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Transcript of Chap07 Respiratory
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Respiratory System
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Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be ableto:
Name the parts of the respiratory system and
discuss the function of each part.
Define combining forms used in building words
that relate to the respiratory system and its parts.
Identify the meaning of related abbreviations.
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Objectives Part 2Name the common diagnoses, clinical
procedures, and laboratory tests used in treating
disorders of the respiratory system.
List and define the major pathological conditionsof the respiratory system.
Explain the meaning of the surgical terms related
to the respiratory system.
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Structure and Function
The respiratory system
performs two major tasks:
Exchanging air between the
body and the outsideenvironment known as external
respiration
Bringing oxygen to the cells
and removing carbon dioxide
from them referred to as
internal respiration
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External RespirationExternal Respiration
Air from the outside environment enters the nose
or mouth during inspiration (inhalation).
The Nose
Also called external nares
Divided into two halves by the nasal septum
Contains the paranasal sinuses where air iswarmed
Contains cilia which is responsible for filtering
out foreign bodies
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PharynxPharynxAlso known as the throat is a passageway for
both air and food
Three Sections of the Pharynx
Nasopharynx
-contains thepharyngeal tonsils(adenoids) which
aid in the bodys immune defense
Oropharynx
-back portion of the mouth that contains thepalatine
tonsilswhich aid in the bodys immune defense
Laryngopharynx
-bottom section of the pharynx where the respiratory tract
divides into the esophagusand the larynx
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EpiglottisThe epiglottis, a movable flap ofcartilage that covers the opening to
the larynx(voice box) prevents food
from entering the larynx during
swallowing.
Occasionally, a person may swallow and
inhale at the same time so some food may
enter the larynx and choking occurs.
A technique called the has
saved many people from choking to death.
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LarynxLarynxServes as a passageway to the trachea and the
area where sounds are produced
Vocal Cords
Size and thickness
determine the pitch of
sound
Short and thin =
high pitch
Thick and long =
low pitch
Glottis
True
VocalCords
False
Vocal
Cords
Posterior
Portion ofTongue
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TracheaTrachea trachea
bronchi
Also known as the
windpipe
Connects the larynxto the right and left
bronchi
Point at which itdivides into the right
and left bronchi is
called the mediastinum
larynx
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Internal RespirationInternal RespirationAir from the bronchi travels to the bronchioles
then to the tiny air sacs (alveoli) which connect
to lung capillaries.
alveolus
Oxygen and carbon dioxideare exchanged and oxygen
is delivered to the body
cells.
capillaries
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LungsLungs
Consist of a right and left lobe
Covered by a double layer of membrane that
makes movement in the thoracic cavity easier.The outer layer is the parietal pleura and the inner
layer is the visceral pleura
The space between the two pleurae is called thepleural cavity
Consist of an apex (top section), hilum (middle
section) and base (lower section)
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Inhale/ExhaleThe passage of air from the
external environment to the
lung capillaries, bloodstream
and out consists of one
inhalation and one exhalation.
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Muscles for BreathingMuscles for BreathingThe major
muscles that
contract to
enlarge the
thoracic cavity
during inspiration
are the:
Diaphragm
Intercostal muscles
Note: The diaphragm
lowers itself when it
contracts during
inhalation
Bronchioles
Alveoli
Lungs
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
(windpipe)
Right andleft bronchi
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Combining Forms &
Abbreviations [adenoid(o)]
Combining Form Meaning
adenoid (o)
alveol (o)
bronch (o)
bronchiol (o)
capn (o)
epiglott (o)
laryng (o)
adenoid; gland
alveolus
bronchus
carbon dioxide
larynx
epiglottis
bronchiole
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Combining Forms &
Abbreviations [lob(o)]
Combining Form Meaning
lob (o)
mediastin (o)
nas (o)
or (o)
ox (o)
pharyng (o)
phon (o)
lobe of the lung
mediastinum
nose
mouth
oxygen
pharynx
voice, sound
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Combining Forms &
Abbreviations [phren(o)]
Combining FormMeaning
phren(o)
pleur(o)
pneum (o)
rhin (o)
spir (o)
steth (o)
thorac (o)
diaphragm
pleura
air
nose
breathing
chest
thorax
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Combining Forms &
Abbreviations [ABG]
Abbreviation Meaning
ABG
AFB
A&P
AP
ARD
ARDS
ARF
arterial blood gas
acid-fast bacillus
auscultation and percussion
anteroposterior
acute respiratory disease
adult respiratory distress
syndrome
acute respiratory failure
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Combining Forms &
Abbreviations [BS]Abbreviation Meaning
BS
COLD
COPD
CPR
CTA
CXR
DOE
breath sounds
chronic obstructive lung
disease
chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
clear to auscultation
chest x-ray
dyspnea on exertion
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Combining Forms &
Abbreviations [DPT]
AbbreviationMeaning
DPT
ENT
ET tube
FEF
FEV
FVC
HBOT
diptheria,pertussis, tetanus
ear, nose and throat
endotracheal intubation tube
forced expiratory flow
forced expiratory volume
forced vital capacity
hyperbaric oxygen therapy
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Combining Forms &
Abbreviations [MDI]
Abbreviation Meaning
MDI
PA
PCP
PEEP
PFT
PND
RD
metered dose inhaler
posteroanterior
pneumocystis cariniipneumonia
positive end expiratory pressure
pulmonary function tests
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea;
postnasal drip
respiratory disease
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Combining Forms &
Abbreviations [RDS]
AbbreviationMeaning
RDS
RLL
RUL
SIDS
SOB
T&A
TB
respiratory distress syndrome
right lower lobe
right upper lobe
sudden infant death syndrome
shortness of breath
tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy
tuberculosis
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Combining Forms &
Abbreviations [TLC]
AbbreviationMeaning
TLC
TPR
URI
VC
V/Q scan
total lung capacity
temperature, pulse, and
respirations
upper respiratory infection
vital capacity
ventilation/perfusion scan
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Diagnostic, Procedural &
Laboratory TestsMethods Used toDiagnose Respiratory
Disorders:
Auscultation
Assessing respiratory
rate
Percussion
Sputum analysis
Normal Adultrespiratory rate is 15
to 20 respirations per
minute.
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Pulmonary Function TestsPulmonary function tests measure themechanics of breathing.
Peak flow meter
measures the capacity for breathing
Spirometer
a pulmonary function testing machine that measures the
lungs volume and capacity
Forced Vital Capacity
Highest breathing
capacity following the
deepest breath
Forced Expiratory Volume
Shows breathing capacity at
different parts of the
respiratory cycle
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Abnormalities/Masses
Abnormalities such as
masses and
restricted blood flow
within the lungs canbe detected via:
Chest x-rays
MRI
Lung scans Structures of therespiratory system can
be observed via:
Endoscopy
Bronchoscopy
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Laboratory TestsLaboratory Tests
Throat Cultures
Sputum Sample
Arterial Blood Gases
Sweat Test
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Pathology
Inflammatory
Conditions
adenoiditisbronchitis
epiglottitis
laryngitis
laryngotracheobronchitis
pharyngitis
rhinitis pneumonitis
sinusitistonsillitis
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Breathing PatternsBreathing Patterns
eupnea
bradypnea
tachypnea
hypopnea
hyperpnea
dyspnea
apnea
orthopneaOther Conditions
Cheyne Stokes Respiration
Hyperventilation
Hypoxemia
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Upper Respiratory InfectionUpper respiratory infection is a term thatcovers an infection of some or all of the
respiratory tract.
Other Conditions:
Croup
Diptheria
Epistaxis
Rhinorrhea
Pertussis
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary
DiseaseChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) isa term for any disease with chronic obstruction of
the bronchial tubes and lungs such as:
Emphysema
Chronic Bronchitis
Asthma causes
narrowing of the bronchileading to dyspnea,
wheezing and coughing.Normal
bronchiole
Asthmatic
bronchiole,
showing
constriction
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HemoptysisHemoptysisLung or bronchial hemorrhage that results in the spitting of
blood.
Cystic Fibrosis
Disease of the exocrine glands that causes secretion of
abnormally thick mucus which leads to chronic obstruction.
Atelectasis
Collapsed alveoli leading to collapse of a lung or part of alung.
Pneumonia
Acute infection of the alveoli.
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Environmental ConditionsConditions caused by environmental agents
PneumoconiosisCaused by dust in the lungs
Anthracosis
Caused by coal dust
Asbestosis
Caused by asbestos particles
released during construction
of ships and buildings
SilicosisCaused by the silica dust
from grinding rocks or glass
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Disorders of the PleuraDisorders of the Pleura
Pneumothorax
Accumulation of air or gas in the pleural cavity.
Empyema
Pus in the pleural cavity.
Hemothorax
Blood in the pleural cavity.
Pleural Effusion
Escape of fluid into the pleural cavity.
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OtorhinolaryngologistsOtorhinolaryngologists are physicians thatspecialize in disorders of the upper respiratorytract.
Surgical Removal Conditions
Tonsillectomy Laryngectomy
Lobectomy
Adenoidectomy Pneumonectomy
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Surgical Repair
Surgical Repair
bronchoplasty
rhinoplasty
laryngoplasty
tracheoplasty
septoplasty
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Surgical IncisionsSurgical Incisions
Tracheostomy
tube
Laryngotracheotomy
Sinusotomy
Thoracotomy
Tracheotomy
Endotracheal intubation is the insertion of a
tube through the nose or mouth, pharynx,
larynx and into the trachea to establish an
airway.
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Pharmacology
Antibiotics, antihistamines and anticoagulants are
used for respiratory disorders just as with other
system disorders.
Medications specific to Respiratory Conditions:
Bronchodilators
Dilate the bronchial walls
Expectorants
Promote coughing and expulsion of mucus
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Mechanical DevicesMechanical Devices that aid in Respiration
Ventilators
Actually serve as a
breathing substitute for
patients who can not
breathe on their own.
Nebulizers
Deliver medication
through the mouth or
nose to ease breathing
problems
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Agents to Treat Respiratory
Conditions
Agents Used to Treat Respiratory Conditions
Antitussive
Decongestants
Expectorants(relieves coughing)
(decreases and
prevents mucus
buildup)
(promotes
coughing andexpelling of
mucus)
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Apply Your KnowledgeIdentify the followingrespiratory structures:
A. Trachea
B. Bronchi
C. Alveolus
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Apply Your Knowledge Part 2An obstruction in which of the following would beMOST fatal?
A. BRONCHIOLE
B. TRACHEA
C. BRONCHI
Answer: B. Trachea
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Apply Your Knowledge Part 4
Melissa has very thick respiratory secretions.
She visits a local pharmacy looking for something
to help her with her dry cough.
Which of the following types of medication
should Melissa consider taking?
A. Expectorant
B. Antitussive
Answer: A. Expectorant