Chapt02 Lecture
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1
EUROPE
CHAPTER 2
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
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European Influences
Colonized other regionsDiffusion of language, religion, political ideas, scientific discoveriesTransformed natural environment
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Relative Location
Relative Location
• At the heart of the land hemisphere
• Maximum efficiency for contact with the rest of the world
• Every part of Europe is close to the sea
• Navigable waterways
• Moderate distances
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Physical Geography
Geologic varietyAncient ShieldUplandsYoung, folded mountains Extensive PlainsVolcanoes and earthquakes
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Physical Geography
PeninsulasEstuariesFjordsRivers
Rhine RiverTradeTransportation
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Climates
Mostly temperate and humidSupport farm productionOcean influences – North Atlantic DriftClimate types:
Oceanic temperateSubtropical winter rain (Mediterranean)Continental temperate
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ClimatesGlobal warming
Retreating glaciersImpact on tourismHydroelectric power sites Rising sea levels
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Natural Resources
ForestsTemperate – Deciduous and evergreen
SoilsBrown earth – lowlandsLoess – North European Plain
FishMediterranean, Baltic, and North Seas
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Environmental Impacts
Air & water pollutionFish killsSmogAcid deposition
The Black Triangle
Kyoto Protocol
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Human Geography
Cultural diversityLanguage Patterns
• Most are Indo-European– Romance– Germanic– Slavic
• Others:– Celtic– Greek– Albanian
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Human Geography
Cultural diversityReligion
• Christianity predominates
• Judaism – impact of Nazi holocaust
• Islam – Increasing influence after World War II
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Population Dynamics
Decreasing in Mediterranean and East Central European regionsSlight increase in most western and northern countriesOverall decline in fertility rates
Italy and Spain have lowest fertility rates in the world (1.2)
Exceptions to population decline: Countries with large Muslim populations
Increasing burden on welfare systems
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Population Densities
High Density AreasUrban industrial beltsRiver valleysCoastlines
Low Density AreasMountainous regionsExtreme climates
European Cities
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Urban Pressures
Among most highly urbanized countries in the worldFew extremely large citiesMany global city-regions (London, Paris)Internal spatial differentiation within buildingsIndustrial Revolution
Land use differentiated into districts (CBD, industrial, suburbs)Development of public transportation
•High suburban densities•Apartments•Public transportation•Land scarcity•Government involvement in urban planning
In European cities you are more likely to find:
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Urban PressuresWorld War II –destruction1945-1970 – reconstruction and expansion
DecentralizationGentrification
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Evolving Politics
NationStateNation-stateNationalismIrredentism
Irredentism
• A policy of cultural extension and political expansion aimed at a national group living in a neighboring country
BA
A
RIVER & BORDER
COUNTRIES
MINORITYPOPULATION
BORDERADJUSTMENT
Ethnic Cleansing
• Refers to the forcible ouster of entire populations from their homelands by stronger powers bent on taking their territories
AB
A
COUNTRIES
BORDER
MINORITYPOPULATION
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World Wars I and II
Result of increasing competition and nationalism in EuropeDepressed economy in 1920s and 1930s encouraged fascism and communismGenocide
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Europe after 1945Independence movements in colonies abroad2 new world powers emerged:
U.S.Soviet Union
Communism spread into East Central EuropeDemocratic centralismState socialismPlanned economy
NATOWarsaw Pact
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Global EconomicsImperialismColonialismIndustrial Revolution
Began in Great BritainDiffused to Central and Eastern Europe
Early industrial centers located near coalfields
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Growing and Changing Economies
Productive capacity restored after WWIIAgglomeration economiesGeographic inertiaDeindustrialization 1970sWestern Europe = “economic heart” of the regionGermany = “motor” of EuropeMajor industries: cars and airplanes
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Energy Sources
Coal Oil – North SeaNatural GasNuclear power Hydroelectricity Wind power Tidal power
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Economic Activities
Service Industries – 75% workforce todayMost growth – Producer services & tourism
Agriculture – 2-7% workforceConcentrationIntensificationSpecializationMarket gardeningAgribusinessExtensification
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TourismEurope receives 55% of tourists worldwideHas 6 of top 10 places visited
#1 – France#2 – Spain
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Subregions
Western EuropeNorthern EuropeMediterranean EuropeEast Central Europe
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Western Europe
Major colonial powersFirst to experience Industrial RevolutionEstablished global trade flowsAmong world’s largest economic powersPolitical influenceHigh HDIs
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Western Europe
German Reunification
Divided 1949West Germany – an economic miracleEast Germany – slow economic growthBerlin Wall
• Erected - 1961• Torn down – 1989
Reunification - 1991
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Northern Europe (Norden)Cold climatesSparsely populatedRich in natural resourcesViking influenceEmpires – Sweden and DenmarkHigh standards of livingSupporters of human rightsIndustries: fishing, wood products, hi tech goods
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Mediterranean EuropeImpact on Western civilization – Greek and Roman ideasAge of Discovery – started in Spain and PortugalPolitical problems – dictatorsItaly
Strong regionalism existsStrong economy – Po River ValleyMilan – produces one-third Italy’s GDP
Vatican city
An enclave within Rome The headquarters of the Roman Catholic ChurchFunctions as an independent political entity
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Mediterranean Europe
Mediterranean Sea Pollution
Major oil shipping lanesImpact on tourismMediterranean Action Plan (MAP)
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East Central EuropeDominated by 4 empires 1700s - 1918Soviet satellite states after World War II
Communist economic policiesCOMECONDifficulties moving to capitalist systems
2004 – many countries joined EU
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East Central Europe
The Breakup of Yugoslavia
SloveniaCroatiaBosniaMacedoniaKosovo
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Contemporary Geographic Issues Political Changes: European Union (EU)
History1949 - Benelux 1952 - European Coal & Steel Community (ECSC)1957 - European Economic Community1993 - European Union2002 - Euro adopted as common currency by 12 of 15 members2004 – 10 new members added
History of European Supranationalism
• 1947 – Marshall plan• 1948 - Organization for
European Economic Cooperation (OEEC)
• 1949 - Council of Europe• 1957 - Treaty of Rome
signed, EEC formed. • 1959 - EFTA effective
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Contemporary Geographic Issues Political Changes: European Union (EU)
Currently 27 members456 million peopleSupranationalismConcerns:
Financial drain of poorer statesLoss of national sovereigntyErosion of national identityRemoval of border controls
European Union
Members 2007• Belgium• Netherlands• Luxembourg• France• Italy• Germany• Britain• Ireland• Hungary• Latvia• Lithuania• Malta• Slovenia
• Denmark• Greece• Spain• Portugal• Austria• Sweden• Finland• Cyprus• Czech Republic• Estonia• Poland• Slovakia• Romania• Bulgaria
• EU Members and non-members
• € indicates participation in the Euro currency
EuropeanSupranationali
sm
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Contemporary Geographic IssuesDevolution within Europe
United Kingdom and Northern IrelandIncreasing autonomy – Scotland and WalesConflict in Northern Ireland
• Nationalists (unionists) vs. Loyalists• Catholics and Protestants• Violence declined in 1990s• Working on shared government arrangement
Other areas:BasquesFormer YugoslaviaFormer Czechoslovakia
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Contemporary Geographic IssuesMulticultural Societies
Women’s IssuesHuman Rights Issues
International organizationsInternational Court of Justice
Refugees and asylum seekersImmigration
Impact of decolonizationDiffering policies:
• UK• France• Germany – “guest workers”
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