Chap1 Transport FORM 5

8/13/2019 Chap1 Transport FORM 5

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chapter 1 :Transport

Learning objective:1. Understanding the importance of having transport

system in some multicellular organisms

2. Synthesise the concept of the circulatory system

3. Understanding the mechanism of blood clotting

4. Synthesise the concept of the lymphatic system

5. Understanding the role of the circulatory system in thebodyddefence mechanism

6. Appreciate a healthy cardiovasular system

7. Understanding the transport of substances in plants

8. Synthesise the concept of the transport of substances

in plants


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1.1 The importance of having a transport system

in some multicellular organisms

Learning outcomes:

1. Identify the problems that could be faced by

multicellular organisms in obtaining their

cellular requirements and getting rid of waste

product

2. Suggest how these problems are overcome in

multicellular organisms


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Transport

To describe how the substance in our body

move from one part to the other part

Transport process varies in different types of

organism


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Difference transport in unicellular and

multicellular organisms

1. Unicellular organism

Ex?

They have large total surface area to volume

(TSA/V) ration that enable substance to diffuseeasily into the cell

To obtain oxygen and nutrients directly fromexternal environment

Carbon dioxide and other waste product alsoeliminated by diffusion through plasmamembrane

So, They do not need any internal transport

system


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Multicellular organisms

Ex?

The TSA/V ration decreases

Cells often located away from external surface ofthe body

Diffusion rate also decrease which is a limitingfactor to cellular activities in large animals

These organism have specialized structure toincrease surface area ( alveolus)

They also need circulatory system to

Distribute nutrients and oxygen

Remove waste product


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exercise

Examine cuboid A and B. Calculate the TSA/V

of both cuboids. Assume that the cuboids are

two organisms.

Which organisms obtain their cellular

requirement (O2 and nutrients) and removing

their waste product( co2 and urea) easily?

Why?


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Assignments

1. Why does unicellular organisms canundergoes diffusion process to transport theirnutrients and waste products while

multicellular organisms cannot?Elaborate your answer by giving suitable

explanation.

( 8 marks)


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1.2 The circulatory systemLearning Outcomes:

1. State what a circulatory system is2. State the three components of the circulatory system in

humans and animals

3. State the medium of transport in humans and animals

4. State the composition of human blood5. Explain the function of blood and haemolymph in transport

6. Describe the structure of human blood vessel

7. Explain how blood is propelled through human circulatory

system8. Explain briefly how blood pressure regulated

9. Compare and contrast the circulatory system in thefollowing: human, fish and amphibians

10. Conceptualise the circulatory systems in humans


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Functions of the circulatory systemThe circulatory system has three functions:

1. Transportingsubstances around the body. These

include oxygen, glucose, carbon dioxide, nutrients,

water and waste products.

3. Protectingthe body. Blood contains cells

and anti-bodies that fight infection andclotting agents to stop bleeding.

2. Controllingbody temperature.


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3 components of circulatory system

1. Medium of transport/ Blood

2. Blood vessel

3. Heart


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1. Medium of transport/ Blood

Animals:Blood which consist of blood plasma, blood cells

( RBC, WBC) and plateles

Invertebrates:Ex:

Use haemolymph(fluid in hoemocoel)

Hoemocoel: rongga

Functions: transport material around the body


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Blood

Blood is the bodys means of transportingsubstances around. It transports:

oxygenfrom the lungs to the heart and then to the

bodys tissues

carbon dioxidefrom the tissues to the heart and

then to the lungs to be expired

materials like hormonesfrom one organ to another

nutrients(especially glucose) and mineralsfrom the

intestines to the tissues

waste productsto the kidneys.


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Composition of Human Blood

Blood: connective tissue that are composed of

1. Cellular components (45%)

Platelets

Erythrocytes (RBC)

Leucocytes( WBC)

1. Plasma (55%)

Water(90%)

Soluble solutes


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Cellular components ( 45%)

1. Platelets

Fragments of cells from bone marrow

No nucleus Important for blood clotting process


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1.Platelets

Formed in red bone marrow.

Produce thrombokinase

a chemical needed for blood clotting.

Platelets help to repair tissuesand close woundsboth

internally and externally.

When needed, they grow intoirregular shapes and stick together to

form a plugover the wound.

Plateletsare also carried in the blood.


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They aggregate and release factors which

promote the blood coagulation.


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2.Red blood cells

Also called erythrocytes.

Disc-shaped.

Made in the bone marrow.

Contain a red-coloured compound

called haemoglobinwhich bonds

with oxygen to formoxyhaemoglobin.

Transport oxygen to the tissues.

Blood is made up of a number of different elements.

The most common cell in blood is the red blood cell.


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In the other vertebrates (e.g. fishes,

amphibians, reptilians and birds), they have a

nucleus.


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3.White blood cells

Also called leucocytes.

They are bigger than red

blood cells and have large

nuclei.

Act as the bodys defencesystem.

Blood also contains white blood cells.

Some white blood cells surround and consume

harmful microbes.

Some produce chemicals called antibodiesthat

fight infection.

colorless


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Each type of leukocyte is present in the blood

in different proportions:

neutrophil 50 - 70 %

eosinophil 2 - 4 %

basophil 0,5 - 1 %

lymphocyte 20 - 40 %

monocyte 3 - 8 %


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In fact, these granules have a different affinity

towards neutral, acid or basic stains and give

the cytoplasm different colors.

So, granulocytes distinguish themselves in

neutrophil, eosinophil (or acidophil) and

basophil.


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Leukocytes ( WBC)

1. Granulocytes

2. A granulocytes


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1. Granulocytes

Granular cytoplasm

filled with microscopic granules that are littlesacs containing enzymes, compounds thatdigest microorganisms.

Lobed nuclei( kelepek)

Form in bone marrow

Consist of:

1. Basophils

2. Neutrophils

3. Eosinophils


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Neutrophils

As a Phagocytes

Which digest

bacteria and deadcells

By phagocytosis

process


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Neutrophils


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Eosinophils

Control allergic

responses

Kill parasitic wormsby release enzyme.


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eosinophils


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Basophils

Secretes heparin

to prevent blood

clotting

Involve in

combating

inflammatory andallergic reactions


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basophils


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In the different types of granulocytes, the

granules are different and help us to

distinguish them.

In fact, these granules have a different affinity

towards neutral, acid or basic stains and give

the cytoplasm different colors.

So, granulocytes distinguish themselves in

neutrophil, eosinophil (or acidophil) and

basophil


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2. Agranulocytes

Clear cytoplasm

Nuclei are not lobed( terkelepek)

Consist of

1. Lymphocytes

2. monocytes


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Lymphocytesare cells which, besides being presentin the blood,

Its populate the lymphoid tissues and organs too, aswell as the lymph circulating in the lymphaticvessel.

An antibody is a molecule able to bind itself to

molecules of a complementary shapecalled antigens, and recognize them.

As for all proteins, even the antibodies are coded by

genes. On the basis of a recombination mechanism of

some of these genes, every lymphocyte producesantibodies of a specific shape.


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Lymphocytes

Produce

antibodies

Neutralize toxins Produce immune

responses against

foreign substance Largest leucocytes


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Monocytes

Phagocytes

Engulf digested

bacteria anddead cells

Origin: frombone marrow


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Difference between RBC

AND WBC

characteristics RBC WBC


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1. SHAPE a) Erythrocytes are

biconcave disc serves to:

Increase surface area tovolume ratio

Increase diffusion rate of

gaseous exchange

b) No nucleus to gives space

for great quantities ofhaemoglobin

Leucocytes have nuclei

Not have haemoglobin

Larger than erythrocytesDo not have fixed shaped

2.FUNCTION Has haem group

Contains iron atom

For the site of oxygen

binding

When the partial pressure of

o2 is high,

Haemoglobin will combine

with o2 to form

OXYHAEMOGLOBIN

Responsible for the defense

of organism against disease

If pathogen invade the body,

number of leucocytes will

increase

3. DIAMETER 8 micrometer 15 micro meter


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LIFESPAN 120 days

Destroyed by phagocytes

(WBC) in the liver and

spleen(limpa)

A few days by phagocytosis

process

MANUFACT

URED IN

Bone marrow

Rate: 2 million/ second

Bone marrow(granulocytes)

But may migrate to thymus

gland or lymph node

For their growth and

development stage

Lymphatic system (

agranucolytes)

3. DIAMETER 8 micrometer

Thickness: 2 micrometer

15 micro meter

4.Number of

bloodcell/mm3

5 million/mm3 6000-10000/mm3

(Ration: 1WBC:700RBC)


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PLASMA


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Plasma

90% water

inorganic salts(Na+, Mg2+, Cl-)

glucoseantibodies

urea and other waste products

plasma proteins.(ex: albumin, fibrinogen,prothrombin)

Dissolved gases( oxygen and carbon dioxide)

Hormones ( insulin)

The blood cells and platelets are suspended in a

substance called plasma. Plasma is made up of:


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The plasma is a slightly alkaline fluid, with a

typical yellowish color

The mineral substances are dissolved in ionic

form, that is dissociated into positive and

negative ions.

Ex: Ca2+


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Plasma can be separated from theother components of blood using

a centrifuge.

plasma


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Functions of blood in Transport

1. Transport in oxygen

2. Transport of carbon dioxide

3. Transport of water to tissues

4. Transport of excretory waste products

5. Transport of hormones

6. Transport of heat7. Transport of absorbed food materials


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1. Transport of oxygen

Transport o2 from lung/alveoluscells/ all

part of body

Oxygen combine with haemoglobin in

erythrocytes to form = oxyhaemoglobin

Oxyhaemoglobin dissociates into haemoglobin

and 02

O2 then supplied for cellular respiration (ATP)

Hb + O2 ---> HbO


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2. Transport of carbon dioxide

Cellular respiration release co2

Glucose + o2 -energy +co2+ water

Carbon dioxide transported from cells to lungs/

alveolus in the form of:

a)Hydrogen carbonate ions

b) Carbaminohemoglobin

c)Dissolves directly in the blood plasma

When the blood reaches the lungs, the co2 release

and diffuse out of the blood into the alveoli


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Carbaminohaemoglobin is a combination of

carbon dioxide and hemoglobin,

CO2HHb, being one of the forms in which

carbon dioxide exists in the blood.


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3. Transport of water to tissues

Water is transported by blood to provide a

medium for biochemical reactions

4 T t f t t


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4.Transport of excretory waste

products

1. Deamination

Process removing the amino group from the

excess amino acid.

The amino group is converted to ammonia

and then to urea by the liver

From liver, urea transported by blood to

kidneys to be excreted


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5.Transport of hormones

Blood transport hormones produced by

endocrine gland to the target organs

Ex: insulin and glucagon carried by blood from

pancreas to the liver


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6. Transport of heat

Blood helps regulate body temperature by

distributing heat

7 Transport of absorbed food


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7. Transport of absorbed food

materials

Soluble digested food, vitamins and mineral

absorbed into capillaries of the villi in small

intestine

Ex: simple sugar: glucose

Amino acids

Water soluble vitamins

Mineral salts


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They are transported by the hepatic portal

veinfrom small intestine to liver and then to

the heart

Other food materials are absorbed into

lacteals in the villi

Ex: fatty acids, glycerol , vitamin ADEK (Fat

soluble susbtances)

They are then transported by the lymph into

the blood circulatory system via the left

subclavian vein


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Hepatic portal vein


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Lacteal and villi


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Lacteal and villi

l h


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lymph

S b l i i


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Subclavian vein

Function of Haemolymph in transport


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Function of Haemolymph in transport

Haemolymph:

the circulating fluid in open tissue spaces ofinvertebrates

A circulating blood-like nutritive fluid which

fills the entire body cavity called haemocoel A circulating system in invertebrates = open

circulatory system because the haemolymph:

1. Is not confined to vessels only2. Bathes the tissues and internal organs

directly


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Nutrients such as digested food and hormones

diffuse from haemolymph into cells. Waste products diffuse out from cells into the

haemolymph

Haemolymph does not transport respiratorygases.

Gaseous exchange via the tracheal system


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2. Blood vessels

Consist of arteries

Capillaries

Veins

functions: carries blood around the body


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Structure of human

blood vessels

Blood vessels


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Blood vesselsThere are three typesof blood vessels,

blood fromthe heart

blood to theheart

arterycarries blood

back intothe heart

carries bloodaway fromthe heart

carries blood to andfrom the bodys cells

vein

arteries capillaries Veins


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Carry oxygenated

blood away from the

heart to all parts ofthe body

Except pulmonary

artery

Sites for the

exchange of

respiratory gases,nutrients and wastes

Transport

deoxygenated blood

from all parts of thebody to the heart

except pulmonary

vein

Blood pressure:High blood pressure

in arteries

Lower than arteriesbut higher than veins

Lowerthan arteries

Thickmuscular wall

Lumen size small

One cell thickness

Lumen is very small

Thinnerwall

Lumen size is large

No valve except

aorta

No valve Valve present to

prevent backflow of

blood


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To transport blood

quickly at high

pressure from the

heart to tissues

Allow rapid gaseous

exchange between

blood and the body

cells by diffusion

Allow blood from

tissues to return to

the heart


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The ARTERY


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The ARTERY

thick muscle and

elastic fibres

Arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.

the elastic fibres allow the

artery to stretchunder

pressure

the thick muscle cancontract to pushthe

blood along.

The VEIN


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The VEIN

Veins carry deoxygenated blood towards from the

heart.

thin muscle and

elastic fibres

veins have valves

which act to stop the

blood from going in

the wrong direction.

body muscles surround the veins

so that when they contract to

move the body, they also

squeeze the veins and push the

blood along the vessel.

The CAPILLARY


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The CAPILLARY

Capillaries link Arterioles with

Venus

the wall of a

capillary

is only one cell thick

they exchange materials

between the blood and

other body cells.

The exchange of materials

between the blood and thebody can only occur

through capillaries.


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Blood vessels: valves


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Blood vessels: valves

When blood is flowing against gravity, or when a vein is

squeezed by muscle action, there is a risk that blood willflow in the wrong direction. Veinshave valvesto prevent

backflow.

blood tothe

heart

backflow

preventedvein valveopen

vein valveclosed

The valves allow

blood to flow in the

correct direction

but close if blood

starts to flow in the

wrong direction.


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3. Heart

A heart is an organ that generates pressure to

pump the blood through out the body


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How blood is propelled through

the human circulatory system?

Location of the Heart


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Location of the Heart

The heart is located between the lungs behindthe sternum and above the diaphragm.

It is surrounded by the pericardium.

It is a fluid filled sac that surrounds the heart

Its size is about that of a fist, and its weight is

about 250-300 g.

Location of the heart in the thorax


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Location of the heart in the thorax

Anatomy of the heart


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Anatomy of the heart

Heart made up of myogenic cardiac

muscles which contract and relaxautomatically throughout life

It is not controlled by nervous system


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The human heart has four chambers:

1. Left and right Atrium (atria= plural)

Upper chambers which receive blood

returning to the heart

Thin -walled2. Left and right ventricles

Lower chambers which pump blood out of

the heart Thick walled


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Septum:

Separatesthe right chambers from the left

chambers

The valves: ensure that blood flows only in one

direction.

1. Tricuspid valve

2. Bicuspid valve

3. Semi lunar valve


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The Heart Valves


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The Heart Valves

The tricuspid valve-the valve between the

right atrium and right ventricle

The bicuspid valve- the valve between left

atrium and left ventricle

Semi lunar valve- the valves at the base ofaorta and pulmonary artery


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The right pump forces deoxygenated blood tothe lungs

The left pump forces oxygenatedblood to

other parts of the body

Pumping of the heart/ the heartbeat


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Pumping of the heart/ the heartbeat

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/heart/heartmap.html

How does the heart beat?
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/heart/heartmap.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/heart/heartmap.htmlhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/heart/heartmap.html


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How does the heart beat?


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SAN and AVN


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SAN and AVN

Electrical signal begins in the sinoatrial (SA)

node: "natural pacemaker."

causes the atria to contract.

Blood is then forced into the ventricles

The signal then passes through theatrioventricular (AV) node.

sends the signal to the ventricles via the

bundle of His causes the ventricles to contract.

And pump the blood out of the heart


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Right ventricle pumps the blood intopulmonary arterywhich forces the blood to

the lung

Left ventricle pumps the blood into aortawhich forces the blood to all part of the body

The Conduction System


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The Conduction System


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Left ventricle is thickerand more muscularthan the wall of the right ventricles

Because it needs to generate greater pressure

to pump blood to all parts of the body

While the right ventricle pumps the blood to

the lungs only

What is the cardiac cycle?


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What is the cardiac cycle?

Cardiac cycle is the series of events that occurduring one complete heartbeat

Including contraction (systole) and relaxation (

diastole) of both atria and ventricles

Th i t i l d (SAN) i iti t th


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The sino atrial node(SAN) can initiate theheartbeat on its own

Sympathetic nerve carrying impulse to the heartcan increase the heart rate

Parasympathetic nerve can slow it down

The heart rate increase when: Increase in the secretion of hormone

(adrenaline)

An increase in partial pressure of carbondioxide in the blood

Body temperature is elevated

How does blood in the veins flow back


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to the heart?


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1.Muscle relaxed , valves closed

2.Muscles contract, upper valves open and

blood is forced upwards , lower valve remain

close

3. Muscles relaxed, upper valves closed, lower

valve opens as a result of muscle contraction

elsewhere and blood flows forwards

Regulatory mechanism of blood


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pressure

Blood pressure is the force of the blood exertedof the arterial blood vessels

Arterial blood pressure is highest during

ventricular systole , and lowest during diastole

Baroreceptors monitor the pressure of blood

flowing to the body and to the brain

Baroreceptor located in the walls of the aortaand carotid arteries branch out from the aorta.


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Chap1 Transport FORM 5

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