Chapter 002 chemistry of life

Chapter 2Introduction to the chemistry of life

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Figure 2.1 The atom showing the nucleus and four electron shells.


Figure 2.2 The atomic structures of the elements hydrogen, oxygen and sodium.


Figure 2.3 The isotopes of hydrogen.


Figure 2.4 A water molecule, showing the covalent bonds between hydrogen (yellow) and oxygen (green).


Figure 2.5 Formation of the ionic compound, sodium chloride.


Figure 2.6 The pH scale.


Figure 2.7 The combination of glucose and fructose to make sucrose.


Figure 2.8 Amino acid structures: A. Common structure, R = variable side chain. B. Glycine, the simplest amino acid. C. Alanine. D. Phenylalanine.


Figure 2.9 Core structure of the fats.


Figure 2.10 Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).


Figure 2.11 The relationship between DNA, RNA and protein synthesis.


Figure 2.12 ATP and ADP: A. Structures. B. Conversion cycle.


Figure 2.13 Action of an enzyme: A. Enzyme and substrates. B. Enzymesubstrate complex. C. Enzyme and product.


Figure 2.14 The process of diffusion: a spoonful of sugar in a cup of coffee.


Figure 2.15 The process of osmosis. Net water movement when a red blood cell is suspended in solutions of varying concentrations (tonicity): A. Isotonic solution. B. Hypotonic solution. C. Hypertonic solution.


Figure 2.16 Distribution of body water in a 70 kg person.


Chapter 002 chemistry of life

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