Chap_5 (MBA)

8/17/2019 Chap_5 (MBA)

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Management Information SystemsManagement Information SystemsMANAGING THE DIGITAL FIRM, 12TH EDITION

IT INFRASTRUTURE ANDEMERGING

TEHNOLOGIES

!a"ter #

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Management Information SystemsManagement Information Systems

• Defne IT infrastr$%t$re and describe its%om"onents&

• Identiy and describe the stages and te%!no'ogy

(ri)ers o IT inrastructure evolution.

• Assess contemporary computer hardware platform trends.

• Assess contemporary software platform

trends.

• Evaluate the challenges of managing ITinfrastructure and management solutions.

Learning O*+e%ti)es

HATER #- IT INFRASTRUTURE ANDEMERGING TEHNOLOGIES

© Prentice Hall 20112

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• IT infrastr$%t$re-

– Set o physical devices and softwarerequired to operate enterprise

– Set of .rm/i(e ser)i%es in%'$(ing-• Computing platorms providing computing services• Telecommunications services• Data management services• Application sotare services

• !hysical acilities management services• IT management" standards" education" research and

development services

– #Service platorm$ perspective moreaccurate view o value o investments

IT Infrastr$%t$re



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IT Infrastr$%t$re

ONNETION 0ETEEN THE FIRM, IT INFRASTRUTURE, AND 0USINESS AA0ILITIES

The services a frm is capable o providing to its customers" suppliers" and employees are a direct unction o its IT inrastructure.Ideally" this inrastructure should support the frm%s business and inormation systems strategy. &e inormation technologies

have a poerul impact on business and IT strategies" as ell as the services that can be provided to customers.

FIGURE #1



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Management Information SystemsManagement Information SystemsHATER #- IT INFRASTRUTURE AND

EMERGING TEHNOLOGIES

• E)o'$tion of IT infrastr$%t$re

– Genera'"$r"ose mainframe 3 mini%om"$terera- 14#4 to "resent

• '()* I+, frst mainrames introduced• '(-) ess e/pensive DEC minicomputers introduced

– ersona' %om"$ter era- 1451 to "resent• '(*' Introduction o I+, !C• !rolieration in *0s" (0s resulted in groth o personal

sotare – 'ient6ser)er era- 1457 to "resent

• Des1top clients netor1ed to servers" ith processingor1 split beteen clients and servers

• &etor1 may be to2tiered or multitiered 3&2tiered4• 5arious types o servers 3netor1" application" 6eb4

IT Infrastr$%t$re


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IT Infrastr$%t$re

STAGES IN ITINFRASTRUTURE E8OLUTION

Illustrated here are thetypical computing

confgurationscharacteri7ing each othe fve eras o ITinrastructure evolution.FIGURE #2



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• E)o'$tion of IT infrastr$%t$re 9%ont&:

– Enter"rise %om"$ting era- 1442 to"resent

• ,ove toard integrating disparate netor1s"applications using Internet standards andenterprise applications

– 'o$( om"$ting- 2;;; to "resent

• 8eers to a model o computing here frms andindividuals obtain computing poer andsotare applications over the Internet or othernetor1

• 9astest groing orm o computing

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IT Infrastr$%t$re

STAGES IN ITINFRASTRUTURE E8OLUTION9%ont&:Illustrated here are thetypical computing

confgurationscharacteri7ing each othe fve eras o ITinrastructure evolution.FIGURE #2



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IT Infrastr$%t$re

A MULTITIERED LIENT6SER8ER NETOR< 9NTIER:

In a multitiered client:server netor1" client requests or service are handled bydi;erent levels o servers.

FIGURE #7



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• Te%!no'ogy (ri)ers of infrastr$%t$ree)o'$tion

– Moore=s 'a/ an( mi%ro"ro%essing "o/er

• om"$ting "o/er (o$*'es every 18months

• &anotechnology<

– Shrin1s si7e o transistors to si7e comparable to

si7e o a virus

– La/ of Mass Digita' Storage

• The amount o data being stored each year(o$*'es

IT Infrastr$%t$re



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IT Infrastr$%t$re

MOORE=S LAANDMIROROESSOR ERFORMANE!ac1ing over = billiontransistors into a tiny

microprocessor hase/ponentially increasedprocessing poer.!rocessing poer hasincreased to over)00"000 ,I!S 3millions oinstructions per second4.

FIGURE #>



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IT Infrastr$%t$re

FALLING OSTOF HIS

!ac1ing moretransistors into lessspace has drivendon transistor cost

dramatically as ellas the cost o theproducts in hichthey are used.FIGURE ##



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IT Infrastr$%t$re

E?AMLES OFNANOTU0ES

&anotubes are tiny tubesabout '0"000 times thinnerthan a human hair. Theyconsist o rolled up sheets

o carbon he/agons andhave potential uses asminuscule ires or inultrasmall electronicdevices and are verypoerul conductors oelectrical current.

FIGURE #@



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IT Infrastr$%t$re

THE OST OFSTORING DATADELINESE?ONENTIALL14#;B2;1;

Since the frst magneticstorage device as usedin '())" the cost ostoring a 1ilobyte o datahas allen e/ponentially"doubling the amount odigital storage or eachdollar e/pended every ')months" on average.

FIGURE #C



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• Te%!no'ogy (ri)ers ofinfrastr$%t$re e)o'$tion 9%ont&:

– Met%a'fe=s La/ an( net/ore%onomi%s

• 5alue or "o/er of a net/or gro/se"onentia''y as a unction o the

number o netor1 members• As net/or mem*ers in%rease"

more people /ant to $se it 3demandor netor1 access increases4

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• Te%!no'ogy (ri)ers ofinfrastr$%t$re e)o'$tion 9%ont&:

– De%'ining %omm$ni%ation %osts an(t!e Internet

• An estimated 1.5 billion peopleorldide have Internet access

• As communication %osts fa'' toard avery small number and approach 0"utili7ation o %omm$ni%ation an(%om"$ting fa%i'ities e"'o(es

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IT Infrastr$%t$re

E?ONENTIAL DELINES IN INTERNET OMMUNIATIONS OSTS

>ne reason or the groth in the Internet population is the rapid decline in Internet connection and overallcommunication costs. The cost per 1ilobit o Internet access has allen e/ponentially since '((). Digital subscriberline 3DS4 and cable modems no deliver a 1ilobit o communication or a retail price o around = cents.

FIGURE #5



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• Te%!no'ogy (ri)ers of infrastr$%t$ree)o'$tion 9%ont&:

–Stan(ar(s an( net/or ee%ts• Technology standards<

– Specifcations that esta*'is! t!e%om"ati*i'ity o products and the a*i'ity to%omm$ni%ate in a netor1

– ?nleash "o/erf$' e%onomies of s%a'e andresult in "ri%e (e%'ines as manuacturersocus on the products built to a sing'estan(ar(

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• IT Infrastr$%t$re !as C main%om"onents

'. Computer hardare platorms=. >perating system platorms

@. Enterprise sotare applications

. Data management and storage

). &etor1ing:telecommunications platorms

-. Internet platorms

B. Consulting system integration services

Infrastr$%t$re om"onents



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IT Infrastr$%t$re

THE ITINFRASTRUTURE EOSSTEM

There are seven maorcomponents that must be

coordinated to provide thefrm ith a coherent ITinrastructure. isted hereare maor technologiesand suppliers or eachcomponent.

FIGURE #4



f i S

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• om"$ter !ar(/are "'atforms

– 'ient ma%!ines

• Des1top !Cs" mobile devices !DAs" laptops

– Ser)ers

• +lade servers< ultrathin computers stored in rac1s

– Mainframes-

• I+, mainrame equivalent to thousands o blade

servers – To" %!i" "ro($%ers- AMD, Inte', I0M

– To" .rms- I0M, H, De'', S$n Mi%rosystems




f iM I f i S

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• O"erating system "'atforms

– O"erating systems

• Server level< B) run 6indosF =) run ?ni/ or inu/

• Client level< – (0 run ,icrosot 6indos 3G!" =000" CE" etc.4

– Handheld device >S%s 3Android" i!hone >S4

– Cloud computing >S%s 3oogle%s Chrome >S4

• Enter"rise soft/are a""'i%ations

– Enter"rise a""'i%ation "ro)i(ers- SA an(Ora%'e

– Mi(('e/are "ro)i(ers- 0EA




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• Data management an( storage

– Data*ase soft/are-

• I+, 3D+=4" >racle" ,icrosot 3SJ Server4"Sybase 3Adaptive Server Enterprise4" ,ySJ

– !ysi%a' (ata storage-

• E,C Corp 3large2scale systems4" Seagate",a/tor" 6estern Digital

– Storage area net/ors 9SANs:-

• Connect multiple storage devices ondedicated netor1




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• Net/oring6te'e%omm$ni%ations"'atforms – Te'e%omm$ni%ation ser)i%es

• Telecommunications" cable" telephonecompany charges or voice lines and Internetaccess

• ATKT" 5eri7on

– Net/or o"erating systems-• 6indos Server" &ovell" inu/" ?ni/

– Net/or !ar(/are "ro)i(ers-• Cisco" Alcatel2ucent" &ortel" Luniper &etor1s





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• Internet "'atforms – Hardare" sotare" management services to

support company 6eb sites" 3including 6eb

hosting services4 intranets" e/tranets

– Internet hardare server mar1et< Dell"H!:Compaq" I+,

– 6eb development tools:suites< ,icrosot

39ront!age" .&ET4 I+, 36ebSphere4 Sun 3Lava4"independent sotare developers< Adobe"8eal,edia





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• ons$'ting an( system integrationser)i%es – Even large frms do not have resources or a ull

range o support or ne" comple/ inrastructure

– Sotare integration< ensuring ne inrastructureor1s ith legacy systems

– egacy systems< older T!S created or

mainrames that ould be too costly to replaceor redesign

– Accenture" I+, lobal Services" EDS" Inosys"6ipro





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• T!e emerging mo*i'e (igita' "'atform

– e'' "!ones, smart"!ones 90'a%0erry,i!one:

• Have assumed data transmission" 6ebsurfng" e2mail and I, duties

– Net*oos-

• Small" lo2cost lighteight noteboo1s

optimi7ed or ireless communication andcore computing tas1s

– Ta*'ets 9ia(:

– Net/ore( erea(ers 9<in('e:

ontem"orary Har(/are 'atform Tren(s



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• Gri( %om"$ting

– onne%ts geogra"!i%a''y remote %om"$ters into a single netor1 to %om*ine "ro%essing

"o/er and create )irt$a' s$"er%om"$ter – !rovides cost savings" speed" agility

• 8irt$a'iation

– Allos sing'e "!ysi%a' reso$r%e to act as

m$'ti"'e reso$r%es 3i.e." run multiple instanceso >S4

– Re($%es hardare and poer e"en(it$res

– 9acilitates !ar(/are %entra'iation




Management Information S stemsManagement Information Systems

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• 'o$( %om"$ting

– On-demand (utility) computing servicesobtained over netor1

• Inrastructure as a service

• !latorm as a service

• Sotare as a service

– Cloud can be public or private

– Allos companies to minimie ITin)estments

– Dra/*a%s- Concerns o security" reliability





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• Green %om"$ting – !ractices and technologies or manuacturing" using"

disposing of computing and networinghardware

• A$tonomi% %om"$ting – In($stry/i(e eort to develop systems that can

con!gure" heal themselves hen bro1en" and protect themselves rom outside intruders

– Similar to se'f$"(ating anti)ir$s soft/are Apple

and ,icrosot both use automatic updates

• Hig! "erforman%e, "o/ersa)ing "ro%essors

– ,ulti2core processors





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• O"enso$r%e soft/are 9Lin$: – !roduced by community o programmers" free

and modi!able by user – inu/< >pen2source sotare >S

• Soft/are for t!e e*

– a)a-• >bect2oriented programming language• >perating system" processor2independent

– A+a HTML6HTML #• Asynchronous LavaScript and G,• Allos client and server to e/change small pieces

o data ithout requiring the page to be reloaded

ontem"orary Soft/are 'atform Tren(s




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• e* Ser)i%es – Sotare components that e%!ange information

using 6eb standards and languages – ?ML- Etensi*'e Mar$" Lang$age

• ,ore poerul and Me/ible than HT,• Tagging allos computers to process data automatically

– SOA- Sim"'e O*+e%t A%%ess roto%o'• 8ules or structuring messages enabling applications to pass

data and instructions

– SDL- e* Ser)i%es Des%ri"tion Lang$age• 9rameor1 or describing 6eb service and capabilities

– UDDI- Uni)ersa' Des%ri"tion, Dis%o)ery, an(Integration

• Directory or locating 6eb services





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• SOA- Ser)i%eoriente( ar%!ite%t$re

– Set o se'f%ontaine( ser)i%es thatcommunicate ith each other to create a

woring software application – Sotare developers re$se t!ese ser)i%es in

other combinations to assemble otherapplications as needed

• E/ample< an #invoice service$ to serve hole frmor calculating and sending printed invoices

– Do''ar Rent A ar

• ?ses 6eb services to lin1 online boo1ing systemith Southest Airlines% 6eb site





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HO DOLLAR RENT A AR USES E0 SER8IES

Dollar 8ent A Car uses 6eb services to provide a standard intermediate layer o sotare to #tal1$ to othercompanies% inormation systems. Dollar 8ent A Car can use this set o 6eb services to lin1 to othercompanies% inormation systems ithout having to build a separate lin1 to each frm%s systems.

FIGURE #1;




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• Soft/are o$tso$r%ing an( %'o$(ser)i%es

– T!ree eterna' so$r%es for soft/are-

'. Sotare pac1ages and enterprise sotare

=. Sotare outsourcing 3domestic or o;shore4

– Domestic<

» !rimarily or middleare" integration services"

sotare support – >;shore<

» !rimarily or lower level maintenance" dataentry" call centers" although outsourcing or ne/"rogram (e)e'o"ment is increasing





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• T!ree eterna' so$r%es for soft/are9%ont&:

7& 'o$(*ase( soft/are ser)i%es

• Sotare as a service 3SaaS4• Accessed ith 6eb broser over Internet

• 8anges rom ree or lo2cost services orindividuals to business and enterprise sotare

• ?sers pay on subscription or per2transaction• E.g. Salesorce.com

• Service evel Agreements 3SAs4< ormalagreement ith service providers





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HANGINGSOURES OFFIRMSOFTAREIn =0'0" ?.S. frms ill spendover N=-) billion on sotare.About 0 percent o that 3N'0-

billion4 ill originate outsidethe frm" either rom enterprisesotare vendors sellingfrmide applications or

individual application serviceproviders leasing or sellingsotare modules. Another '0percent 3N'0 billion4 ill beprovided by SaaS vendors asan online cloud2based service.

FIGURE #11




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• Soft/are o$tso$r%ing an( %'o$( ser)i%es9%ont&:

– Mas!$"s

• Combinations o t/o or more on'inea""'i%ations" such as combining mappingsotare 3oogle ,aps4 ith local content

– A""s

• Sma'' "ie%es of soft/are that run on theInternet" on your computer" or on your cellphone

– i!hone" +lac1+erry" Android

• enerally delivered over the Internet





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• Dea'ing /it! "'atform an( infrastr$%t$re%!ange

– As .rms s!rin or gro/, IT nee(s to *e Jei*'e

an( s%a'a*'e – S%a'a*i'ity-

• Ability to e/pand to serve larger numbers ousers

– For mo*i'e %om"$ting an( %'o$( %om"$ting

• &e policies and procedures or managing thesene platorms

• Contractual agreements ith frms runningclouds and distributing sotare required

Management Iss$es




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• Management and governance

– Who controls ! in"rastr#ct#re$

– Ho% sho#ld ! de&artment 'e organi(ed$• Centralized

– Central IT department makes decisions

• Decentralized

– Business unit IT departments make own decisions

– Ho% are costs allocated 'et%eendivisions) de&artments$

Management Iss$es




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• Maing /ise infrastr$%t$re in)estments

– Amo$nt to s"en( on IT is %om"'e K$estion• 8ent vs. buy" outsourcing

– Tota' %ost of o/ners!i" 9TO: mo(e'• Analy7es direct and indirect costs• Hardare" sotare account or only about =0 o TC>

• >ther costs< Installation" training" support"

maintenance" inrastructure" dontime" space andenergy• TC> can be reduced through use o cloud services"

greater centrali7ation and standardi7ation ohardare and sotare resources

Management Iss$es




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• om"etiti)e for%es mo(e' for ITinfrastr$%t$re in)estment

'. ,ar1et demand or frm%s services

=. 9irm%s business strategy

@. 9irm%s IT strategy" inrastructure" and cost

. Inormation technology assessment

). Competitor frm services

-. Competitor frm IT inrastructure investments

Management Iss$es




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Management Iss$es

OMETITI8E FORES MODEL FOR IT INFRASTRUTURE

There are si/ actors you can use to anser the question" #Ho much should our frmspend on IT inrastructureO$

FIGURE #12


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