Chap 8- Photosynthesis _______- the ability to do work All living organisms must obtain and use...

Chap 8- Photosynthesis

_______- the ability to do work

All living organisms must obtain and use energy to survive

___________: obtain energy from nonliving sources

Plants and some other types of organisms able to use _______ energy from the sun to produce _______


___________- must obtain energy from an outside source (cannot make own)

All organisms must release energy stored _________ by autotrophs

Energy stored in ________ formed between atoms

When bonds are broken (or new ones formed), _______ released


___________ _________ (___)- source of energy for the cell


In the presence of _______, plants transform ______ ________and water into ___________

Release ________ in the process

General equation:

__CO2 + __H2O ________ + __O2

Carbon dioxide + water light sugars + oxygen


Plant cells contain light-absorbing chemicals, called __________, that absorb certain _________ of visible light

Principle pigment is ___________ (a & b)

Absorb light in the ________ and ________ wavelengths

_________ pigments absorb additional wavelengths and pass onto ___________

STROMA GRANA


Process of photosynthesis involves _____ energy conversions:

– __________ of light energy

– Conversion of _____ energy into ________ energy

– ________ of chemical energy in the form of _______

Chap 8- Photosynthesis________________ reactions: pigment

molecules absorb light energy and convert it to ATP (light energy chemical energy)

-Takes place on ________ membrane

Chemical energy used to make 6-carbon sugars from CO2 – reaction known as the ________ _______

-Takes place in ________ (space surrounding thylakoids inside chloroplasts)

Chap 8- PhotosynthesisLight-Dependant Reactions

Use energy from sunlight to produce energy carriers ____ and ______ (from ____ and _______)

______ gas is a by-product of these reactions (created by breaking ______)


The Calvin Cycle

________________ reactions

Plants use energy in ATP and NADPH to form long-term energy _______ molecules

ATP & NADPH high-energy ________

Sugars used as building blocks & for energy by plants


_____ (activity per unit of time) of photosynthesis affected by:

– Concentrations of ___ and _____

– ____________

– _______ _________

– Availability of _________

Chap 9- Cellular RespirationChemical Energy & Food

1g of glucose = _____ calories of heat energy

Food energy not released ___ ___ ____:

released ___________

Process begins with chemical pathway called __________ (small amount of energy)

If ________ present: leads to one pathway

If __ ________ present: leads to different pathway

Chap 9- Cellular Respiration

Overview of Cellular Respiration

When oxygen is present:

-glycolysis -_____ ______

-electron transport chain

Three pathways make up process called _______ ___________


Releases energy from _______ and other food molecules in the presence of ______

General equation:

C6H12O6 + _O2 _CO2 + _H2O + _____

________ + _______ carbon dioxide + water + ________

Cell releases energy in little bits

Captures the energy in _____


Glycolysis

Process which breaks a molecule of glucose in ____

Produces two molecules of ________ ____


Fermentation

_________ process (occurs without ______)

Two types:

________ fermentation- yeast cells and some bacteria

Pyruvic acid + NADH alcohol + CO2 + NAD+


______ ____ fermentation- in ______ during heavy exercise; unicellular organisms

Pyruvic acid + NADH lactic acid + NAD+

Microorganisms used to make variety of _____ products


______ pathways: Krebs cycle and electron transport chain

MUST have oxygen to occur

Chap 9- Cellular RespirationKrebs CyclePyruvic acid broken down into carbon

dioxide in series of energy-extracting stepsIn process:

__ CO2 molecules released __ NADH produced__ ATP produced

__ FADH2 produced!!**per _______ of pyruvic acid**!!

Chap 9- Cellular RespirationElectron Transport

ETC (electron transport chain) uses the high-energy _________ from the Krebs cycle to convert ____ into ____

1. ETC located on ______ mitochondrion membrane


2. With every two electrons, ___ ions are pumped across membrane

Builds up concentration _________ across membrane

3. ___ ________ allows H+ ions across membrane

Uses energy of gradient to convert ADP to ATP (__ ATP for each pair of H+ ions)

Chap 9- Cellular RespirationFinal Tally

Glycolysis:

2 ATP 2 NADH

Krebs Cycle:

2 ATP 8 NADH 2 FADH2

ETC:

___ ATP (from NADH & FADH2)

Total:

___ ATP from one molecule of ______


Cell-

___% efficiency of extracting energy from glucose

Gas engine-

__%-__% efficiency

Rest is lost as _____ energy


Comparison of Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis “_______” energy

Cellular respiration “________” energy

Photosynthesis removes _______ ______ from atmosphere, adds _______

Cellular respiration removes _______ from atmosphere, adds _______ ________


General equation for Photosynthesis:

6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

General equation for Cellular Respiration:

C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O

Chap 8- Photosynthesis _______- the ability to do work All living organisms must obtain and use...

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