that are typical in groups of people? a. Anthropometry


b. Ecological anthropology c. Cultural anthropology d. PaleoanthropologyANSWER: cPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Putting Social Life into PerspectiveQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



123. __________ studied the social customs of Britain and the United States, analyzing the consequences of industrialization and capitalism, and was one of the earliest sociologists to pay close attention to the status of women. a. Harriet Martineau. b. Emile Durkheim. c. Jane Addams. d. W.E.B. DuBois.ANSWER: aPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



124. Who among the following was one of the first scholars to note that a dual heritage creates conflict for people of color? a. Talcott Parsons b. Robert K. Merton c. W. E. B. Du Bois d. Herbert SpencerANSWER: cPOINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: EasyREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: Multiple ChoiceLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



Essay


125. Outline the differences among commonsense knowledge, myths, and scientific standards.ANSWER: Many of us rely on intuition or common sense gained from personal experience to help us understand

our daily lives and other people's behavior. Commonsense knowledge guides ordinary conduct in everyday life. However, many commonsense notions are actually myths. A myth is a popular but false notion that may be used, either intentionally or unintentionally, to perpetuate certain beliefs or "theories" even in the light of conclusive evidence to the contrary. By contrast, sociologists strive to use scientific standards, not popular myths or hearsay, in studying society and social interaction. They use systematic research techniques and are accountable to the scientific community for their methods and the presentation of their findings.

POINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ChallengingREFERENCES: Putting Social Life into PerspectiveQUESTION TYPE: EssayLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



126. Define sociology and explain how it helps us better understand our social world and ourselves.ANSWER: Sociology is the systematic study of human society and social interaction. It is a systematic study

because sociologists apply both theoretical perspectives and research methods (or orderly approaches) to examinations of social behavior. Sociologists study human societies and their social interactions to develop theories of how human behavior is shaped by group life and how, in turn, group life is affected by individuals.Sociology studies many aspects of human behavior; however, sociology is particularly interested in contemporary social organization, relations, and social change. It specifically focuses on external social factors, such as the effects of groups, organizations, and social institutions on individuals and social life.Sociology helps us gain a better understanding of ourselves and the social world. It enables us to see how the groups to which we belong and the society in which we live largely shape behavior.Examining the world order helps us understand that we are all affected by global interdependence—a relationship in which the lives of all people everywhere are intertwined closely and any one nation's problems are part of a larger global problem. Environmental problems are an example. People throughout the world share the same biosphere. When environmental degradation, such as removing natural resources or polluting the air and water, takes place in one region, it may have an adverse effect on people around the globe.Sociology enables us to move beyond established ways of thinking, thus allowing us to gain new insights into ourselves and to develop a greater awareness of the connection between our own "world" and that of other people. Sociology provides new ways of approaching problems and making decisions in everyday life.

POINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Putting Social Life into PerspectiveQUESTION TYPE: EssayLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



127. Discuss the sociological imagination and outline its importance.ANSWER: Sociological reasoning is often referred to as the sociological imagination—the ability to see the Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

relationship between individual experiences and the larger society. The sociological imagination is important to each of us because having this awareness enables us to understand the link between our personal experiences and the social contexts in which they occur. Each of us lives in a society, and we live out a biography within some historical setting. The sociological imagination helps us grasp the relationship between history at the societal level and our own biography at the individual level. It also helps us distinguish between personal troubles and social (or public) issues. The sociological imagination integrates microlevel (individual and small-group) troubles with macrolevel (larger social institutions and social forces) issues on a global basis.


SOT.KEND.19.1.2 - Identify what is meant by the sociological imagination.


128. Outline the differences between the views of early social thinkers and later social thinkers on social stability and change.ANSWER: Early social thinkers—such as Auguste Comte, Harriet Martineau, Herbert Spencer, and Emile

Durkheim—were interested in analyzing social order and stability, and many of their ideas have had a dramatic and long-lasting influence on modern sociology. The first of these, Auguste Comte, focused primarily on continuity in societies, but his theorizing also highlights how societies contain forces for change as well. Comte's theory that societies contain social statics (forces for social order and stability) and social dynamics (forces for conflict and change) continues to be used in contemporary sociology. According to Spencer's Theory of General Evolution, society, like a biological organism, has various interdependent parts (such as the family, the economy, and the government) that work to ensure the stability and survival of the entire society. In his work The Rules of Sociological Method, Durkheim set forth one of his most important contributions to sociology: the idea that societies are built on social facts. Social facts are patterned ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside any one individual but that exert social control over each person.Together with Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Georg Simmel, Durkheim established the direction of modern sociology. In sharp contrast to Durkheim's focus on the stability of society, German economist and philosopher Karl Marx stressed that history is a continuous clash between conflicting ideas and forces. He believed that conflict—especially class conflict—is necessary in order to produce social change and a better society. For Marx, the most important changes are economic. German social scientist Max Weber was also concerned about the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution. He was concerned that large-scale organizations (bureaucracies) were becoming increasingly oriented toward routine administration and a specialized division of labor, which he believed were destructive to human vitality and freedom. At about the same time that Durkheim was developing the field of sociology in France, the German sociologist Georg Simmel was theorizing about the importance of social change in his own country and elsewhere. Simmel was also focusing on how society is a web of patterned interactions among people.

POINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ChallengingREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: EssayLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

SOT.KEND.19.1.5 - Discuss why early social thinkers were concerned with social order and stability.SOT.KEND.19.1.6 - Identify reasons why many later social thinkers were concerned with social change.

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Analyze


OTHER: New

129. Define the terms race, ethnicity, class, sex, and gender. Explain the relationship between these terms and the social construction of reality.ANSWER: Race is a term used by many people to specify groups of people distinguished by physical

characteristics such as skin color. Ethnicity refers to the cultural heritage or identity of a group and is based on factors such as language or country of origin. Class is the relative location of a person or group within the larger society, based on wealth, power, prestige, or other valued resources. Sex refers to the biological and anatomical differences between females and males. By contrast, gender refers to the meanings, beliefs, and practices associated with sex differences, referred to as femininity and masculinity. Although these terms sound very precise, they often do not have a precise meaning and are, instead, social constructions that people use to justify social inequalities. When we refer to something as a "social construction," we mean that race, ethnicity, class, and gender do not really indicate anything apart from the social meaning that people in a given society confer on them. However, the result is that we may—either intentionally or unintentionally— privilege some categories of people over others who are placed in disadvantaged or subordinate positions. In sum, a "social construction of reality" occurs when large numbers of people act and respond as if these categories exist in reality instead of being socially created.

POINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: The Importance of a Global Sociological ImaginationQUESTION TYPE: EssayLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

SOT.KEND.19.1.3 - Describe how we can develop a global sociological imagination.


130. In the context of the importance of a global sociological imagination, discuss the ways in which nations are not on equal footing when it comes to economics and politics.ANSWER: There are several important challenges that we face in a rapidly changing world. These issues range

from political and economic instability to environmental concerns, natural disasters, and terrorism. All nations are not on equal footing when it comes to economics and politics. The world's high-income countries are nations with highly industrialized economies; technologically advanced industrial, administrative, and service occupations; and relatively high levels of national and personal income. Examples include the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and the countries of Western Europe. As compared with other nations of the world, many high-income nations have a high standard of living and a lower death rate because of advances in nutrition and medical technology. However, everyone living in a so-called high-income country does not necessarily have these advantages. In contrast, middle-income countries are nations with industrializing economies, particularly in urban areas, and moderate levels of national and personal income. Examples of middle-income countries include the nations of Eastern Europe and many Latin American countries. Low-income countries are primarily agrarian nations with little industrialization and low levels of national and personal income. Examples of low-income countries include many of the nations of Africa and Asia, particularly the People's Republic of China and India, where people typically work the land and are among the poorest in the world. However, generalizations are difficult to make because there are wide differences in income and standards of living within many nations. The future of the United States is deeply intertwined with the future of all other nations of the world on economic, political, environmental, and humanitarian levels.

POINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: The Importance of a Global Sociological ImaginationQUESTION TYPE: EssayCopyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES:



131. In the context of the conflict perspective, outline the feminist approach.ANSWER: According to conflict perspectives, groups in society are engaged in a continuous power struggle for

control of scarce resources. Conflict may take the form of politics, litigation, negotiations, or family discussions about financial matters. A feminist theoretical approach (or "feminism") directs attention to women's experiences and the importance of gender as an element of social structure. This approach is based on a belief in the equality of women and men and the idea that all people should be equally valued and have equal rights. According to feminist theorists, we live in a patriarchy, a system in which men dominate women and in which things that are considered to be "male" or "masculine" are more highly valued than those considered to be "female" or "feminine." The feminist perspective assumes that gender is socially created and that change is essential in order for people to achieve their human potential without limits based on gender. Some feminists argue that women's subordination can end only after the patriarchal system becomes obsolete. However, feminism is not one single, unified approach; there are several feminist perspectives.

POINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: EssayLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



132. Define industrialization and urbanization and explain the role of each in furthering sociological thinking.ANSWER: Industrialization is the process by which societies are transformed from dependence on agriculture

and handmade products to an emphasis on manufacturing and related industries. By the mid-nineteenth century, industrialization was well under way in the United States. Massive economic, technological, and social changes occurred as machine technology and the factory system shifted the economic base of these nations from agriculture to manufacturing: textiles, iron smelting, and related industries. Many people who had labored on the land were forced to leave their tightly knit rural communities and sacrifice well-defined social relationships to seek employment as factory workers in the emerging cities, which became the centers of industrial work. Urbanization is the process by which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities rather than in rural areas. Although cities existed long before the Industrial Revolution, the development of the factory system led to a rapid increase in both the number of cities and the size of their population. People from very diverse backgrounds worked together in the same factory. At the same time, many people shifted from being producers to being consumers. For example, families living in the cities had to buy food with their wages because they could no longer grow their own crops to eat or to barter for other resources. Similarly, people had to pay rent for their lodging because they could no longer exchange their services for shelter. These living and working conditions led to the development of new social problems: inadequate housing, crowding, unsanitary conditions, poverty, pollution, and crime.Wages were so low that entire families—including very young children—were forced to work, often under hazardous conditions and with no job security. As these conditions became more visible, a new breed of social thinkers tried to understand why and how society was changing.

POINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: The Development of Sociological Thinking


QUESTION TYPE: EssayLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

SOT.KEND.19.1.4 - Describe the historical context in which sociological thinking developed.


133. Summarize Auguste Comte's and Herbert spencer's significant contributions to early sociology.ANSWER: The French philosopher Auguste Comte coined the term sociology to describe a new science that

would engage in the study of society. Even though he never actually conducted sociological research, Comte is considered by some to be the founder of sociology. Comte's theory that societies contain social statics (forces for social order and stability) and social dynamics (forces for conflict and change) continues to be used in contemporary sociology. For Comte, the best policies involved order and authority. He envisioned that a new consensus would emerge on social issues and that the new science of sociology would play a significant part in the reorganization of society. Comte's philosophy became known as positivism—a belief that the world can best be understood through scientific inquiry. He believed that positivism had two dimensions: (1) methodological—the application of scientific knowledge to both physical and social phenomena—and (2) social and political—the use of such knowledge to predict the likely results of different policies so that the best one could be chosen. Social analysts have praised Comte for his advocacy of sociology and his insights regarding linkages between the social structural elements of society (such as family, religion, and government) and social thinking in specific historical periods.Unlike Comte, who was strongly influenced by the upheavals of the French Revolution, the British social theorist Herbert Spencer was born in a more peaceful and optimistic period in his country's history. Spencer's major contribution to sociology was an evolutionary perspective on social order and social change. Evolutionary theory helps to explain how organic and/or social change occurs in societies. According to Spencer's Theory of General Evolution, society, like a biological organism, has various interdependent parts (such as the family, the economy, and the government) that work to ensure the stability and survival of the entire society. Spencer believed that societies develop through a process of "struggle" (for existence) and "fitness" (for survival), which he referred to as the "survival of the fittest." Because this phrase is often attributed to Charles Darwin, Spencer's view of society is known as social Darwinism—the belief that those species of animals, including human beings, best adapted to their environment survive and prosper, whereas those poorly adapted die out.

POINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: EssayLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



134. In the context of Emile Durkheim's contributions to early sociology, discuss the concepts of social facts and anomie.ANSWER: French sociologist Emile Durkheim stressed that people are the product of their social environment

and that behavior cannot be understood fully in terms of individual biological and psychological traits. He believed that the limits of human potential are socially based, not biologically based.In his work The Rules of Sociological Method, Durkheim set forth one of his most important contributions to sociology: the idea that societies are built on social facts. Social facts are patterned ways of acting, thinking, and feeling that exist outside any one individual but that exert social control over each person. Durkheim believed that social facts must be explained by other social facts—by reference to the social structure rather than to individual attributes.Durkheim observed that rapid social change and a more specialized division of labor produce strains in society. These strains lead to a breakdown in traditional organization, values, and authority and to a


dramatic increase in anomie—a condition in which social control becomes ineffective as a result of the loss of shared values and of a sense of purpose in society. According to Durkheim, anomie is most likely to occur during a period of rapid social change.




135. Describe the main points of Karl Marx's theory of class conflict.ANSWER: German economist and philosopher Karl Marx stressed that history is a continuous clash between

conflicting ideas and forces. He believed that conflict—especially class conflict—is necessary in order to produce social change and a better society. For Marx, the most important changes are economic. He concluded that the capitalist economic system was responsible for the overwhelming poverty that he observed in London at the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. In the Marxian framework, class conflict is the struggle between the capitalist class and the working class. The capitalist class, or bourgeoisie, is those who own and control the means of production—the tools, land, factories, and money for investment that form the economic basis of a society. The working class, or proletariat, is those who must sell their labor because they have no other means to earn a livelihood. From Marx's viewpoint, the capitalist class controls and exploits the masses of struggling workers by paying less than the value of their labor. This exploitation results in the workers' alienation—a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement from other people and from oneself. Marx specifically linked alienation to social relations that are inherent in the production side of capitalism.




136. Summarize Max Weber's concept of verstehen.ANSWER: German social scientist Max Weber believed that economic interests are important in shaping human

action. He thought that economic systems were heavily influenced by other factors in a society. Unlike many early analysts who believed that values could not be separated from the research process, Weber emphasized that sociology should be value free—research should be done scientifically, excluding the researcher's personal values and economic interests. However, Weber realized that social behavior cannot be analyzed by purely objective criteria, so he stressed that sociologists should employ verstehen (German for "understanding" or "insight") to gain the ability to see the world as others see it. In contemporary sociology, Weber's idea is incorporated into the concept of the sociological imagination.

POINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: EssayLEARNING OBJE SOT.KEND.19.1.7 - Discuss how industrialization and urbanization influenced the theories of Max Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

CTIVES: Weber and Georg Simmel.KEYWORDS: Bloom's: UnderstandOTHER: Modified

137. Discuss the origins of sociology in the United States, identify two significant early American sociologists, and outline their most significant contributions.ANSWER: From Western Europe, sociology spread in the 1890s to the United States, where it thrived as a result

of the intellectual climate and the rapid rate of social change. The first department of sociology in the United States was established at the University of Chicago, where the faculty was instrumental in starting the American Sociological Society (now known as the American Sociological Association).Jane Addams (1860–1935) is one of the best-known early women sociologists in the United States because she founded Hull House, one of the most famous settlement houses, in an impoverished area of Chicago. Throughout her career, she was actively engaged in sociological endeavors: She lectured at numerous colleges, was a charter member of the American Sociological Society, and published a number of articles and books. Addams was one of the authors of Hull-House Maps and Papers, a groundbreaking book that used a methodological technique employed by sociologists for the next 40 years. She was also awarded a Nobel Prize for her assistance to the underprivileged. In recent years, Addams has received greater recognition from contemporary sociologists because of her role as an early theorist of social change who influenced later feminist theorists and activists.The second department of sociology in the United States was founded by W. E. B. Du Bois at Atlanta University. He created a laboratory of sociology, instituted a program of systematic research, founded and conducted regular sociological conferences on research, founded two journals, and established a record of valuable publications. His classic work, The Philadelphia Negro: A Social Study, was based on his research into Philadelphia's African American community and stressed the strengths and weaknesses of a community wrestling with overwhelming social problems. Du Bois was one of the first scholars to note that a dual heritage creates conflict for people of color. He called this duality double-consciousness—the identity conflict of being both a black and an American.




138. Outline and compare the major assumptions of functionalism, conflict theory, symbolic interactionism, and postmodernism.ANSWER: Functionalist perspectives are based on the assumption that society is a stable, orderly system. This

stable system is characterized by societal consensus, whereby the majority of members share a common set of values, beliefs, and behavioral expectations. According to this perspective, a society is composed of interrelated parts, each of which serves a function and (ideally) contributes to the overall stability of the society. Societies develop social structures, or institutions that persist because they play a part in helping society survive. These institutions include the family, education, government, religion, and the economy.According to conflict perspectives, groups in society are engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources. Conflict may take the form of politics, litigation, negotiations, or family discussions about financial matters.Today, advocates of the conflict perspective view social life as a continuous power struggle among competing social groups. The conflict perspective encompasses several branches: (1) the neo-Marxist approach, which views struggle between the classes as inevitable and as a prime source of social change; (2) the branch that focuses on racial-ethnic inequalities and the continued exploitation of


members of some racial-ethnic groups; and (3) the feminist perspective, which focuses on gender issues.According to symbolic interactionist perspectives, society is the sum of the interactions of individuals and groups. Theorists using this perspective focus on the process of interaction—defined as immediate reciprocally oriented communication between two or more people—and the part that symbols play in communication. A symbol is anything that meaningfully represents something else. Symbols are instrumental in helping people derive meanings from social interactions. In social encounters each person's interpretation or definition of a given situation becomes a subjective reality from that person's viewpoint.According to postmodern perspectives, existing theories have been unsuccessful in explaining social life in contemporary societies that are characterized by postindustrialization, consumerism, and global communications. Postmodern social theorists reject the theoretical perspectives we have previously discussed, as well as how those theories were created. Postmodern theories are based on the assumption that large-scale and rapid social change, globalization, and technology are central features of the postmodern era. Postmodern theory opens up broad new avenues of inquiry by challenging existing perspectives and questioning current belief systems.

POINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ChallengingREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: EssayLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

SOT.KEND.19.1.8 - Compare and contrast contemporary functionalist and conflict perspectives on social life.SOT.KEND.19.1.9 - Identify key differences in contemporary symbolic interactionism and postmodernist perspectives on social life.

KEYWORDS: Bloom's: AnalyzeOTHER: Pickup

139. Distinguish between microlevel and macrolevel analyses, and state which level of analysis is primarily utilized by each of the major theoretical perspectives.ANSWER: A macrolevel analysis examines whole societies, large-scale social structures, and social systems

instead of looking at important social dynamics in individuals' lives. The functionalist and conflict perspectives focus primarily on macrolevel analysis. By contrast, a microlevel analysis focuses on small groups rather than large-scale social structures. The symbolic interactionist perspective focuses on a microlevel analysis by examining people's day-to-day interactions and their behavior in groups. Postmodernist perspectives analyze society from a microlevel as well as a macrolevel.



KEYWORDS: Bloom's: AnalyzeOTHER: Pickup

140. From a sociological perspective, explain the effect of Walmart and other big-box stores on local communities. What role have credit cards played in the expansion of big-box stores?ANSWER: The following are suggested areas for students to address in their essays:

Describe a brief history of Walmart.Explain, in general, how Walmart grew from a small-scale, regional operation to a global empire.


Discuss the role of credit cards in the development of big-box stores. Be sure to include an analysis of how credit cards are aimed at young people and those with limited incomes.Students might include personal experiences of shopping at big-box stores.

POINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: The Importance of a Global Sociological ImaginationQUESTION TYPE: EssayLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



141. Discuss the ways in which the sociological imagination helps people distinguish between personal troubles and social issues. Using an example, discuss how the sociological imagination can be used to view a given problem as a personal trouble and a public issue.ANSWER: The following are suggested areas for students to address in their essays:

Define the term sociological imagination.Outline the significance of the sociological imagination.Discuss how the sociological imagination helps people distinguish between personal troubles and social issues.Using an example, discuss how the sociological imagination can be used to view a given problem as a personal trouble and a public issue.Encourage students to include any personal experiences regarding the sociological imagination in their responses.


SOT.KEND.19.1.1 - Define sociology and explain how it can contribute to our understanding of social life.SOT.KEND.19.1.2 - Identify what is meant by the sociological imagination.


142. The future of one nation is deeply intertwined with the future of all other nations of the world on economic, political, environmental, and humanitarian levels. It is crucial for each of us to develop a better understanding of diversity and think from the perspectives of people different from us. Discuss how the following elements can influence our sociological imagination: race, ethnicity, class, sex, and gender.ANSWER: The following are suggested areas for students to address in their essays:

Differentiate between race and ethnicity.Define class.Differentiate between sex and gender.Describe how race, ethnicity, class, sex, and gender can shape an individual's sociological imagination.Discuss how people can learn to be more tolerant of individuals and/or groups that are different from themselves.Encourage students to include any personal experiences regarding their race, ethnicity, class, sex, and/or gender in their responses.

POINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: Moderate


REFERENCES: The Importance of a Global Sociological ImaginationQUESTION TYPE: EssayLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



143. Trace the historical development of sociology from its beginnings in the 1800s to its growth as an academic discipline in the United States.ANSWER: The following are suggested areas for students to address in their essays:

Discuss the early social thinkers who contributed to the development of sociology.Discuss the later social thinkers who contributed to the development of sociology.Elaborate on the impact of industrialization and urbanization on sociology.Discuss the beginnings of sociology in the United States.


SOT.KEND.19.1.5 - Discuss why early social thinkers were concerned with social order and stability.SOT.KEND.19.1.6 - Identify reasons why many later social thinkers were concerned with social change.SOT.KEND.19.1.7 - Discuss how industrialization and urbanization influenced the theories of Max Weber and Georg Simmel.


144. In the context of early social thinkers, discuss the major contributions of the following individuals to the field of sociology: Auguste Comte, Harriet Martineau, Herbert Spencer, and Emile Durkheim.ANSWER: The following are suggested areas for students to address in their essays:

Auguste Comte: Differentiate between social statics and social dynamics and describe positivism.Harriet Martineau: Identify her contributions to the development of sociology.Herbert Spencer: Describe Spencer's Theory of General Evolution and social Darwinism.Emile Durkheim: Describe the concepts of social facts and anomie.




145. Compare Karl Marx's perspective on social change with that of Max Weber's.ANSWER: The following are suggested areas for students to address in their essays:

Discuss Marx's idea that economics is the central force in social change.Discuss Marx's analysis of class conflict.Outline Marx's attitude regarding capitalism.Discuss the points on which Weber agreed and disagreed with Marx.Discuss Weber's concern about the changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution.


POINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ChallengingREFERENCES: The Development of Modern SociologyQUESTION TYPE: EssayLEARNING OBJECTIVES:

SOT.KEND.19.1.6 - Identify reasons why many later social thinkers were concerned with social change.SOT.KEND.19.1.7 - Discuss how industrialization and urbanization influenced the theories of Max Weber and Georg Simmel.


146. In the context of the beginnings of sociology in the United States, discuss the major contributions of the following individuals to the field of sociology: Robert E. Park, Jane Addams, and W. E. B. Du Bois.ANSWER: The following are suggested areas for students to address in their essays:

Robert E. Park: Discuss his views on the effects of urbanization on society.Jane Addams: Discuss her contributions to sociology and her work for the underprivileged.W. E. B. Du Bois: Discuss his contributions to sociology and describe double-consciousness.




147. A significant difference between the major theoretical perspectives is the level from which they analyze society. Identify the focus of the three major perspectives (functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interactionist) and discuss how each perspective would explain the U.S. divorce rates.ANSWER: The following are suggested areas for students to address in their essays:

Define the functionalist perspective.Outline the concepts of manifest functions, latent functions, and dysfunctions.Define the conflict perspective.Discuss power struggle from a conflict perspective.Examine divorce from a feminist perspective.Define the symbolic interactionist perspective.Examine divorce from a symbolic interactionist perspective. Outline the significance of symbols.Have students identify and explain which perspective they believe analyzes divorce the best.Encourage students to include any personal experiences regarding divorce from a sociological perspective.



KEYWORDS: Bloom's: Analyze


OTHER: Modified

148. Identify and state the level of analysis utilized by the three major theoretical perspectives (functionalist, conflict, and symbolic interactionist). Explain how theorists from one of the three perspectives would explain racism, sexism, or ageism in the United States.ANSWER: The following are suggested areas for students to address in their essays:

Define and outline the selected topic—racism, sexism, or ageism.Briefly outline the functionalist perspective, the conflict perspective, and the symbolic interactionist perspective and describe the level of analysis (microlevel or macrolevel) utilized by each.From the functionalist perspective: Apply the concepts of manifest functions, latent functions, and dysfunctions.From the conflict perspective: Apply the concept of power struggle to the selected topic.From the symbolic interactionist perspective: Examine the selected topic from a symbolic interactionist perspective. Outline the significance of symbols.Encourage students to include any personal experiences with the selected topic (racism, sexism, or ageism) from a sociological perspective.

POINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ModerateREFERENCES: Contemporary Theoretical PerspectivesQUESTION TYPE: EssayLEARNING OBJECTIVES:



149. Compare and contrast sociology with the following social sciences: anthropology, psychology, economics, and political science. Identify the focus of each and outline the aspects in which they are similar.ANSWER: The following are suggested areas for students to address in their essays:

Define sociology.Discuss the similarities and differences between sociology and anthropology.Identify the field of anthropology that is closest to sociology.Discuss the similarities and differences between sociology and psychology.Identify the field of psychology that is closest to sociology.Discuss the similarities and differences between sociology and economics.Discuss the similarities and differences between sociology and political science.

POINTS: 1DIFFICULTY: ChallengingREFERENCES: Putting Social Life into PerspectiveQUESTION TYPE: EssayLEARNING OBJECTIVES:




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