Chaos Waiting for Bad Luck? Medication Reconciliation

Should Be Mandatory

* Clinical Pharmacist, Pharmacy Division Supported by a joint non-restricted educational grant established by Pfizer ,

Hadassah Medical Organization and the Hebrew University School of Pharmacy

Roni Cohen, B.Sc., Inbal Yifrach-Damari, M.Sc.* Dr. Meir Frankel, Prof. Mayer

Brezis

With Help From Joint Commission International

Pharm-D student, School of Pharmacy, Hebrew University

Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel

Medication Errors

Medication errors are the fourth leading cause of death or major permanent loss of function in hospital patients.

The majority of problems with patient safety occur during the transition from one care setting to another.

Ambulatory-hospital lack of communication is responsible for 50% of medical errors.

To improve patient safety, the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations now recommends a procedure designed to minimize errors.

What is Medication Reconciliation?

Drugs include: ‘over-the-counter’ medications, topical medications, eye drops, vitamins, herbal medications and ‘occasional’ medications.

Obtaining a complete and accurate list of each patient’s medications.

Documenting EVERY change: Before the patient moves on, the physician must

decide about each drug:

CONTINUE DISCONTINUE

This way, no drug is forgotten!

Methods for current project Over 100 adult patients admitted to the ER, on at least 5

regular drugs, underwent medication reconciliation.

Review of medications with patient, family, primary physician and/or database of HMOs (sick funds).

After 24-48 hours, we checked the list of medications prescribed to the patient by the ward staff.

Our list was then compared with the list in the ward.

If any discrepancy was observed or an error was suspected, the staff was approached to clarify the reason for the change.

Overall ErrorsIn 97% of our patients, an error / intervention was found

on admission, during hospitalization or at discharge.

On average: 7 mistakes / interventions per patient

Med-Rec interventions in 87%

Pharmacological interventions in 85%

On average: ≈ 3 mistakes / interventions per patient from any kind

Medication Errors on HospitalizationAt least one error was found in 73% of the patients

19%

5%

11%

65%

Hydralazine erroneously Hydralazine erroneously prescribed from prescribed from

outdated medical outdated medical record.record.

Enalapril and ramipril were both prescribed

in the ward.

Antiepileptic drug, taken at home, was not continued in the

ward.

Captopril was prescribed to a patient only once a day

(instead of 3 times a day).

Unexplained discrepancies in medication Wrong dosage /frequency /route

Double treatment / contraindications Medication put on hold - not in Hadassah pharmacy

56%

10%

11%

17%

6%

Medication Errors at DischargeAt least one error was found in 65% of the patients

“Pain killers as needed”

Combination of nortriptyline & citalopram

Alendronateomitted from discharge letter.

Levothyroxine (eltroxin) omitted from

discharge letter.

Unexplained medication discrepancies

Medications on hold during hospitalization - not included in discharge letter

Wrong dosage /frequency /route

Double treatment / contraindications

Unclear instructions on discharge letter

Propafenoneprescribed once a day

(instead of 3 times a day).

Severity of Medication Errors

On Hospitalization At Discharge

Minor 22.5% 27%

Significant 61.5% 63%

Serious 15% 9%

Life Threatening 1% 1%

Severity of Medication Errors

Telephone Interviews

● Nearly all patients had visited primary care physician after discharge.

● 25% of patients were not aware of a change in medication.

● On occasion, an error noted during admission was continued after discharge.

At least one error / problem was found in 23% of the patients!

Clinical Pharmacist Service

In 85% of patients:

• Apply correct indications and contra-indications (≈18%).

• Adapt dosage to kidney or liver function (≈15%).

• Drug-Drug Interaction (≈37%).

• Correct administration: After discharge, over 50% of patients were not taking medications correctly.

Polypharmacy

Discussion• Avoidable mistakes in medications are very common.

About 1% can be life threatening.

• Drug lists, in the community and in hospitals, are not updated and often fail to reflect the medications that the patient actually takes.

• A correct medical history can identify errors and can sometimes even shed new light on the cause of hospitalization.

• Critical changes in medications made during hospitalization are often not implemented after discharge.

On Medication-Reconciliation ElsewhereSurvey of 100 patients at the Mayo Clinic: Inpatient Medication Reconciliation in an Academic Setting American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 2007

Number of medication discrepancies decreased from 3 per patient in phase 1 to 1.8 per patient in phase 2 (p = 0.003)

Survey of 180 patients at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, in Boston: Classifying and Predicting Errors of Inpatient Medication Reconciliation. J Gen Intern Med 2008. Average of 1.5 error per patient with potential for harm.

Solutions included development of special software for adapting prescription to the patient’s provider preferred medications outside hospital.

Solutions to Reduce Errors• Devise a computerized table for medication reconciliation for

each patient at each transfer of care provider.

At the individual level: have patient bring his/her bag of drugs and carefully review them with him/her.

Improve IT for transfer of information between Hadassah and outside providers on admission and on discharge.

Monitor quality for continuity of care by measuring quality of handovers within Hadassah wards and with outside.

A clinical pharmacist is very useful, as shown in literature: ↓errors and improvement in outcomes.

Medication Continue Discontinue Why?

Aspirin

Furosemide hypokalemia

ConclusionMedication Reconciliation

Should Be Mandatory!

Special thanks to Ms. Lois Gordon for graphics assistance.