Changing Timesat the Rocky MountainForest & RangeExperiment Station

Station History from 1976 to 1997

R. H. HamreRocky Mountain Research Station

Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture

USDA Forest ServiceGeneral Technical Report RMRS-GTR-146

February, 2005

About the Author

Bob Hamre came to the Rocky Mountain Station from the Forest ProductsLaboratory in September 1962 as Station Editor. He continued under

various titles, including Leader of the Research Information Group, untilJune 1993. He was Acting Station Director for 1 day. He has digested andedited Forest Service research publications � and written about them � fornearly 50 years, although at a more relaxed pace as a retiree for the past 11years. He graduated from the University of Wisconsin with a B.S. degree inchemistry in 1952 and an M.S. degree in technical journalism in 1957. Hehas five professional children, four daughters and a son.

Author�s Personal Note: In several places in this document, I havementioned some of the people who have contributed to the character of theRocky Mountain Station. Every employee has contributed, but I couldn�tinclude every name. Most of those named are now retired. To all my friendsand colleagues who remain un-named, I apologize.

Abstract

Changing Times includes a review of early Station history, touches onchanging societal perspectives and how things are now done differ-

ently, how the Station has changed physically and organizationally, technol-ogy transfer, a sampling of major characters, how some Station researchhas been applied, and a timeline of significant and/or interesting events. Itincludes references to a number of significant publications, and a listing ofall personnel from 1976 through 1997.

Front Cover Photos (clockwise from top left): 1) water samplesfrom the Glacier Lakes Ecosystem Experiments Site in southernWyoming help scientists evaluate the effects of pollutants on aquaticresources; 2) studying bald eagle habitat in the southwestern U.S.; 3)evapotranspiration (loss of moisture from needles) studies on the FraserExperimental Forest in Colorado analyze the amount of water used bythe forest overstory; 4) scientists in Bottineau, North Dakota, conductgreenhouse experiments to find trees best suited for planting in the harshenvironments of the Great Plains.

The Rocky Mountain Research Station is headquartered in Fort Collins, Colorado,in cooperation with Colorado State University.

R. H. Hamre (retired)

Changing Timesat the

Rocky Mountain Forest and RangeExperiment Station

Station History from 1976 to 1997

i

David Herrick (1975-1980) Charles Loveless (1980-1989)

Hank Montrey (1989-1992) Denver Burns (1992-2000)

Station Directors (1975-1997)

ii

Preface

In 1976, Raymond Price, a former director of the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, chronicled the early historyof the Station. Included in that document, General Technical ReportRM-27 (see A Few Significant Publications, near the end of thishistory update, for availability), was the history of one of its major earlyprecursors, the Southwest Forest and Range Experiment Station. Rayhad also been director of the old Southwest Station before the twowere merged in 1953. Scientists and technicians at both of theseoriginal Stations contributed generously to the rich knowledge baseabout forest and range resources in the Rocky Mountains, Great Plains,and Southwest. With the merger of the Rocky Mountain and Intermountain Research

Stations in 1997, a new entity was formed: the Rocky MountainResearch Station. This update of the Rocky Mountain Station history,and a planned history of the Intermountain Station up until 1997, willbring together these two branches that will become the new �tree ofresearch� hailed by Raphael Zon on the outskirts of Flagstaff, Arizona,in 1908. It will be the task of some future historian to chronicle howthis new organization melded its talents and physical resources torespond to the information needs of a sophisticated, ecologically awaresociety, and the technical needs of wildland managers faced withincreasingly complex decisions about how that society can integrateuses of those resources.

iii

iii Preface

1 A Quick Review of Early History

7 Societal Perspectives Have Changed

9 The Rocky Mountain Station Has Changed in Many Ways

12 Focus of Experimental Forests Has Changed, Too

16 Then and Now

17 Technology Transfer Is Still a Challenge

19 Cooperation with Mexico

21 A Sampling of Major Characters at RM Station

23 How Some Station Research Has Been Applied

36 A Timeline of Significant and/or Interesting Events at the

Rocky Mountain Station

57 A Few Significant Publications

61 Personnel at the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range ExperimentStation, 1976-1997

Table of Contents

iv

Research in the U.S. ForestService was born in the West

� the Southwest, to be moreprecise. Former Station DirectorRay Price�s original history of theRocky Mountain Forest andRange Experiment Station (RMStation hereafter) retells the storyleading up to Raphael Zon�s cryin 1908, �Here we will plant thetree of research!� That seedling ofForest Service research, plantednear Flagstaff, AZ � the FortValley Experiment Station � grewto become the Southwest Forestand Range Experiment Station,and matured into the RM Station.

The RM Station territory alsonurtured the birth of rangeresearch with the establishment ofthe Santa Rita ExperimentalRange south of Tucson, AZ, in1903, and of watershed research

A Quick Review of Early Historywith the first paired watershedexperiment in the United States atWagon Wheel Gap Watershed insouthwestern Colorado in 1910.

The Fremont ExperimentStation, established in 1909 westof Colorado Springs, CO,paralleled the Fort ValleyExperiment Station. The Fremontsupported forest managementefforts in the Forest Service�sRocky Mountain Region (R2),while the Fort Valley supportedwork in the Southwestern Region(R3). These early stations weretypically low-budget operationswith few, but highly dedicated,investigators. Gus Pearson inArizona and Carlos Gates inColorado left indelible tracks forsubsequent researchers to follow,started trails that led to fields ofresearch they might only have

dreamed about.With increasing

recognition of theimportance of NationalForests � and of howlittle we really knewabout managing them �Congress passed theMcSweeney-McNaryAct in 1928, authorizingthe establishment of 12regional forestexperiment stations.

Thus funds were appropriated in1930 for establishing the full-fledged Southwest Forest andRange Experiment Station inTucson, AZ, and in 1935 for theRM Station in Fort Collins, CO.Forest Service policy was toestablish research facilities inclose cooperation with Stateuniversities, so the SW Stationwas originally located on thecampus of the University ofArizona, and the RM Station atColorado A&M, which laterbecame Colorado StateUniversity.

Fort Valley Experimental Forest headquarters, 1930.

1

Santa Rita Experimental Range, 1915.

Research on shelterbeds (then popularly called windbreaks) at Lincoln was in direct response to the Dust Bowl conditions ofthe mid 1930s.

Reorganization within the U.S.Department of Agriculture in 1953led to consolidation of forest insectand disease research into theForest Service Researchorganization. Also in 1953, theSW and RM Stations wereconsolidated, with Ray Pricemoving from Tucson to lead thenew Rocky Mountain Forest andRange Experiment Station in FortCollins. To administer a broader,more comprehensive program, theStation�s research was organizedon a Research Center basis. AsDirector Price put it, this systemhad ��several markedadvantages: (1) because scientistsresided within the areas, theybecame more intimatelyacquainted with the people andthe problems needing attention;and (2) the people within theareas had a greater opportunity totake part in the programs.� Pricehad an unusual knack for publicinvolvement and political savvy.

Rapid growth of forestryresearch programs nationwide inthe 1950s led to an 8-year boomin the construction of facilities.The Forest Research Laboratoryat Rapid City, SD, in 1960 wasfollowed by the Forestry SciencesLaboratory at Flagstaff, AZ, andthe Forest, Range, and WatershedLaboratory at Laramie, WY, in1963. The Forest HydrologyLaboratory at Tempe, AZ, wasdedicated in late 1965, and theStation�s new Headquarters/Office/Laboratory complex inFort Collins in summer 1967.The Forestry Sciences Laboratoryat Lincoln, NE, was completed in1968. The Shelterbelt Laboratoryin Bottineau, ND, (built in 1963)became part of the RM Station in1966.

The 1950s also saw anevolution from Research Centersto laboratories with ProjectLeaders directing specific areas ofresearch, such as watershed,silviculture, and range.

Growth of the researchprogram subsequently led to a1965 restructuring of how Stationresearch was organized andadministered. The results were fourmajor areas of research, eachheaded by an Assistant Director,under Ray Price, Director:• Forest Economics,

Utilization, and RecreationResearch � R.D. Lloyd

• Range Management andWildlife Habitat Research �E.H. Reid

• Timber Management andForest Protection Research �G.L. Hayes

• Watershed ManagementResearch � H.C. Fletcher

All supporting technical andadministrative services werecoordinated under the heading ofStation Management, led byD.M. Ilch.

As environmental aspects ofwildland management andresearch moved to the fore in the

2

1 Roeser, J. Jr. 1955. A brief chronological history of the Rocky Mountain Experiment Station.(Typewritten report, Apr. 18,1955, on file, library, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, CO.Storey, H.C. 1975. History of Forest Service research: Development of a national program. (A working report, Apr. 24,1975, on file at USDA Forest Service, Washington, D.C.)

early 1970s, a national trendtoward multifunctional researchwork units developed. Theseconsolidations and reorientationsled to Servicewide reorganizationsof Experiment Station structure in1973, with a more geographicapproach:Director:

Karl WengerDeputy Director:

David HerrickAssistant Director forContinuing Research, South:

Vincent DuvalAssistant Director forContinuing Research, North:

William LaycockAssistant Director forPlanning and Application:

Harold PaulsenAssistant Director forResearch Support Services:

Donald Morton

The ADR South, stationed inTempe, had responsibility forresearch in New Mexico, Arizona,and western Texas; the ADRNorth, stationed in Fort Collins,had responsibility for research inNorth and South Dakota,Wyoming, Colorado, Nebraska,and Kansas.

Ray Price was right on target,as usual, when he closed hissummary of RM Station historywith this observation: �As 1975drew to a close, the theme of theEisenhower Consortiumsponsored symposium at Vail,Colorado in September, �Man,

Leisure, and Wildlands: AComplex Interaction� might wellset the course of forestry researchin the central and southern RockyMountain Region in the yearsahead.�

In October 1975, the RMStation staff totaled 220 full-timeemployees: 90 Project Leadersand scientists, 50 technicians, 74research support and technical,and 6 Director�s immediate staff.For early �grey literature� on thehistory of Forest Service researchin the Rocky Mountain region,see the unpublished reportsfootnoted below.

3

DIRECTOR�S OFFICEDirector�Raymond PriceDivisions of Research

Timber Management�J. H. Buell, Chief

Forest Diseases�L. S. Gill, Chief

Forest Insects�N. D. Wygant, Chief

Forest Utilization�L. A. Mueller, ChiefE. S. Kotok

Range Management�E. H. Reid, Chief

Watershed Management�M. D. Hoover, Chief

Soils InvestigationsJ. L. Retzer

RESEARCH CENTERSArizona

Fort Valley, FlagstaffE. M. Gaines, LeaderTimber Managament�

E. M. GainesF. R. HermanE. C. Martin

Range Management�J. F. Arnold

Santa Rita, TucsonH. G. Reynolds, LeaderRange Management�

H. G. ReynoldsJ. W. BohningCooperating ARS�

H. M. HullM. E. Roach

Sierra Ancha, TempeH. C. Fletcher, LeaderWatershed Management�

H. C. FletcherL. R. RichD. R. CableCooperating ARS�

F. LavinColorado

Continental Divide, Fort CollinsB. C. Goodell, LeaderTimber Management�

R. R. AlexanderWatershed Management�

B. C. GoodellFront Range, Fort Collins

L. D. Love, LeaderRange Management�

W. M. Johnson

Cooperating ARS�G. E. Klipple

Watershed Management�L. D. Love

Upper Colorado, DeltaG. T. Turner, LeaderRange Management�

G. T. TurnerWatershed Management�

H. E. BrownNebraska

Prairie Research Project, LincolnR. A. Read, LeaderTimber Management�

R. A. ReadNew Mexico

Upper Rio Grande, AlbuquerqueE. J. Dortignac, LeaderFire�

A. W. Lindenmuth, Jr.Range Management�

H. A. Paulsen, Jr.Watershed Managament�

E. J. DortignacE. H. Palpant

WyomingBig Horn, Laramie

R. M. Hurd, LeaderRange Management�

R. M. HurdF. W. Pond

FOREST INSECT AND DISEASE LABORATORIESAlbuquerque, New Mexico

J. W. Bongberg, in chargeForest Diseases�

S. R. AndrewsF. G. HawksworthT. E. Hinds

Forest Insects�J. W. BongbergR. K. Bennett

Fort Collins, ColoradoB. H. Wilford, in chargeForest Diseases�

R. W. DavidsonForest Insects�

B. H. WilfordC. L. MasseyW. F. BaileyA. E. LandgrafR. H. NagelF. B. KnightF. M. Yasinski

Organization of the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station,after Consolidation, 1954

4

ARIZONAFlagstaff

Evaluation of Watershed Programs�D. P. Worley, Project Leader

H. E. BrownW. P. ClaryA. R. TiedemannP. F. Ffolliott

Fire Use�A. W. Lindenmuth, Jr., Project LeaderJ. R. Davis

Management�Woodland and Forest Ranges�D. A. Jameson, Project LeaderH. A. Pearson

Silviculture�Ponderosa Pine�G. N. Schubert, Project LeaderM. M. LarsonL. J. HeidmannE. C. Martin

TempeManagement�Chaparral Ranges�

F. W. Pond, Project LeaderH. D. Chadwick (attached to Albuquerque)

Management�Riparian and Wet Sites�J. S. Horton, Project LeaderJ. P. DeckerC. J. Campbell

Water Yield Improvement�Chaparral�G. E. Glendening, Project LeaderP. A. IngeboC. P. PaseC. M. Skau

Water Yield Improvement�Pine-Fir�L. R. Rich, Project LeaderP. T. Koshi

Wildlife Habitat�H. G. Reynolds, Project Leader

TucsonManagement�Semidesert Ranges�

S. C. Martin, Project LeaderD. R. Cable

COLORADOFort Collins: (*indicates acted as Project Leader in additionto Division Chief responsibilities)

Forest Diseases�Diseases�Montane and Subalpine Species�

F. G. Hawksworth, Project LeaderJ. M. StaleyT. E. Hinds

Forest Economics�Forest Survey�

R. L. MillerMarket Development Opportunities�

J. M. Hughes, Project LeaderForest Recreation�

L. D. Love, Project LeaderForest Insects�

Biology, Ecology, and Control of Bark Beetles andDefoliators in the Central Rocky Mountains�

N. D. Wygant, Project Leader*W. F. McCambridgeR. H. NagelM. E. McKnight

Timber Management�Mensuration�

C. A. Myers, Project LeaderSilviculture�Spruce-Fir and Lodgepole Pine�

R. R. Alexander, Project LeaderF. Ronco

Silviculture�Mixed Conifers and Aspen�G. L. Hayes, Project Leader*J. R. Jones

Projects, Project Leaders, Scientists, and Locations, 1962

5

Range Management and Wildlife Habitat�Forest Biometry�

M. J. Morris, Project LeaderForest Game and Fish Habitat�

Dwight R. Smith, Project LeaderManagement�Mountain Ranges

H. A. Paulsen, Jr., Project LeaderP. O. CurrieG. L. Spain

Watershed Management�Alpine Snow and Avalanches�

M. Martinelli, Jr., Project LeaderA. Judson

Water Yield Improvement; Runoff and Erosion�M. D. Hoover, Project Leader*R. H. SwansonJ. D. BergenB. H. HeedeE. C. Frank

Cooperative Watershed Management Research Unit�B. C. Goodell, Project Leader

NEBRASKALincoln

Diseases�Shelterbelts and Nurseries�G. W. Peterson, Project Leader

Silviculture�Windbreaks�R. A. Read, Project LeaderD. H. SanderD. F. Van Haverbeke

NEW MEXICOAlbuquerque

Diseases�Ponderosa Pine and Associated Species�P. C. Lightle, Project LeaderJ. W. Riffle

Insects�Biology, Ecology, and Control of Bark Beetles and Defoliators in the Southwest�

C. L. Massey, Project LeaderM. J. StelzerJ. F. Chansler

Range Improvement and Management of Seeded Ranges�

H. W. Springfield, Project LeaderWatershed Rehabilitation�

E. F. Aldon, Project LeaderW. C. Hickey

Water Yield Improvement�H. L. Gary, Project Leader

SOUTH DAKOTARapid City

Forest Utilization (Black Hills)�E. F. Landt, Project LeaderV. P. Yerkes

Silviculture�Ponderosa Pine (Black Hills)�C. E. Boldt, Project LeaderJ. L. Van Deusen

Water Yield Improvement (Black Hills)�H. K. Orr, Project LeaderM. L. Geiger

Wildlife Habitat (Black Hills)�D. R. Dietz, Project Leader

WYOMINGLaramie

Management�Alpine and Subalpine Ranges�W. M. Johnson, Project LeaderDixie R. Smith

Water Yield Improvement�Sagebrush Lands�H. W. Berndt, Project LeaderR. D. TablerB. A. Hutchinson

6

Societal Perspectives Have Changed

Project Leader�s meeting, March 1975, Fort Collins, CO.First row, seated on ground, left to right: D. R. Carder, F. G. Hawksworth, R. E. Stevens, G. D. Lewis, R. W. Tinus, D. R.Patton, J. W. Lancaster. Second row, seated: D. R. Keefer, H. A. Paulsen, Jr., D. A. Lingwood, D. E. Herrick, W. C. Morris,M. B. Dickerman (WO), K. F. Wenger, W. J. Lucas (R-2), W. D. Hurst (R-3), R. Lindmark (INT), W. A. Laycock, V. L. Duvall.Third row, standing: C. A. Myers, A. J. Bjugstad, A. L. Ward, C. Feddema, H. K. Orr, R. S. Boster, D. D. Elser, G. H.Schubert, H. E. Worth, E. F. Aldon, J. L. Kovner. Fourth row, all remaining standing: G. W. Peterson, M. Martinelli, Jr., J. F.Thilenius, D. F. Fan Haverbeke, S. C. Martin, R. S. Driscoll, D. G. Fox, W. P. Clary, S. S. Saackett, J. R. Thompson, B. L.Driver, J. H. Dieterich, R. R. Alexander, R. A. Read, R. H. Hamre, R. D. Tabler, L. L. Manley.

How society perceives thenation�s forests � and

especially how various special-interest groups express their views� has changed dramatically in thepast quarter century. In hisForeword to Ray Price�s 1975history of the RM Station,Director Dave Herrick alluded toresearch that helped forestmanagers �get much more fromtimber, range, wildlife, water, andrecreation resources than waspossible in earlier years,� and howscientists are seeking answers to�long-term challenges associatedwith forest regeneration, improvinggrowth and yield, and protectingforests from insects, diseases, andfires.� Foresters were being taught

how to �bring wildlands undermanagement.� But societalconcerns over clearcutting in theAppalachians and Northwestwere making headlines in thenation�s newspapers.

Suddenly, or so it seemed, thespotted owl flew out of the�ancient forests� of the PacificNorthwest and into the nationallimelight. Old-growth forests andnatural ecosystems became thebattlegrounds of an intelligent,well-informed, ecologicallyaware � and litigious � public.Forest management in the Westwas no longer the tightly helddomain of professional forestersand those with economic interestin wildland resources. Multiple use

was no longer the quick answer toconflicting demands on forestresources. Even Smokey Bearretreated into near hibernationafter the Greater YellowstoneFires of 1988 brought widespreadawareness of fire as an integralpart of many natural forestecosystems.

Against this backdrop ofenlightened public awareness andinvolvement, both forestmanagement and research had toevolve quickly to remainrelevant. Where earlier researchtended to be more resource-specific � silvicultural treatmentsto increase timber volume,vegetation management toincrease water yields, better

7

Participants in a 1985 team-building session.Front row: Glenn Peterson, Clyde Fasick, Bob Alexander, Glen Brink, MarthaPforr, Debbie Schofield, Charlie Loveless, Harold Coley, Norma Bath, Dick Tinus.Second row: Tom Hoekstra, Earl Aldon, Dixie Smith, Doug Fox, Bob Hamre,Ardell Bjugstad, Rudy King, Debbie Allen, Bev Perotin, Frank Hawksworth, RonTabler. Third row: Jerry Oncken (consultant), Frank Ronco, Marty Raphael,Leonard DeBano, Hans Schreuder, Clarence Adair, Dave Patton, George Peterson,Ed Wicker, Sam Krammes, Dick Gillespie (consultant).

grazing systems � the newparadigm was to develop multi-functional research to understandthe processes involved inmaintaining healthy, dynamicecosystems. Research would besynergized by having scientistsfrom different disciplines workingtogether. How people fit into theresource management picturebecame a significant element inthe research equation. Chief F.Dale Robertson attempted toinstitutionalize this moreecosystem-friendly philosophythrough his four-point �NewPerspectives� initiative:Sustaining ecosystems,integrating science andmanagement, making flexibleresponses to resourcechallenges, and enhancingpartnerships with people.

Director Herrick became aleader in encouraging scientists toform multi-disciplinary teams toaddress emerging issues. TheStation�s contribution to thenational SEAM (SurfaceEnvironment and Mining) programto restore mineland spoils in theFour Corners area and Wyoming,and the Beaver Creek projectalong the Mogollon Rim south ofFlagstaff are prominent examples.

The trend towardmultidisciplinary research andquicker application of researchfindings was further encouraged bychanges in Washington that easedresource-oriented budgetrestrictions. According to DixieSmith, Deputy Station Director atthe time, these fiscal changes inWashington �didn�t really changewhat we were already trying to do,but they certainly made budgeting

the Station a whole lot easier!�Designing effective, multifunctionalresearch work units with broadmissions and problem statementswould not be easy, however � asituation anticipated by Smith whosaid, �Defining meaningfulproblems and ensuring they weretranslated into tactical researchwere daunting tasks, with minimalreward to the scientists.�

As Director Hank Montrey(1989-1992) put it in a keynoteaddress in Flagstaff celebratingthe 100th anniversary of the ForestReserve Act, �We mustobviously move from thefunctional, single-resource,single-scientist focus on physicaland biological sciences aimed atadvancing science in a discipline.We need to move toward inter-disciplinary, multi-resourceintegrated teams that includesocial scientists. Managers are

faced with the dilemma ofmaking major resource decisionswithout all the information theywould like from either research orthe public�.Resolving thisdilemma is going to require thatwe all better understand:• The basic nature of the

complex ecosystems we areentrusted with,

• How to protect and conservethe biodiversity in thoseecosystems,

• How to deal with conflictingsocietal demands for resourceoutputs, and

• How to keep all those balls inthe air without impairing theability of the land to meet thedemands of futuregenerations!�

8

The Rocky Mountain Stationin early 1997 was a very

different place from what it wasin 1975, physically, socially, andorganizationally.

The research staff � projectleaders, scientists, technicians,and directorate � had declined bynearly a third, from 146 to 105(16, 56, 29, and 4, respectively).The support and technical staffincreased from 74 to 86, but thistotal includes an indeterminatenumber of people intermingled inthe colocation of the Arapaho-Roosevelt National Forestmentioned below.

Another obvious difference isthe role of women in research.When Ray Price referred to �thedistaff side,� the role of women atthe Station in 1975, he meant thewives of scientists, and thesecretaries. The three exceptionswere Geraldine Peterson(statistician), Mona Nickerson(editor), and Frances Barney(librarian). All three wereexceptional � they had to be to

The Rocky Mountain StationHas Changed in Many Ways

Karen Burr, Flagstaff, examines theroots of Douglas-fir seedlings grownin �Tinus� book planters afterexposure in mist boxes.

reach professional status. WhenDenver Burns became Director in1992, Marcia Patton-Mallorywas Assistant Director forPlanning and Applications, andthere was one female ProjectLeader: Michele Schoenebergerat Lincoln. By 1997 KarenClancy at Flagstaff, Debbie Finchat Albuquerque, and Linda Joyceat Fort Collins had joinedSchoeneberger as ProjectLeaders, and Patton-Mallory wasAssistant Director for Research.Susan Evans (Janzen),Adminstrative Services, ShariBlakey, Personnel, and AngelaChavez, Computer Services, wereGroup Leaders in Administration.(In 2004, Marcia Patton-Malloryis Station Director; 2 of 5Assistant Directors, 5 of 7 GroupLeaders, and 7 of 29 projectleaders of the new RMRS arewomen.)

The physical presence of theRM Station in the field shranksignificantly due to decreasingbudgets and increasing personnelcosts. What had been theheadquarters of the old SouthwestStation on Tumamoc Hill in Tucsonclosed in 1978. The ShelterbeltLaboratory in Bottineau wasceded to North Dakota StateUniversity in 1982. A recentlyopened wildlife project at TexasTech in Lubbock closed in 1983.The Santa Rita ExperimentalRange south of Tucson went to theUniversity of Arizona as part of acomplex land swap involving theState of Arizona, the USDI Bureau

of Land Management, and theUSDI Fish and Wildlife Service.The Forest Hydrology Laboratoryat Tempe was transferred toArizona State University as part ofa complex arrangement that saw aconsolidation of Station research inArizona to Flagstaff.

Through a lease arrangement,the arid land research unit movedout of downtown Albuquerqueinto a well-designed laboratorynear the airport. Wildlife andarchaeological research wereadded in later years.

A significant addition to theStation was a major new facilityin Flagstaff. As part of the dealwhere the Tempe laboratory onthe ASU campus was to besacrificed to provide space for anew Goldwater Science andEngineering Building (which waseventually redesigned and builtaround the lab) a cooperativearrangement was authorized byCongress with Northern ArizonaUniversity. The result was the$20 million Southwest ForestSciences Complex housing theStation and the NAU School ofForestry. This impressive facilitywas dedicated in May 1993.

When Dick Krebill transferredto the Intermountain Station in1982, the position of AssistantDirector for Research � Southwas moved from Tempe to FortCollins.

In March 1983, the Arapaho-Roosevelt National Forestphysically colocated with theStation in the headquarters building

9

Advantages, according toDirector Burns, included:• Synergy of scientists from

different disciplines, universitiesand management attackingcomplex issues, rather thanindividuals looking at pieces ofproblems.

• Larger units with fewer ProjectLeaders, with concomitantsavings in paperwork andtravel.

• Limited money and peopleresources focused more onproblems of public resourcemanagement, and less onpersonal disciplinary interests.

The primary disadvantages werereduced disciplinary breadth andcapacity at the Station,particularly in range research andforest health research.

In a significant programexpansion, the Station establishedthe Center for SemiaridAgroforestry � subsequentlyrenamed the National AgroforestryCenter (NAC) � in 1992 at theStation�s Forestry ScienceLaboratory in Lincoln, NE, withBill Rietveld as Center Director.The Center began as a ForestService partnership betweenResearch and State and PrivateForestry, and was expanded toinclude the Natural ResourcesConservation Service in 1995.The NAC conducts research onhow to design and install vegatatedplantings riparian buffers to protectwater quality, and develops anddelivers technology on a broadsuite of agroforestry practices. Thepartnership draws upon ForestService expertise with forestry andtrees and harnesses it to NRCS

A day in the life of a wildlife biologist:Teryl Grubb, Tempe, rappels down acliff to evaluate a bald eagle nestalong the Verde River on the TontoNational Forest, AZ.

on Prospect Road. The drivingforce for the colocation was theconcept of �shared services�: tightbudget dollars could be stretched ifduplicative administrative functionssuch as personnel, purchasing, etc.were consolidated for the twounits. Space was a problem, ofcourse, and several projects andsupport units were shuffled to theCraddock Building, on the eastside of Fort Collins.

During the 1970s and 80s, theStation leadership worked hard �and successfully � to strengthenresearch ties with the universitieswithin its territory, and improvecooperation with National ForestSystems and State and PrivateForestry units within the ForestService.

The Eisenhower Consortium forEnvironmental Forestry Researchwas established at RM in 1971,with Gordon Lewis as Program

Manager, to foster cooperativeresearch among Station scientistsand nine universities within theStation�s territory: Universities ofWyoming, Colorado, Arizona andNew Mexico; Colorado, Arizona,and New Mexico StateUniversities; Northern ArizonaUniversity; and Texas Tech. Itwas disbanded 10 years later.

How the Station was organizedto do research also changed. Inthe early 1990s, Forest ServiceResearch in Washington instigateda Servicewide effort to promote astrategic planning process at eachStation that would emphasizemultidisciplinary research alongwith the more traditional�functional� research. The �90sthen saw increased emphasis onbuilding research work units withinterdisciplinary teams of scientistsfocusing on multifaceted problemsfacing resource managers. Threearea-specific �ecosystemmanagement� RWUs wereestablished in 1994: AchievingEcosystem Management in theBorderlands of the SouthwesternUnited States Through aCoordinated Research/Management Partnership (CarlEdminster, Team Leader);Watershed Processes, RiparianZone Responses, and BiologicalDiversity of the Rio Grande Basin(Debbie Finch, Team Leader); andSustaining Social, Biological, andPhysical Components of ColoradoFront Range Ecosystems (BrianKent, Team Leader).

10

expertise in agriculture and itstechnology delivery system tofarmers, ranchers, andcommunities. Agroforestrytechnologies can be readilyincorporated into most farm andranch operations, and providecost-effective ways to diversifyproduction and increase income,while simultaneously enhancing natural resource conservation.

Also in 1992, the NationalStream Systems TechnologyCenter was established at theRocky Mountain Station, withLarry Schmidt as ProgramManager. �The Stream Team,� asit is better known, was charteredto provide the technology to helpforest managers, hydrologists, andfisheries biologists maintainfavorable stream flow conditionsfrom the National Forests.Emphasis is on instream flow,channel maintenance andstreamside vegetation, andwatershed condition. Primaryfocus areas are on improvingknowledge of stream hydrologyand related watershed processes,developing operational tools for

managers, providing training andoperational support, and identifyingresearch needs. Stream Teamfindings are applied nationwide bya multitude of governmental andprivate organizations.

Responding to concerns that theU.S. Department of Agriculturehad too many small units tomaintain effective public service,the Forest Service began a questto streamline many operations,including the number of regionalExperiment Stations. First tomerge were the Southeastern andSouthern Stations, withheadquarters established inAsheville, NC. Then, in the spring1992, Chief Dale Robertsondirected Hank Montrey andNortheastern Forest ExperimentStation Director Denver Burns toinformally analyze and report tohim on the feasibility, benefits, andcosts of merging the Intermountainand Rocky Mountain Stations.Based on their analysis, ChiefRobertson set the stage for themerger. In the fall 1992, Montreytransferred to the Forest Serviceheadquarters in Washington D.C.,and Burns became the Director ofthe Rocky Mountain Station.

From 1993 on, increasingemphasis on scientists obtaining�soft money� accomplished threethings, according to Burns:• Incoming money focused

research on key problems.• The ongoing loss of staff was

reversed.• The world�s research

community became moreaware of the high quality andcapability of Rocky MountainStation scientists.

In 1993, Burns was namedActing Director of theIntermountain Station in addition tohis responsibilities at RockyMountain. A drastic recision ofappropriated dollars halfwaythrough fiscal 1995 and majorbudget cuts in 1996 not onlyfrustrated a joint ManagementTeam, but stressed personnel ofthe two Stations, already worriedabout consolidation of locations,programs, and services. Duringthose difficult years, Burnsfocused considerable energy on athree-pronged effort to ensure thatthe new Rocky MountainResearch Station would beefficient, effective, and anenjoyable place to work by:• Integrating both research and

administrative supportmanagers from the twoStations into a seamlessdecisionmaking team.

• Keeping scientists andsupport personnel informedabout, and involved in,working out the details of theconsolidation process.

• Involving all four of theNational Forest SystemRegions in the combinedStation territory in definingproblems and prioritizingresearch efforts.

After 4 years, during which theentire organization of the ForestService was proposed for changeand change again, theconsolidation of the RockyMountain and IntermountainStations was officially approvedby the Secretary of Agriculture onMay 4, 1997.

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Stream Team members measurebedload movement on E. St. LouisCreek on the Fraser ExperimentalForest.

Focus of the ExperimentalForests Has Changed, Too

The main lodge, like several otherbuildings at Manitou ExperimentalForest headquarters, wasconstructed by the Work ProjectsAdministration (WPA), and is nowon the National Register of HistoricPlaces.

The Fraser ExperimentalForest, established in 1937

on the Arapaho National Forestas a representative site forstudying the alpine/subalpineenvironment of the CentralRockies, can still be recognizedfrom high-flying jets by itsherringbone pattern of timberharvests. Research was designedto evaluate effects of tree removalin lodgepole pine and Engelmannspruce forests on snowaccumulation and subsequentwater yield. Marvin Hoover andBob Alexander were criticalscientists involved. Thoseharvesting effects are still beingevaluated, but most new researchaddresses questions that deal withbroader aspects of hydrologicsystems and forest, landscape, andbiological diversity � processesthat better define ecosystemfunction.

The lower elevation ManitouExperimental Forest, establishedin 1936 on the Pike NationalForest, is best known for earlyresearch to evaluate grazingsystems and range management inthe ponderosa pine type. WallyJohnson and Pat Currie were

driving forces.Ongoing research isfocused on gaining abetter understandingof ponderosa pineecosystems, and thedisturbance regimesactive within them(insects, disease,fire). Because it hasextensive residential

in-holdings, and is located near thehighly populated Front Range, theManitou is also uniquely suited forstudies of ways to best managethese forests in the wildland-urbaninterface (WUI).

GLEES, the Glacier LakesEcosystem Experiments Site onthe Medicine Bow NationalForest in southern Wyoming, isthe Station�s newest major studyarea, though not a formallyestablished experimental forest.GLEES was established in 1987to conduct long-term integratedstudies on the influence ofatmospheric deposition andclimate change on sensitivealpine aquatic and terrestrialecosystems. Doug Fox wasinstrumental in its establishment,and designing integrated researchto evaluate the impact of airquality changes on wilderness.

The Santa Rita ExperimentalRange, established in 1903 onBureau of Land Managementlands adjacent to the CoconinoNational Forest in southernArizona, was ceded to the State of

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The first watershed study on the Fraser Experimental Forest involved the pairedFool Creek (treated) and East St. Louis Creek (control) watersheds.

Fort Valley ExperimentalForest, the first Forest Serviceresearch forest in the nation, wasestablished in 1908 northwest ofFlagstaff. The site was selectedbecause ponderosa pine did notappear to be regeneratingsufficiently. However, in 1919, aheavy seed crop followed by a wetspring with no summer drought � arare event � appeared to solve theproblem. For the 80 years since,and in the absence of fire,silviculturists have been studyinghow to deal with the huge 1919seedling crop. There were otherproblems to be solved, however,and Gus Pearson and GilSchubert published monumentalworks on the silviculture ofsouthwestern ponderosa pine,centered on research at FortValley. Frank Ronco led an effortto sustain research and upgradefacilities in the early 1980s,including stress physiologyresearch, and Dick Tinus�sgreenhouses, used to develop andapply findings on containerized tree

A Management Team meeting at Rio Rico in southern Arizona, 1987, included afield trip to the Santa Rita Experimental Range. Left to right, back row: BobAlexander, Charlie Loveless, Bill North, Dave Sturgis, Martha Pforr, ArdellBjugstad, Len DeBano, Steve McDonald, Marty Raphael, Earl Aldon, Glen Brink,Clark Martin, Terry Shaw, Dick Tinus, Larry Allen, Doug Fox, Clarence Adair,Harold Coley, Hans Schreuder, Bill Kruse, Glenn Peterson. Front row: BobHamre, Rudy King, Kieth Severson, Ed Wicker.

Vegetation was treated in the 1950sand 1960s on Workman Creek, SierraAncha Experimental Forest, in a studyto evaluate possibilities for increasingwater yields in Arizona.

Arizona in 1990 as part of thecomplex land exchange that led tothe move of the Tempe lab toFlagstaff. As stipulated in theland exchange, the University ofArizona now manages the Rangefor experimental purposes. TheStation is no longer in charge, butscientists do have input into theresearch program. Clark Martinand Dwight Cable were long-timescientists on the Santa Rita.

As of 1997, only one streamgauging station was collecting long-term hydrologic data on the SierraAncha Experimental Forest onthe Tonto National Forest incentral Arizona. The Sierra Ancha,established in 1932, was a primarysite for major studies to determinehow the interrelated influences ofclimate and soils, topography andgeology, and the nature, condition,and use of watershed vegetationmight affect streamflow, soilerosion, floods, and sedimentationfrom sites ranging from desertshrub to mixed-conifer forests.

Although the original watershedstudies were closed in 1983, partof the facility has been used as anecological study area by ArizonaState University through acooperative agreement. MarvinHoover, Ron Hibbert, and LenDeBano were among the scientistsinvolved.

Len DeBano and others putconsiderable effort intodeveloping the BattleFlat ChaparralExperimentalWatersheds on thePrescott NationalForest in Arizona in the1980s. Weirs wereinstalled on pairedwatersheds andbaseline data collected,but budget reductionsresulted in the areabeing assigned to the Prescott forfurther development andmonitoring.

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Flood flow after a rain-on-snowevent at the flume on WoodsCanyon, Beaver Creek Experi-mental Watershed, AZ, 1978.Ponderosa pine had beenharvested at various levels toevaluate effects on streamflowand water yields.

seedling work. Those efforts havenow been completed, or moved tothe new Forestry SciencesComplex on the Northern ArizonaUniversity campus.

The Long Valley ExperimentalForest southwest of Flagstaff wasestablished in 1936 as acounterpart to Fort Valley becauseit is on soils derived fromsandstone/limestone, as opposedto Fort Valley�s basalt. Arangewide provenance planting ofponderosa pine and some fire-effects research were still active in1997.

The White MountainWatersheds were set up in easternArizona in the late 1950s todetermine if results fromWorkman Creek on the SierraAncha could be confirmed andtransferred to other mixed-coniferforest areas. Three pairs ofexperimental watersheds wereinstrumented: Castle Creek Eastand West Forks, Willow CreekEast and West Forks, and Thomas

Creek North and South Forks.Treatments were developed thatwould benefit timber production,wildlife habitat, and streamflow.Thomas Creek was designed toevaluate our knowledge ofintegrated resource management.The Station transferredmonitoring responsibilities forCastle and Willow Creeks to theApache-Sitgreaves NationalForest in 1983, and for ThomasCreek in 1986.

The BeaverCreekWatershedssouth ofFlagstaff wereestablished inthe late 1950s toevaluatevegetationmanagementprogramsdesigned toincrease water

yields and other multiple resourcebenefits in the ponderosa pineforests and pinyon-juniperwoodlands of the Salt-Verde RiverBasin. Scientists under DaveWorley, Ross Carder, and Dave

Garrett measured the impacts ofvarious timber harvest intensitiesand pinyon-juniper removal onstreamflow, soil erosion andsediment production, water quality,timber yield, scenic beauty, anddynamics of wildlife populations.Ecological simulation models werealso designed and tested. BeaverCreek was designated as one ofUNESCO�s Biosphere Reservesin 1976. Information collected atBeaver Creek has resulted innearly 700 publications in 24subject areas (see the Baker andFfolliott annotated bibliographyin A Few SignificantPublications).

Long-term silviculturalresearch continues on the BlackHills Experimental Forest,designated in 1961 near thecenter of the Black Hills NationalForest in South Dakota, but thatresearch is now directed from FortCollins, along with Black Hillsforest health studies. Rangeland/grassland and wildlife habitatstudies continue out of the RapidCity laboratory.

Alden (Ron)Hibbert,Tempe, checksan analog-to-digital (ADR)streamflowrecorder onthe Battle FlatWatersheds,AZ, 1980.

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The Coon Creek Study Areawas established in the early 1980son the Medicine Bow NationalForest near the Colorado/Wyoming border as the site for theCoon Creek Water YieldAugmentation Project. Theobjective was to evaluate howwater-yield increases afteroperational-scale timberharvesting would compare withincreases measured duringresearch-scale studies such asthose on Fool and DeadhorseCreeks on the FraserExperimental Forest. Effects oftimber harvest patterns onwildlife, and increased stream flow

on fisheries, are also part of theresearch program. Chuck Troendlewas the principal scientist involvedin planning Coon Creek. MartyRaphael and Len Ruggieroestablished major wildlife habitatstudies.

The Denbigh ExperimentalForest in North Dakota wasestablished in 1931, during theDust Bowl days, to evaluate treespecies and seed sources forshelterbelt plantings in the harshenvironment of the northernGreat Plains. No studies arecurrently active, and in 1997 theDenbigh was in the process of

being decommissioned andreturned to the Custer NationalForest.

The Hastings Tract nearHastings, NE, acquired by theStation in 1968, has been devotedto long-term tree improvementprovenance and progenyplantations. Designed primarilyby Ralph Reed for shelterbeltresearch, they are now importantsources of germplasm for treeimprovement, biotechnology, andbiological control research. TheTract, however, is beingtransferred to the NebraskaNational Forests.

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That�s cool! John Rinne, Flagstaff, seines for spikedace fish on Arizona�sGila River.

Then and Now

Rocky Mountain Stationheadquarters was a spirited

place to work in the late 1970s.Budgets were comparativelygood, programs were expanding,and there was a strong feeling of�family.� In Fort Collins, an electedSocial and Courtesy Committeeassessed annual dues, sent flowerswhen someone was in the hospital,and organized summer picnics andChristmas parties. Everyone fromDirectors and Division Chiefs toscientists, technicians, andsecretaries converged on the�Break Room� for a few minutesmid-morning and mid-afternoon todiscuss everything from budgetsand research to football scores andtheir kids� accomplishments.Coffee was an excuse to socialize.But times change, and the Stationchanged with them. The Socialand Courtesy Committee is nomore. People walk into the BreakRoom for a cup of coffee, then goback to their offices to drinkwhile scanning a computerscreen. This trend is not areflection on the headquarters, theStation, or the Forest Service, buton a more hectic pace of lifeeverywhere. Social aspects of theworkplace seem to be a decliningphenomenon, giving way toeveryone being too busy.

And we do things differentlynow. Project secretaries no longertype � and retype � manuscripts,making an occasional erasure andcorrection on four carbon copies.Today, PCs and spellcheck arethe way. Scientists create their

own manuscripts on personalcomputers. Visual InformationSpecialist Pete Cunningham nolonger drafts black-and-whitecharts on a drawing board. Whatthe scientist can�t build on thecomputer, Illustrator JoyceVanDeWater creates in full colorimages and multiple media withpowerful software. Field dataaren�t laboriously tabulated onpunch-cards for analysis on ahuge computer a few blocksaway on the CSU campus.Technicians key data into smallrecorders hung on a neck strap asthey work in the field. Scientists �or their technicians �thendownload recorded data directlyinto PCs for analysis in minutesin the comfort of their offices.Where scientists previously hadto develop their own analysisprograms in Fortran, the

evolution of readily availablesoftware and computer hardwarehas led to more powerful, fasteranalyses. And technicians may begraduate ecologists, plantphysiologists, or electricalengineers. Phone calls don�t gothrough an operator at theswitchboard, and voice mail hasreplaced the little yellow notedescribing a missed call. Typedletters and speed memos werereplaced by FLIPS, then theForest Service�s Data Generalcomputer terminal, then by IBMequipment tied to the Internet.Communication is faster and easier� technically � but transferringideas to others is still a challengeand still requires face to facediscussion.

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RMRScience, a quarterly sciencenewsletter (www.fs.fed.us/rm/main/rmrs_reports/index.html).

Symposia

Frustration with the delays ofjournal publishing, and a growingneed for focused attention onspecific topics, coupled with theadvent of manuscripts submittedby authors in a camera-readyformat suitable for publication,led to a sharp increase in thepopularity of the symposium as ameans of rapid technologytransfer. Instructions for authorson how to prepare camera-readymanuscripts developed by EditorsMona Nickerson and Bob Hamrewere adopted Servicewide.Because proceedings weretypically off the press within 2months of the symposium, RockyMountain Station scientists wereactively sought to take the lead inorganizing symposia on pressingtopics. Close to 50 significantsymposium proceedings werepublished at the Rocky MountainStation from the mid 70�s throughthe mid 90�s on topics rangingfrom birds and fish to fire history,accuracy of remote sensing, andmanagement of riparianecosystems.

FS INFO

FS INFO was the final Service-wide step in the evolution of apackage of library services that

Ranger level throughout ForestService Regions in the Station�sterritory.

But the investment in researchwarrants more than justannouncing new publications,and mailing them free of chargeto those who take the initiative torequest them. The RockyMountain Station aggressivelytackled the problem in a varietyof ways during the 1976 � 1997period. Its scientists are well-known for supporting fieldmanagers and decisionmakers.However, numerous ways to putscience and technology inapplication have come and gone.

Forestry Research West

In1976, Rick Fletcher came to theStation from Region 3 as a PublicAffairs Officer. One of his primaryduties was to write articlespopularizing current Stationresearch for Forestry ResearchWest, a short, quarterly magazinecooperatively published by thePacific Northwest, PacificSouthwest, Intermountain, andRocky Mountain Stations.Distributed widely to fieldlocations throughout the ForestService in the West (and to otheragencies and academia), its goalwas to alert resource specialists tonew research that might help thembe better professionals. Ricksubsequently became senior editor,responsible for coordinating thewriting and publishing of FRW.FRW has since given way to

Technology Transfer is Still a Challenge

The job of doing research isnever really complete until

the new knowledge is put to use,not just once, or locally, or evennationally. Over the decades theRocky Mountain Station haswrestled with the concept oftechnology transfer: how to getresults put to use and appliedacross the broadest spectrum ofdisciplines.

The standard measure of ascientist�s productivity � thepublication � is only a startingpoint. Getting new technologyinto the hands � and minds � ofpotential users is a continuingchallenge. Time constraints, lackof personnel, resistance tochange, organizational inertia �the roadblocks are many, and therewards to the scientist for timespent on �TT� are perceived bymany as insignificant.

In addition to standardResearch Papers, GeneralTechnical Reports, ResearchNotes, USDA Handbooks,Technical Bulletins, and so forth,Station scientists have sought outwell over 100 peer-reviewedtechnical, scientific, applied, andpopular journals as recognizedquality outlets for their research.The Station generates NewPublications (www.fs.fed.us/run/main/pubs/newpubs.html), aquarterly list announcing thosereports and articles, and mails itworldwide to requesting membersof the general public, academia,State and Federal natural resourceagencies, and to the District

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about another new tool to improvecommunication betweenresearchers and resourcemanagers, the HELP Line phonerang frequently on Bob Hamre�sdesk, with support from RickFletcher. Use faded over time,and the HELP Line was turned offat Bob�s retirement in 1993.

Electronic Publishing

Electronic publishing was justreaching functional acceptance inthe mid 90�s. Journals wereaccepting submissions inelectronic format, author-formatted symposium paperswere being accepted on disks, andsome highly specialized journalswere being published �on theweb.�

Nothing, however, seemedpoised to replace synergygenerated by face-to-facecommunication in the field,backed up by understandable,useable, printed documentation.

paid for the bulk of the costs ofWESTFORNET/FS INFO, underthe �user pay� philosophy,continuation of the entire packageof services was dependent onNational Forest System support,which generally ended in the late90�s.

HELP Line

Director Hank Montrey institutedthe HELP Line, a �hot line�telephone service intended toprovide quick answers � or atleast a referral to someone whomight be able to provide a quickanswer � to FS professionalsthroughout the Station�s territory.Kicked off with much fanfare

began with CALFORNET at thePacific Southwest Station inBerkeley. The package included amonthly Alert identifying significantpublished articles and reports in thevarious natural resource fields in theworld literature, delivery ofdocuments requested from theseAlerts, and individualized literaturesearches of worldwidecomputerized data bases onrequested topics. This package ofservices, called WESTFORNETwhen it was expanded to include theRM Station and Regions in itsterritory, was made available fromthe Rocky Mountain Station libraryto the Regional Offices and down tothe District Ranger level in Regions1, 2, 3, and 4. The Alerts were alsomade available to other resourceagencies (including BLM and BIA)and some forestry schools. Stationscientists also used the service,especially the literature-searchingcapability. Information SpecialistBob Dana developed a strongreputation for designing productive,

Library staff in the early 1990s, from left: Angie Ruble, Frances Barney, KathyMunoz, Carin Batt, Bob Dana, Marie Zegar and Gene Kennedy.

carefully focused literature searches,which then generated demands onthe document delivery service.The Alerts alone could generaterequests for hundreds ofdocuments monthly.

Because the Regional Offices

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Cooperation With Mexico

A planning meeting of Mexican and U.S. foresters at the Fraser Experimental Forest, around 1994.Bottom row, left to right: Cele Aguirre-Bravo (RM), Denver Burns (RM), Hugo Manzanilla (INIFAP),Ernesto Samayoa-Dominquez (INIFAP), Jerry Sesco (WO), Alberto Gomez-Tagle (INIFAP). Middle row:Fernando Patino-Valera (INIFAP), Deborah Chavez (INIFAP), Marcia Patton-Mallory (RM), ReynaldoValenzuela (INIFAP), Gonsalo Navelo-Gonzales (INIFAP), M. Lacayo-Emery (WO), Deborah Shields(RM), Francisco Javier Musalem-Lopez (INIFAP). Back row: unidentified, Bill Rietveld (RM), CarlosGonzales-Vicente (INIFAP), Andrea Koonce (WO), Terry Shaw (RM), Ed Green (FPL), Raphael Moreno(INIFAP), Sam Sandberg (PNW).

Although records of coopera-tion between forestry

professionals in Mexico and theU.S. go back as far as 1911, aRegional Agreement signed byActing Director Dixie Smith in1981 to establish technical andscientific collaboration in forestrybetween the National Institute ofForestry Research in Mexico andthe Rocky Mountain Station andSouthwestern Region of theUSDA Forest Service providedthe mechanism for supporting

truly effective cooperation across apolitical border artificially dividingcontinuous ecosystems.

The primary tool to assure acontinuing program was a seriesof roughly biennial symposia, withlocations alternating between thetwo countries. The first,Management and Utilization ofArid Land Plants, held in Saltillo,Coahuila, in February 1985, wascoordinated primarily by DavidPatton, RM Station, and CarlosGonzalez-Vicente, Instituto

Nacional de InvestigacionesForestales y Agropecuarias(INIFAP, within SARH, theSecretaria de Agricultura yRecursos Hidraulicos). Thesecond, Strategies forClassification and Managementof Native Vegetation for FoodProduction in Arid Zones, washeld in Tucson, AZ, in October1987. Integrated Managementof Watersheds for Multiple Usesfollowed in March 1990 inMorelia, Michoacan, then

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Making SustainabilityOperational in Santa Fe, NM, inApril 1993. The fifth symposium inthe series, Partnerships forSustainable Forest EcosystemManagement, in October 1994 inGuadalajara, Jalisco, stressedbuilding research-managementpartnerships among naturalresource managers, scientists,landowners, policymakers, andpublic interest groups.

A corollary objective of thefrequent symposium series was tocreate opportunities for individualresearchers and managers todevelop mutually beneficial one-on-one cross-border workingrelationships.

Gonzalez-Vicente was animposing presence throughout theperiod; Avelino Villa-Salas, HugoManzanilla, and Leonel Iglesias

Gutierrez were also majorcontributors for Mexico. TomSchmeckpeper, John Russell, andDoug Shaw were major playersfrom the Southwestern Region.Dixie Smith, Earl Aldon, LenDeBano, Bob Hamre, and severalothers from RM Stationcontributed significantly. BobPartido (SW Region) and GeorgeGarcia (RM Station) wereinvaluable in maintaining smoothinformal communications, sincemost U.S. participants hadnowhere near the bilingualcapabilities of their Mexicancounterparts. Although virtuallyevery Mexican spoke passableEnglish, there were professionaltranslators for the technicalsessions. Dan Neary, DebbieFinch, and Carl Edminster wereinvolved in the later symposia.

In addition to the formal biennialseries, Biodiversity andManagement of the MadreanArchipelago: the Sky Islands ofSouthwestern United States andNorthwestern Mexico, in Tucsonin September 1994, was also amajor cross-border effort.

In 1994, Cele Aguirre-Bravocame to the Station to coordinatecooperative efforts betweenINIFAP and the Rocky MountainStation, and had the lead forsubsequent symposia. The RockyMountain Station has nowextended its cooperation andcollaboration activities to othercountries in the Americas. Theseactivities are coordinated throughthe Consortium for Advancing theMonitoring of EcosystemSustainability in the Americas(CAMESA). CAMESA�sprogram activities arecoordinated by the RockyMountain Station.

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A Sampling of Major Characters at RM Station

Todd Mowrer (in uniform), along with Technicians Manual Martinez, Steve Mata,Jose Negron and other Station employees host high school students at the annualHispanic Natural Resources Career Camp at the Fraser Experimental Forest.

Any time you take a sample,there is chance you will miss

something important. Thealternatives here are to saynothing or mention everyone.Neither of those is appropriate, soat the risk of offending the manyworthy of mention, we�ll take asample. A preponderance areretired.

The Leadership Team � WhenDavid Herrick retired inNovember 1980, Dixie Smith wasappointed Acting Director. About ayear later, Charles Lovelessarrived from the Washington Officeto take the helm, with Dixie Smithcontinuing as Deputy Director.Charlie, who had spent manyyears with the USDI Fish andWildlife Service, was Director for8 years, retiring in June 1989. InOctober, Henry (Hank) Montreycame West from the ForestProducts Laboratory to becomethe eighth Director of the RockyMountain Station. Hank movedon to the Washington Office, andDenver Burns traded hisDirectorate at the NortheastStation to become our ninthDirector in October 1992. InNovember 1993, Chief Robertsonalso gave Denver the role ofActing Director of theIntermountain Station, anothersign of the pending merger of thetwo Stations.

Indispensable to the Directorswere their Secretaries: BarbaraGary, Debbie Allen (now Hof),and Martha Pforr.

Dixie Smith put in 11 loyal yearsas Deputy Director of the RM

Station. Harold Paulsen, SamKrammes, Tom Hoekstra, andMarcia Patton-Mallorysuccessively held the title ofAssistant Director for Planning andApplications. Assistant Directorsfor Research included DavidTackle, Vincent Duvall, ClydeFasick, Richard Krebill, StephenMcDonald, Tom Hoekstra, and EdWicker.

Two Rocky Mountain Station�graduates� went on to becomeForestry School Deans within theStation�s territory: Jay Hughes atColorado State University, andDave Garrett at Northern ArizonaUniversity.

Scientists � No listing of RMscientists of the era would becomplete without citing people

such as Bob Alexander (timbermanagement and FraserExperimental Forest), FrankHawksworth (dwarf mistletoes),Pete Martinelli and Ron Tabler(blowing snow), Art Judson(avalanches), Bev Driver(recreation), Earl Aldon, JerryHorton, and Len DeBano(southwestern watersheds), ClarkMartin (southwestern ranges),Ralph Read (shelterbelts), GlennPeterson (pathology), JackDieterich (fire), Dick Tinus(containerized seedlings), GeorgePeterson (economics), Dave Patton(southwestern wildlife), Gil Schubert(southwestern timber), Dick Driscoll(range, remote sensing) and DougFox (atmospheric sciences). Theywere some of the well-known

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Project Leader/scientists. All of themrelied heavily on the input andsupport of talented project scientists,many of whom show up on groupand research photos throughout thishistory.

Technicians �Technicians areoften the unsung heroes of research.RM Station has been blessed withseveral great technicians, often theessential glue that held complexprojects and project locationstogether. They provided thepractical links between researchideas and actual collection andpresentation of data. They werecontact points betweenresearchers and cooperators,translators, electronics specialists,jacks-of-all-trades. Outstandingamong them were George Garciaat Albuquerque, Steve Mata atFort Collins, Harvey Hiatt atBottineau and Flagstaff, Bob

Jairell at Laramie, Ross Watkins atFort Collins and ManitouExperimental Forest, Bill Kruse atFlagstaff and the Santa RitaExperimental Range, ManuelMartinez at Fraser ExperimentalForest, Steve Denison at RapidCity, and John Sprackling atLincoln. (Steve Mata remainsactive in 2004.)

Ted Hovland at Lincolnpresented a unique problem. At alanky 6� 7� he made even the bestyoung trees look small in RalphRead�s photos documentingshelterbelt provenance studies. Theproblem was resolved with rolereversal: Ted became thephotographer and Ralph providedthe size perspective.

Professional Support � A keyin quality control at RM Stationwas (and still is) Rudy King. AsStation Biometrician, he providedguidance on research design, andevaluation and interpretation ofdata. His insightful evaluations ofthe most complex manuscripts inevery field of research fromavalanches to zoology were theenvy of the other Stations, and aparticular boon to the StationEditor.

Bob Hamre gave decades ofsolid editorial support for theStation�s scientists, generating theStation�s serial publications andproviding links with a host oftechnical journals. His techniquesfor ramrodding symposiumproceedings into print quicklymade the Station a major host fora variety of major symposia. The

library and Frances Barney wereinterchangeable names for theplace to go for anyone needinghelp finding old � and new �literature. Frances may have beenon a first-name basis with morefront-line people on the NationalForests in the Regions we servethan any other person at theStation.

Administration � Don Keefer,Jackie Cables, and Harold Coleyhad the daunting task of headingup what was called ResearchSupport Services. That includedBill North�s Operations Group(personnel, fiscal, administrativeservices), Biometrics (for a time),and the Research InformationGroup (publications, public affairs,library). Clarence Adair, acomputer programmer for manyyears, found his calling as thegregarious leader of the Station�scivil rights program. LeRoyManley headed up Personnel formany years, while Harold Kehrand Sue Janzen (now Evans)contributed years of leadership infiscal and administrative services.

At the project locations, peoplesuch as Zita Kaulitz (Rapid City),Vera Collins (Laramie), LucilleNeubauer (Bottineau), JosieGomez and Nancy Muecke(Tempe), Virginia Hittner (Lincoln),Nora Altamirano (Albuquerque),and Marion Durham, Diane Prince,and Judy Kent (Flagstaff andTempe) worked many yearsunder a variety of titles to providebusiness, computer, and secretarialsupport.

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Ted Hovland, Lincoln, pollinatesselected Scots pine in one of RalphRead�s provenance plantations forimproving Great Plains shelterbelts.

How Some Station Research Has Been Applied

A technician takes readings, winter and summer, at the Snowy Range station on the Glacier LakesEcosystem Experiments Site, Wyoming, as part of the National Atmospheric Deposition Program.

The RM Station took form in1930 with an annual

appropriation of $75,000:$25,000 each for research onrange, watershed, and timbermanagement. Highlights of earlyresearch accomplishments werechronicled in Ray Price�s 1976history. What advances have wemade since then?

As Director Hank Montrey putit in 1991, �Some � researchsuccess was short-lived because itonly solved an immediate, localproblem. Some of it was of lastingsignificance because it helped usunderstand underlying processes.Some generated unexpectedbenefits, while some simply

contributed to the knowledge baseof specific scientific disciplines.Some of the latter is still in searchof utility, but it is this bank ofknowledge we frequently drawupon when new problems arise.�

Among the many things welearned from the long-running,multifunctional Beaver CreekWatershed south of Flagstaff, forinstance, was how difficult it is tomodel an ecosystem!

Again, Montrey philosophizedabout what research is all about:�We must obviously move fromthe functional, single-resource,single-scientist focus on physicaland biological sciences aimed atadvancing science in a discipline.

We need to move toward inter-disciplinary, multi-resource,integrated teams that includesocial scientists.. . . If we are tohave much influence over ourfuture, we must develop an over-riding customer ethic in what wedo. Instead of looking inward toour own interests and disciplinesfor guidance in structuring ourresearch efforts, we need to do abetter job of looking outward tothe land managers, resourceusers, policy makers, and variouspublics we serve for thatguidance.�

Forest Service Chief JackWard Thomas also waxedphilosophically when responding to

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used in land management planning,habitat models for wildlife species,multiresource interaction models,and models for many other naturalresources. And we addressed newtopics during this period � airquality, nonmarket values, largerspatial scales (national assessmentsof forest and rangeland resources),riparian ecology � and expandedour scope from timber and rangeproductivity to multiple resourcevalues of ecosystems and culturalimplications.

When evaluating researchaccomplishments, a gnarlyquestion is, �How do we value thesignificance of a broad range ofresearch findings?� Simplycounting publications andconsultations isn�t enough.Ideally, the value of researchshows up when it influencesmanagement practices. But notall research finds quickapplication. A recent approach isthe citation index, a measure ofthe frequency with which a

questions during a Congressionalbudget hearing. A Congressman,referring to the Forest Servicetheme �Caring for the land, servingthe people,� questioned �Who areyou serving?� Jack simply replied,�The vast majority of the peoplewe serve haven�t been born yet!�

Much of our research results inincremental gains in knowledge.We�ve solved many currentproblems, but along the waywe�ve also broadened the scopeand depth of what we know aboutthe physical and biologicalprocesses that affect howecosystems work. For example,Jack Dieterich�s pioneering workon fire history and fire returnintervals in southwestern forestsin the �70�s and �80�s wasoriginally applied in prescribedfire. Now it is contributingsignificantly to our currentbroader understanding of theessential role of fire inmaintaining healthy forestecosystems. We�ve banked a lotof information that willultimately help answer manyquestions we haven�t figured outhow to ask yet. That informationbank includes a number of plantkeys and manuals, floristicinventories of specific geographicareas, and systems to classifybiotic communities, habitat types,and ecosystems.

From 1976 to 1997, with theadvancement of personalcomputers, Station researchbecame increasingly quantitativewith models, not only the typicaltimber growth and yield models,but also contributions to fireweather, optimization models

Ron Tabler, Laramie, records data on snow accumulation behind oneof the snow fences protecting Interstate 80 west of Laramie, WY(1982). Engineered snow fences can trap large amounts of blowingsnow in long drifts higher than the fences (which may be 12 feet tall),greatly reducing plowing costs and highway closures, improvingvisibility along the highway, and providing water for livestock andwildlife during snowmelt.

research publication is cited in theworld literature. A 1994 paper inForest Science on reducedphotosynthesis rate in old trees,coauthored by Mike Ryan, wasstill cited about 100 times in 2002!A paper in Nature by DickSommerfeld and others in 1993on carbon dioxide flux from soilthrough a snowpack continues tobe cited in environmental andglobal-change journals worldwidebecause of its unanticipatedimplications for global budgets ofthis greenhouse gas.

The following are a fewexamples of how Station researchfindings over the 1976 to 1997period have been � or may be �widely applied.

Snow Fences

The elaborate system of snowfences along many miles ofInterstate 80 west of Laramie,WY, is the direct result of years of

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Richard Reynolds, Fort Collins, and Prof. Tom Gavin, Cornell University (left),band a male northern goshawk on the Kaibab Plateau north of the GrandCanyon in Arizona.

Goshawk ManagementRecommendations

Present forest conditions � loss ofshrubby understory, reducedamount of older forests, increasedareas of dense tree regeneration �often reflect the extent of humaninfluence on these forests. Theseinfluences may also affectpopulations of the northerngoshawk. In response to litigationin the Southwest, RichardReynolds (Fort Collins/Flagstaff)and a team appointed by theRegional Forester, SouthwestRegion, evaluated earlier researchby Reynolds and others ongoshawk nesting habitat andforaging behavior, and on food andhabitats of the suite of importantgoshawk prey, then synthesizedwhat they learned to develop a set

of �desired forest conditions� andoffered managementrecommendations to move existingforest conditions to the desiredconditions for supporting viablegoshawk populations. Keyobjectives of the guidelines are toprovide nesting, postfledging, andforaging areas for goshawks, andhabitat to support abundantpopulations of 14 primarygoshawk prey. These guidelineshave since been validated by 10years of intensive research on thegoshawk on the Kaibab Plateau innorthern Arizona.

Thinning trees in the understory,creating small openings aroundgroups of trees in the forest, andprescribed fires should helpproduce and maintain desiredforest conditions. Other criticalelements for both goshawks and

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research on the physics of trappingblowing snow. What started out asan effort to augment water yieldsfrom winter snowpacks on PoleMountain in the Medicine BowNational Forest for the city ofCheyenne laid the foundation foran unanticipated long-term coop-erative program with the WyomingHighway Department. Driftingsnow plagued the highway withclosures and accidents. Ron Tabler(Laramie) led studies on transportand evaporation of blowing snow;most effective density, spacing, andheight of snow fences; shape,volume, and placement of createdsnow drifts; and benefits to high-way safety and maintenance. Theresulting system of snow fences notonly drastically reduced snowplowing costs and highway clo-sures, but also improved condi-tions so much that fence costscould be amortized within as littleas 2 years from reduced accidentcosts alone.

Tabler�s research has beenpublished as Design Guidelinesfor Control of Blowing AndDrifting Snow by the StrategicHighway Research Program of theNational Research Council (seecitation in A Few SignificantPublications), and is being usednationwide in a variety of relatedsnow control and accumulationapplications. An unexpected valueis that many snow fences are notdismantled after 3 to 5 years, soldas weathered barn wood panels,and new fences are reconstructed.

seedlings before storage andoutplanting. Working closely withother Forest Service nurseryspecialists, Tinus coauthored thesix-volume Agriculture Handbook674, The Container Tree NurseryManual (citation in A FewSignificant Publications) usedworldwide.

Resource Planning ActAssessments

When Tom Hoekstra came to theStation (Fort Collins) from theWO in 1979 to join the ResourceEvaluation Techniques Program,he brought with him the task ofpreparing the Wildlife and Fishcomponent of the RPAAssessment. The ResourcesPlanning Act of 1975 mandatesthis national assessment by theForest Service every 10 years,with an intermediate, fifth-yearupdate. The result is acomprehensive document thataddresses the recent historical,

their prey are large-diameter snagsand downed logs, and an all-agedforest composed of highlyinterspersed groups of similar-agedtrees across the goshawk�s homerange.

Reynolds� ManagementRecommendations for theNorthern Goshawk in theSouthwestern United States (seecitation in A Few SignificantPublications) are now being used,with appropriate modifications forlocal forest types, nationwide. Useof the guidelines has also hadsignificant legal implications inenvironmental lawsuits.

Tree Diseases on theGreat Plains

Diseases of Trees in the GreatPlains, a publication produced byJerry Riffle and Glenn Peterson atthe Station�s ShelterbeltLaboratory at Lincoln, NE, hasbeen the most frequently re-printedpublication in the Station�s history.Recognizing the reputations ofRiffle and Peterson as leading treepathology researchers in the area,the Great Plains AgriculturalResearch Council asked them tocoordinate a technical publication

that arborists, land owners,pathologists, pest managementspecialists, and others desperatelyneeded to diagnose, treat, andprevent tree diseases inshelterbelts in the stressfulenvironment of the Great Plains.The two Station scientists recruitedanother 29 pathologists, andtogether they authored over 60articles on hosts, distribution,symptoms, disease cycle, andcontrol measures for 46 hardwoodand 15 conifer diseases.

The publication has beendistributed by State Foresters andExtension Specialists throughoutthe Plains States, and used ingraduate school forest pathologycourses.

Greenhouses for ContainerizedTree Seedlings

Today�s extensive greenhousenursery production of containerizedconifer seedlings requires carefulcontrol not only of temperature andmoisture, but nutrients, lightintensity, and photoperiod.Richard Tinus pioneered thescience of containerized nurseries,first at Bottineau, ND, then atFlagstaff, AZ.

His research covered use ofirrigation water and soil medium todeliver nutrients, levels of lightintensity for photosyhsthesis andgrowth, intermittent light to controlphotoperiod and preventdormancy for continuous seedlinggrowth, design of containers andtreatment of inner surfaces to directroot growth, and inducingdormancy and cold-hardiness of

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Glenn Peterson�s research (Lincoln) on thebiology and control of phomopsis blightminimized a major problem in Great Plainsnurseries, and allowed them to greatlyincrease production of eastern red cedarseedlings for shelterbelt plantings.

Dick Tinus, Flagstaff, evaluatesbristlecone pine seedlings grown incontainers under sodium arc light froma �beam flicker� in a Colorado StateForest Service nursery.

Valuing Nonmarket Resources

Through years of pioneeringresearch, members of GeorgePeterson�s (Fort Collins)Research Work Unit onIdentification and Valuation ofWildland Resource Benefits havedeveloped ways to identify andevaluate the monetary and non-monetary benefits of wildlandmanagement. In addition tonumerous publications in scientificand applied journals and otherforums, they have producedseveral important books, includingPublic Amenity ResourceValuation: IntegratingEconomics with OtherDisciplines; Valuing WildlifeResources in Alaska; InstreamFlow Protection; and Nature andthe Human Spirit: Toward anExpanded Land ManagementEthic (see citations in A Few

Significant Publications). Theunit�s research findings have beenwidely used, both in this countryand around the world, in suchdiverse applications as theResource Planning Act�sAssessment and Program, theExxon-Valdez tanker spill damageassessment in Alaska, forest healthpolicy, water resourcemanagement and valuation,sensitive species conservation, firemanagement policy, and the UnitedNations Environmental Program�sGlobal Biodiversity Assessment.Because the unit�s scientists havebeen active in many national andinternational activities, includingleadership in the InternationalUnion of Forest ResearchOrganizations, Fulbrightexchanges, and invited lectures andconsultations in many foreigncountries, they have receivednumerous Forest Service Superiorand Distinguished Scientist awards.

John Lundquist (left), Fort Collins, and a technician examine root rotat the base of a pine subsequently killed by bark beetles. Note the globs of pitchproduced by the tree in an unsuccessful attempt to repel the beetles.

current, and probable future statusof the nation�s forest and rangelandresources. For the 1984assessment update, scientists inHoekstra�s unit were selected toevaluate three of the six majorresource areas. In addition toHoekstra�s wildlife and fish area,Linda Joyce handled range, andJohn Hof dealt with multi-resourceintegration. Later, John Mitchellassumed responsibility for therange assessment, Curt Flathertook over wildlife and fish, andLinda Joyce was responsible forthe climate change specialassessment study. Tom Brown ledthe water assessment. These weremonumental tasks.

In addition to broad scienceresponsibilities for the 1989Assessment and 1994 Update, theRM Station also assumedresponsibility for editing, printing,and distributing the entireexpanded collection of 11 separateresource documents. Under EditorBob Winokur�s guidance, theStation generated and mailed tonsof these documents (see reports byBrown, Flather, and Joyce in AFew Significant Publications) toFederal, State, and localgovernmental agencies, interestgroups, and concerned individualsacross the nation, and indeedthroughout the world. The Stationhas continued its role as the majorplayer in the national RPAAssessment effort. The number ofresource-oriented topics hasincreased, authors have changed,and some publicationresponsibilities have been shifted toother Stations, but to the WO,RPA still equates with RMRS.

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Joe Ganey checks the fit of a radiotransmitter prior to releasing aMexican spotted owl in a study of owlhabitat needs.

they are viewed as naturalcomponents of landscapes thatmay have neutral, detrimental, orbeneficial impacts on ecologicalprocesses and landscape patternsthat perhaps should be preservedor even mimicked. Landscapepathology was introduced bystation pathologists as an extensionof our traditional view of forestpathology.

Spatial analyses, spatialmodeling, and other landscape-scale methods of assessing andquantifying disease impacts basedon spatial patterns have beendeveloped by station pathologiststo examine the effects of diseaseson wildfire fuels, wildlife diversity,and other timber and nontimberresources. An assessment andmonitoring method called profilingwas developed to simplify andquantify the complex impactssymptomatic of diseasedlandscapes. Station pathologistshave also developed methods formeasuring and quantifying similarityof canopy gaps caused by diseasesand other types of disturbance(insects, wind, fire, etc) so the theirimpacts can be mimicked in gap-based silviculture (see Lundquistand Beatty, in A Few SignificantPublications).

Mexican Spotted OwlRecovery Plan

Listing of the Mexican spotted owlas a Threatened Species in 1993resulted in severe restrictions onforest management in the Southwest.Bill Block (Flagstaff) led a recovery

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Ecosystem Management

General Technical Report RM-246,An Ecological Basis forEcosystem Management, publishedin 1994 helped establish ecosystemmanagement as a basis for landstewardship. A team of scientists andmanagers from a number of Federaland State agencies prepared thispublication, with Station ScientistMerrill Kaufmann (Fort Collins) assenior author (see citation in A FewSignificant Publications). The teamillustrated that social and economicissues play a large role in attainingecological sustainability, whileecological capability of land isrelatively fixed. Achieving ecologicalsustainability may thus requireadjustments in social and economicperspectives. The publicationprovides guidelines for examiningecosystems to determine their currentcondition, and to identify what mightbe needed to maintain or restoreecological sustainability. Theseguidelines used conservation biologyprinciples and historical and currentconditions at multiple spatial andtemporal scales as the basis forecological assessment.

This publication also helpedplace ecological issues on the samelevel as social and economic issuesin the decisionmaking process.Previously, many natural resourcemanagement decisions had beenmade with limited emphasis onlong-term ecological consequencesof human activities. The team�sfindings helped clarify how andwhere in the planning processecological issues could beaddressed, and outlined howmonitoring and evaluation couldprovide feedback to improve

decisions in the ongoing planning andimplementation process � collectivelyknown as adaptive management.The approaches outlined have beenused widely in the development andimplementation of natural resourceplans, and have had a significantinfluence on land stewardship. Thecurrent approach of using historicalecology in 21st century decision-making stems directly from theimportance of reference conditioninformation in ecosystemassessments noted in the GTR.

A Different Perspective onForest Diseases

Traditionally, forest diseaseresearch has focused primarily onstand-scale timber productionsystems, where diseases wereviewed as harmful because theykilled trees and reduced timberproductivity. With a better

understanding of forest ecology,however, perspectives on diseaseshave expanded to the point where

At the Forestry SciencesLaboratory in Rapid City, ArdellBjugstad, Dan Uresk, and othersdid similar work with forbs,shrubs, and small trees forrevegetating mine spoils in theSEAM program. Bentonite andgold mine spoils were majorconcerns, in addition to coal anduranium.

The Colorado AvalancheWarning Program

Early in his Forest Service career,Art Judson (Fort Collins) was aSnow Ranger on the ArapahoNational Forest and avalancheforecaster on Berthod Pass,northwest of Denver. He joinedPete Martinelli�s �Blowing Snow�project at the RM Station in 1962,where he refined his avalanchemodeling and prediction techniquesthrough research on the physics ofblowing snow and avalancherelease, and upgrading andexpanding instrumentation incritical high-elevation snowaccumulation areas (see hisresearch model, in A FewSignificant Publications).

The formal Avalanche WarningProgram � which includes mediabulletins, telephone hotline, andawareness training � becameoperational in the 1970s. Itcontinued to evolve, withcontributions from Martinelli, R.A.Schmidt, and Colorado StateUniversity�s Owen Rhea. KnoxWilliams joined the project in1970, and took over the warningprogram by the end of the decade.Knox led the program through aturbulent funding period in the early

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Regions, the National ParkService, Bureau of LandManagement, Department ofDefense, and various IndianTribes throughout theSouthwestern United States.

The recovery plan also definedscientifically credible monitoringschemes for owl populations andhabitat, and experiments todetermine cause-and-effectrelationships between foresttreatments and trends in key owlhabitat and prey. Station scientistscontinue to serve on the recoveryteam.

In addition, Bill Block andDebbie Finch (Albuquerque) ledan effort to summarize knowledgeon songbirds inhabiting ponderosapine forests in the Southwest. Thiseffort was mandated by a court-ordered settlement agreement in alawsuit (Silver vs. Thomas, 1996)

for recovering the owl. Theysynthesized available informationabout the owl and its habitat, most ofwhich existed as a direct result oftheir own studies, and identified thetypes of habitats and resources keyto recovering the owl. They thencrafted a recovery strategy thatafforded protection to the owl whilesimultaneously allowing managementfor other resource values in most ofthe landscape. This recovery plan(see the USDI report in A FewSignificant Publications) wasformally adopted by theSouthwestern Region of the ForestService through an amendment tothe land management plans foreach of its National Forests. It isalso being used in theIntermountain and Rocky Mountain

pertaining to the owl. Block andFinch assembled a station team,which included Joe Ganey, BrianGeils, Wil Moir, and Carol Raish,to synthesize information onsongbird ecology in southwesternponderosa pine (see Block andFinch citation in A FewSignificant Publications). Thisdocument is now the keyreference on ecology of numerousbird species in this vegetation typeand geographic area, and resultedin the lifting of an injunction onmost forest management activitiesin the Southwestern Region.

Mine Spoil Reclamation

Basic studies of native plants withpotential for revegetating degradedwatersheds and ranges in theSouthwest were a staple at theStation�s Forestry Sciences Lab atAlbuquerque. Laboratory studiesestablished initial moisture andtemperature requirements forgermination of such hardy speciesas alkali sacaton and four-wingsaltbush (a salt-tolerant grass andshrub, respectively). Studiesprogressed through greenhousetrials to small- and large-scale fieldplots to factor in seasonal and soileffects. Earl Aldon and WayneSpringfield then took thisknowledge to the SurfaceEnvironment and Mining (SEAM)program, and applied it to minespoils exposed after coal wasstrip-mined in northwestern NewMexico. Their findings wereapplied to meet revegetationrequirements not only on coal minespoils, but also after uranium andcopper mining.

team, including Joe Ganey, Wil Moir,and Pat Ward, to develop a strategy

classification of the world�s dwarfmistletoes laid the groundwork forsubsequent models to predict theimpact of these host-specific plantson growth of various forest trees.Hawksworth (Fort Collins) andCarl Edminster combined to writeseveral computer models(RMYIELD, etc) so that managerscould estimate future growth andyields of infected forests. DwarfMistletoes: Biology, Pathology,and Systematics, an AgricultureHandbook by Hawksworth andWiens, will likely remain a classictext for students, researchers, andmanagers for decades.

Dan Uresk, Rapid City, often relied on Joker to locate collared deer duringhabitat research with Kieth Severson on the Badlands of South Dakota.

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Maintaining Wildlife on theGreat Plains

As human-related pressuresincrease on grasslands of thenorthern Great Plains, resourcemanagers need better tools tomonitor how plants, and thewildlife species that depend onthem, may be responding toimpacts on the naturalenvironment. To fill the need,Research Biologist Dan Uresk atthe Rapid City Forestry SciencesLaboratory, working with StationBiometrician Rudy King, usedelaborate statistical techniques todevelop easily-applied methodsmanagers can use to evaluaterange conditions (see Uresk 1990,in A Few SignificantPublications). His researchidentified key plant variablesmanagers can measure to

1980s to its current stableoperating base, independent of theForest Service. Its warningscontinue to save lives among skiersand other back-country winterrecreationists, motorists,snowplow operators, andmountain residents. The programhas been duplicated in most otherWestern States.

Another product of Martinelli�sBlowing Snow project was theAvalanche Handbook, AgricultureHandbook 489, co-authored byRon Perla (see A Few SignificantPublications). First published in1976, it quickly became aGovernment Printing Office best-seller among those who worked,played, traveled, or did research inthe mountains in winter,worldwide. It was reprinted threetimes within five years, andtranslated into several languages.

discriminate among ecologicalstages, then establish resourcevalue ratings that can be used toguide decisions on resource uses,including livestock grazing, andpredict their impacts on wildlife.His vegetation-based methods arenot only easy and accurate, butpredict responses of wildlife �even rare species � faster thanmethods that require monitoringthe animals themselves. Uresk�ssuccessful efforts to get thisresearch applied quickly over avariety of habitats earned him theprestigious New PerspectivesAward from Forest Service ChiefDale Roberston in 1992.

Dwarf Mistletoe Impacts

Frank Hawksworth�s decades ofresearch on the biology and

Minimizing Mortality Causedby Bark Beetles

After focusing on the spruce beetlein the 1970s, culminating in hisSpruce Beetle in the Rockiescoauthored with R. H. Frye, JohnSchmid (Fort Collins, Flagstaff)turned his attention largely to themountain pine beetle. Afterworking on various aspects of themountain pine beetle, particularlyrelating to silvicultural treatments tomanage for beetle outbreaks andquantifying beetle-caused mortalityin ponderosa and lodgepole pines

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Increased Water Yield ThroughForest Management

Chuck Troendle�s (Fort Collins)research in high-elevation forestsat the Fraser Experimental Forestin Colorado in the late 70�s andearly 80�s clearly documentedthat the portion of increased wateryield due to increased snowaccumulation after any pattern ofpartial harvest was primarily dueto reduced evaporation fromsnow intercepted on foliage. Thisfinding reversed an earlierinterpretation that this increasedwater yield from snow was almostentirely due to alteredaerodynamics and redistribution ofintercepted snow into clear-cutopenings.

To show that results from suchrelatively small-scale researchcould be applied at an operationalscale, the Station cooperated withthe Rocky Mountain Region in theCoon Creek Water YieldDemonstration Project on theMedicine Bow National Forest insouthern Wyoming. After the

accurately predicted water yieldsdocumented that a major forestmanagement project could beimplemented with minimaldetrimental effect on otherresources.

in Colorado and the Black Hills ofSouth Dakota, Schmid developeda hazard rating system to help landmanagers rate stand susceptibilityto beetles. Since retiring in 1991,Schmid has continued his long-term entomology research as avolunteer.

Measuring the Benefits ofOutdoor Recreation

Bev Driver came from theUniversity of Michigan faculty todirect the new Outdoor RecreationResearch Work Unit established atthe Station in 1973. His focus wasto consider all benefits of outdoorrecreation: social, economic, andenvironmental, as well aspsychological. With Perry Brownof Colorado State University, hedeveloped the RecreationOpportunity Spectrum (ROS)system for inventorying andmanaging outdoor recreationresources, a system needed tomeet requirements mandated byCongress in the 1976 NationalForest Management Act for the

4,000-acre Coon Creek and acompanion control watershedwere carefully calibrated for 7years, Coon Creek was partiallyharvested according to Troendle�sresearch-based prescription. The

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Bev Driver�s (Fort Collins) recreation research helped identify conflictingmotivations and values of recreationists, such as these backpackers, and howthose conflicts could be avoided or reduced.

USFS and similar Federal LandManagement and Policy Act forthe Bureau of Land Management(see Driver et al. 1987, in A FewSignificant Publications). Thatsystem is now used throughout theUS, Canada, and many othercountries. A related effort resultedin the Wilderness OpportunityZoning management system,widely used by the USFS andBLM, and which led, in part, todevelopment of the Limits ofAcceptable Change concept formanaging negative impacts ofrecreation.

Driver�s efforts in developingand editing the book Benefits ofLeisure (see Driver et al. 1991)significantly advanced ourknowledge about the sociallyimportant benefits of leisure. Thattext led to the development of anew approach to evaluating thebenefits of leisure called theBeneficial Outcomes Approach toLeisure (BOAL), now beingwidely taught here and abroad andused to guide allocation decisionsby park and recreation policymakers and managers.

.

region.� Numerous partners,including the Malpai BorderlandsGroup, USDA Natural ResourcesConservation Service, AnimasFoundation, Coronado NationalForest, The Nature Conservancy,universities, and local ranchers, arecooperating to apply knowledgegained from earlier range, wildlife,fire, and watershed research tomanagement of both private andpublic lands. These practicalapplications also provideopportunities for further researchon management-scaleimplementation of research results.Reintroduction of fire as anecological restoration tool is one ofthe more significant efforts.

Ecosystem Management in theSouthwestern Borderlands

The Southwestern Borderlandsproject was established in 1994with Carl Edminster (Flagstaff) asProject Leader. Focused onsoutheastern Arizona andsouthwestern New Mexico nearthe border with Mexico, it isintended to �Contribute to thescientific basis for developing andimplementing a comprehensiveecosystem management plan torestore natural processes, improvethe productivity and biologicaldiversity of grasslands andwoodlands, and sustain an openlandscape with a viable ruraleconomy and social structure in the

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In other publications (forexample, see the paper on theColorado River Basin in A FewSignificant Publications) Browndetermined the value of water yieldincreases due to forestmanagement by simulating therouting, storage, and delivery ofwater yield increases throughoutthe watershed. His results showedthat - because of the timing of theincreases in the management ofreservoirs - much of the increasesevaporate or flow on to the sea,and thus their value tends to beless than expected.

Maintaining Streamflow in theWest�s Rivers

Maintaining adequate instreamflow is a critical concern, especiallyin the West where water tends tobe scarce. The National Forestsplay a key role in maintaininginstream flow because they are thesource of much of the West�swater. In Instream FlowProtection: Seeking a Balance inWestern Water Use (see citationin A Few SignificantPublications), Tom Brown (FortCollins) and coauthor DavidGillilan provided a comprehensiveoverview of Western water useand the issues that surround it. Theauthors explained instream flowand its historical, political, and legal

context; described instream flowlaws and policies; and presentedmethods of protecting instreamflow. They provided numerousexamples to illustrate theirdiscussions, with case studies ofmajor river systems including theBitterroot, Clark�s Fork,Colorado, Columbia, Platte,Snake, Wind, and others. Thisbook helped numerous groups�policymakers, land and watermanagers at local, State, andFederal levels, attorneys, studentsand researchers of water issues,and others concerned withinstream flow protection�gain aricher understanding of Westernwater management in general andof instream flow protection inparticular.

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35

This timeline is intended not only to documentmany of the important events at the Station

over the period 1976 to 1997, but also to providesome insights into the character and daily life of thepeople who made up the Rocky Mountain Forestand Range Experiment Station�s extended familyduring that period. Most of the dates have beengleaned from Rick Fletcher�s Rocky MountainUpdate and Director�s Notes newsletters.

January �76 � Evaluation of Watershed Programs inthe Salt-Verde River Basin in Tucson is combinedwith Beaver Creek National Multiple Use EvaluationProject in Flagstaff.

The RWU Economics of Recreation RelatedDevelopments in the Rocky Mountain West RWUin Fort Collins is terminated; Gordon Lewisbecomes Program Manager of the EisenhowerConsortium for Western Environmental ForestryResearch in Fort Collins.

The SEAM (Surface Environment and Mining)program reports adopting Plant Physiologist DickTinus� (Flagstaff) containerized seedling approachfor revegetating mine spoils.

Clerical workers throughout the Station wereunited under the banner of the Clerical StaffOrganization, with Clerk Helen Waag (FortCollins) as first chairperson.

A Timeline of Significant and/or Interesting Eventsat the Rocky Mountain Station

Dick Sommerfeld, Fort Collins, contemplatesthe entrance to a buried research structureon the Glacier Lakes Ecosystem ExperimentsSite in southern Wyoming.

March �76 �National Renewable Resource Supplyand Evaluation Techniques becomes an R&Dprogram: Resources Evaluation Techniques. DickDriscoll (Fort Collins) is Program Manager.

In an RWU realignment, three Fort Collins projects� Forest and Mountain Meteorology, DevelopingMore Productive Markets for Forest Resources ofthe Rocky Mountains and Adjacent High Plains,and Development and Application of a NationalFuel Inventory and Appraisal System � now reportto Vincent Duvall, AD for Continuing Research,Tempe, AZ.

April �76 � Stan Hirsch is named Project Leader forthe new National Fuel Inventory and AppraisalSystem RWU (Fort Collins).

May �76 � Director and staff spend 3 days focusingon how to develop Station research programs tomeet the goals of the Resources Planning Act.

Scientists R.A. Schmidt (Fort Collins) and RonTabler (Laramie) receive the USDA SuperiorService Award in Washington for adapting theirresearch results �. . .into the operational proceduresneeded to monitor and control blowing snow undersevere winter conditions along the InterstateHighway through Wyoming.�

June �76 � At Laramie, two projects are combinedto form RM-1712, Land Use Impacts on Big Gameand Ecological Relationships of Mining, with LorinWard as Project Leader.

Josie Gomez (Tempe) is the new Spanish-SpeakingProgram Coordinator for the Station.

July �76 � The Station completes its three series�status of knowledge� papers, on Timber,Watershed, and Range Management Research.

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The Multiresource Management for SouthwestSemidesert Rangelands RWU (RM-1706) iscombined with the Habitat Criteria Developmentfor Southwestern Wildlife RWU (RM-1710) atTempe, with Dave Patton as Project Leader.

Six researchers from the Pacific Southwest Stationcome to Dick Driscoll�s Resource EvaluationTechniques Program (R&D RM-4151): BobAldrich, Bob Dana, Wally Greentree, NormMerritt, Dick Myhre, and Ed Roberts.

Some 115 people attend the Station picnic/barbeque (Dick Sommerfeld and Pat Currie, FortCollins, volunteer as chefs) at Demmel Lake nearWaverly, CO.

September �76 � Dave Tackle comes from the WOto be Assistant Director for Continuing Research atFort Collins.

Station scientists Tom Mills, Jim LaBau, PatCurrie, and Dave Patton take on significantassignments for the 1979 RPA Assessment.

November �76 � Josie Gomez, Spanish-SpeakingProgram (Albuquerque), Barbara Gary, FederalWomen�s Program (Fort Collins), and DeputyDirector Dixie Smith are in the WO for a Service-wide Civil Rights Program gathering.

December �76 � Project Leader Pete Martinelli�s(Fort Collins) Avalanche Handbook is published asAgriculture Handbook 489.

Funding is approved for an extension of theLaramie lab.

January �77 � Len DeBano is the new ProjectLeader for Multiresource Response Evaluation �Southwest Watersheds (RM-1606) in Tempe.

February �77 � The Director�s Office staff, ProjectLeaders, and Program Managers meet in Tempe todiscuss research planning and management.

March �77 � Directors of the Intermountain (RogerBay) and Rocky Mountain (Dave Herrick) Stationsmeet in Denver to discuss coordination of researchefforts.

April �77 � The newly funded wildlife unit atTexas Tech, Lubbock, has been officially titled theGreat Plains Wildlife Research Laboratory. TheForest Hydrology Lab at Tempe has been retitledForestry Sciences Laboratory.

Scientist Dick Sommerfeld (Fort Collins) takesproject clerks, secretaries, and other personnel on arugged field trip to Berthoud Pass and Mines Peakto observe equipment for monitoring blowing snowand predicting avalanches.

June �77 � Dick Krebill comes to Tempe asAssistant Director for Research, replacing VinseDuvall.

July �77 � J. Sam Krammes is the new AssistantDirector for Planning and Application, replacingBud Paulsen, who retired.

Scientist Frank Ronco is reassigned to Flagstaff tohead the Culture of Southwest Conifers and Aspenunit.

September �77 � Jay Hughes, former Economist atthe Station in Fort Collins, returns to town as Dean ofthe College of Forestry and Natural Resources atCSU.

Staff at the Forestry Sciences Lab inLincoln in the mid-1970s. From left: GlennPeterson, Jerry Riffle, Mike Kuhl, TedHovland, Virginia Pierson, JohnSprackling, David VanHaverbeke, RalphRead, and James Walla.

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November �77 � Scientist Bev Driver (Fort Collins)reports that this year�s contributions to the CombinedFederal Campaign by Fort Collins employees wasthe highest in recent years.

Management specialists at CSU are evaluatingseveral RM Station Work Units to assess therelative effectiveness of multifunctional researchwork units, identify organizational and individualproblems, and develop alternative approaches forimproving their effectiveness. A report is due�around the end of the year.�

December �77 � The November 6 to 10 ProjectLeaders� Meeting refines overall Station researchplans. Working groups came up with priorities, anddeveloped a 3-point Mission Statement:

• Package research results in forms useful topractitioners, and encourage the application ofnew knowledge and technology for improvingresource management to meet the goals ofsociety.

• Obtain a better understanding of theinteractions among fundamental processes inforest and range environments so that the effectsof management practices on all resources canbe predicted.

• Determine how interacting processes affect thecosts, results, and benefits to be obtained fromalternative management programs.

Fraser Experimental Forest is officially designated aBiosphere Reserve by the Man and Biosphereprogram.

March �78 � WESTFORNET (Western ForestResearch Information Network) comes to the RMStation territory. It will include standard libraryservice, plus literature searching and documentdelivery to National Forests in Regions 2 and 3.Librarian Frances Barney (Fort Collins) will becoordinator.

A contract is awarded for construction of a newAlbuquerque lab; Station personnel should movefrom downtown to the new facility near the airportby the end of the year.

April �78 � Station Director Dave Herrick appointsJack Dieterich, Ron Hibbert, Dave Patton, FrankRonco, Bev Driver, and Bob Stevens to a newlyformed Committee of Scientists. The committeewill advise the Directorate on scientific issues,monitor the scientific climate at the Station,recommend changes, and mentor new scientists.

June �78 � Scientists Stan Hirsch, PeteRoussopoulos, and Jack Dieterich are working withthree Forests in Region 2 to implement andevaluate a new national fire management planningprocess.

Dick Driscoll�s Resources Evaluation TechniquesProgram relocates to the Craddock Building in FortCollins.

Using Lorin Ward�s (Laramie) research, theWyoming Highway Department constructs nearly 7miles of 8-foot-high fence to channel deer underInterstate 80 in southern Wyoming.

Fool Creek Watershed, Fraser Experimental Forest.

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A Stationwide survey shows practically all employeesfavor continuation of �flexitime.�

Scientist Ron Tabler�s (Laramie) paper Visibility inBlowing Snow and Applications in TrafficOperations receives the National ResearchCouncils�s Mickle Award for best paper in the areaof operation and maintenance of transportationfacilities.

February �79 � Secretary Mona Wolf (Fort Collins)is the new chairperson of the Clerical StaffOrganization.

April �79 � Forest Service Chief John McGuiretalks at a Station Family Meeting about possiblereorganization, and how a proposed Department ofNatural Resources would affect the Forest Service.

May �79 � An Easter photo of the Bottineau Labshows the building nearly buried in snow.

Merrill Kaufmann has 100-foot cables stretchedthroughout the first-floor hallways as he constructsunique gas exchange chambers for measuringtranspiration rates on different tree species atFraser.

The quarterly Region 2/RM Station Joint StaffMeeting is held in Denver to improve coordinationbetween the two.

Fred Stormer arrives in Lubbock from MichiganTechnological University to head the new wildlifehabitat research project there.

August �78 � Beaver Creek Watershed, south ofFlagstaff, is named a Biosphere Reserve by the Manand the Biosphere Program.

Cavity-Nesting Birds of North American Forests, aUSDA Agriculture Handbook by Project LeaderDave Patton (Tempe) and others, brings kudos toChief McGuire.

October �78 � The Multiresource Management forSubalpine Forests and the Multiple Use Research inthe Montane and Foothills Zones units in Fort Collinsare to be combined, with Bob Alexander as ProjectLeader.

Assistant Director Dick Krebilll and Scientist RonHibbert (Fort Collins) brief a delegation of scientistsfrom the People�s Republic of China on ForestService research.

November �78 � Station Director Dave Herrick isappointed Federal Co-Chairman of the WesternRegional Planning Committee of the Regional andNational Agricultural Research Planning System.

December �78 � Protect Your Pines from BarkBeetles, by scientists Bob Stevens and BillMcCambridge (Fort Collins), is published incooperation with the Colorado State Forest Service.(It is reprinted for many years.)

Burchard Heede, Hydrologist at Tempe, spends aweek helping the Manti-LaSalle National Forestplan how to deal with stream dynamics after amassive landslide blocks Manti Creek.

January �79 � Station Director Dave Herrick meetswith 11 retirees, mostly Project Leaders andAssistant Directors, to bring them up-to-date onwhat is happening at the Station.

Debbie Finch�s (Albuquerque) researchshowed that the southwestern willowflycatcher has greater nest success andlower brood parasitism by brown-headed cowbirds when it uses boxeldertrees in riparian areas in the Southwest.

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Clyde Fasick comes to the Station from the WO,taking Dave Tackle�s place as Assistant Directorfor Research.

December �79 � The Fort Collins Coloradoannewspaper features the Station�s AvalancheWarning Center, and its new 24-hour telephonehotline.

January �80 � Dave Garrett is the new ProjectLeader for Multiresource Management Evaluationand Improvement, �the Beaver Creek Project,� atFlagstaff, replacing Ross Carder.

February �80 � The Station�s Science SeminarSeries begins, with guest speaker Hans Gubler fromthe Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and AvalancheResearch. The biweekly series is intended to providea forum for visiting scientists, give new Stationscientists a chance to speak before a technicalaudience, and have older scientists bring us up-to-date on their work.

March �80 � Barbara Gary is reassigned fromDirector�s Secretary to Equal OpportunitySpecialist. Debbie Allen is the new Director�sSecretary.

May �80 � RM Station hosts a conference on�Research on Multiple Use of Forest Resources� atFlagstaff, with 90 scientists from 21 countriesattending. The International Union for ForestryResearch Organizations and UNESCO�s Man andthe Biosphere program are cosponsors.

July �80 � A new Snow and Avalanche Center atthe Station is approved. It is to be a joint effortinvolving the Station, several Western Forest ServiceRegions, WO, and Colorado State University.

Scientist Duane Knipe, Tempe, is tending 240angora goats near Payson, AZ, in a study on bio-conversion of chaparral.

Louise O�Deen analyzes a water samplefrom Fraser at the Fort CollinsWater Laboratory.

Debbie Finch, a Coop. Ed. Student with the HabitatCriteria Development Project, Tempe, is spendingthe summer along the Colorado River in westernArizona studying wildlife in riparian habitat. [Debbieis now a Project Leader]

August �79 � The Mitigation Symposium: A NationalWorkshop on Mitigating Losses of Fish and WildlifeHabitat, attracts over 600 people to CSU. TheStation is a cosponsor, and is publishing theproceedings.

The Resources Evaluation Techniques R&D Programis reorganized into four Research Work Units andthree Support Groups: National Land ClassificationSystem, Dan Merkel, Project Leader; NationalResource Analysis Techniques, Tom Hoekstra,Project Leader; National Resource InventoryTechniques, Gyde Lund, Project Leader; andRemote Sensing for Renewable Natural Resourcesand Land Management Evaluation, Bob Aldrich,Project Leader. Hans Schreuder is Group Leader forStatistical Support, Glen Brink for Data Support andComputer Systems, and Debbie Allen for ClericalSupport.

September �79 � Project Leader Pete Martinelli andscientist Dick Sommerfeld (Fort Collins) are majororganizers of the Snow in Motion symposium atCSU, attended by 200 scientists representing 14countries. Art Judson, Knox Williams, Ron Tabler,R.A. Schmidt, and Doug Fox also present papers.

October �79 � Dave Tackle retires as AssistantDirector for Research at Fort Collins after 38 yearsof Federal service.

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October �80 � Scientist Dick Sommerfeld (FortCollins) leaves for a year of work at the SwissFederal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research.

RM Station and the Laboratory of Tree-RingResearch sponsor the Fire History Workshop inTucson.

November �80 � Dave Herrick retires as StationDirector after 33 years of Federal service; DeputyDirector Dixie Smith is Acting Director.

December �80 � Arid Land Resource Inventoriesworkshop in LaPaz, Mexico, sets stage for a seriesof workshops between Mexico, RM Station andRegion 3.

Linda Joyce is the new Range Scientist with theNational Resource Analysis Techniques unit in FortCollins.

February �81 � Debbie Finch arrives at Laramie asResearch Wildlife Biologist with the Land UseImpacts on Big Game unit. (Both Linda and Debbielater become RM Project Leaders.)

June �81 � Charlie Loveless is named RMStation�s seventh Director. He comes from the WOwhere he was Director of Forest EnvironmentResearch.

July �81 � The Station�s new interactive display,designed by Public Affairs Officer Anne Harrison,is unveiled at the National Audubon Society�sbiennial convention in Estes Park.

Don Keefer, Assistant Director for ResearchSupport Services, and Gordon Lewis, ProgramManager for the Eisenhower Consortium, leaveFort Collins � Don to the Geometronics ServiceCenter in Utah, Gordon to the Southeast Station inAsheville, NC.

The new electronic security system installed at theHeadquarters building in Fort Collins replaces keyswith a plastic card.

August �81 �Scientist Jerry Riffle, Lincoln, spendsfour weeks in Japan in the Scientist ExchangeProgram.

October �81 � Jackie Cables is appointed AssistantDirector for Research Support Services.

At the Project Leaders� Meeting in Fort Collins,Acting Station Director Dixie Smith gives anupdate on program changes:• The two projects at Lincoln are combined into a

single new one, with Glenn Peterson ProjectLeader.

• The insect unit at Fort Collins is closed, withpersonnel reassigned to Bob Alexander�s unit.,

• The Resource Evaluation Techniques Programis terminated, and a new R&D Program withtwo Projects established: Resource InventoryTechniques (Gyde Lund, Project Leader) andResource Classification (Dan Merkle, ProjectLeader).

• A new Resource Planning Techniques projectwill have Tom Hoekstra as Project Leader.

• The Forest Recreation and the Markets andUses of Forest Resources units are terminatedin favor of a new unit, Valuation of ForestProducts and Services, with Hal Worth asActing Project Leader.

The frustrating OMB-imposed moratorium onprinting of publications (including our Station�sseries) will likely be lifted soon, with approval of aUSDA publications control plan.

January �82 � Station Director Loveless says theuncertain 1982 budget situation is �unsettling forall of us� but �what ever happens, we will do ourbest to protect people and jobs.�

Project Leader Hal Worth (Fort Collins) brings topscientists from around the country to Fort Collins todiscuss the issue of assigning values to wildlandresource values. George Peterson, NorthwesternUniversity, coordinates the presentations. (InAugust, George joins the Station to head the newValuation of Wildland Resource Benefits project,Fort Collins).

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February �82 � Research Forester Chuck Boldtretires at Rapid City after 30 years of Federalservice.

Director Loveless kicks off the idea of a �HobbyCorner,� where employees can display uniquehobbies.

July �82 � Ed Wicker comes to the Station asAssistant Director for Research, replacing DickKrebill, who transfers to the Intermountain Station.Ed will be in Fort Collins, however, rather thanTempe.

The professional employees of the Station vote 31 to18 to have the National Federation of FederalEmployees be their exclusive bargaining agent.

The Station loses three outstanding, long-timeBusiness Management Assistants to retirement: ZitaKaulitz, Rapid City; Vera Collins, Laramie; LucilleNeubauer, Bottineau.

August �82 � The 4,000-acre Coon CreekWatershed on the Medicine Bow National Forest inWyoming is selected as the site for a demonstrationproject applying research results gained at the FraserExperimental Forest. Scientist Chuck Troendle willprovide Station input.

Smokey Bear shows up, along with some 70 of theStation family, at the Annual Summer Picnic atMountain Park Campground in Poudre Canyonwest of Fort Collins.

Technicians measure sublimation (evapo-ration) of intercepted snow on part ofwater yield studies at the Fraser Experi-mental Forest.

April �82 � WO proposes that, due to proposedbudget cuts in FY 83, 30 to 35 Research WorkUnits will be terminated and nine field locationsclosed, Servicewide.

Richard Lindeborg, Technical Publications Editor,Fort Collins, is selected as the first �Employee of theMonth� for his work with mentally and physicallyhandicapped people in a swimming program.

Some 2,000 hazardous nitrate-based negativesretrieved from around the Station make aspectacular blaze when ignited and destroyed bythe Fort Collins Police Department.

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Project Leader Pete Martinelli (Fort Collins) isinterviewed on the Good Morning America TV showconcerning high avalanche incidence in the West.

Computer Specialist Clarence Adair (Fort Collins)coordinates a potluck luncheon as part of BlackHistory Month.

May �82 � Project Leader Dave Patton (Tempe)receives one of ten National Conservation Awards,presented in Washington, DC, by Gulf Oil.

June �82 � Secretary Fay Pope (Fort Collins)makes Station-sponsored first-aid training pay offby successfully using the Heimlich Maneuver on achoking restaurant patron.

Scientist R. A. Schmidt (Laramie) will spend thewinter in Davos, Switzerland, as part of theCooperative Scientist Exchange Program.

January �83 � Director Charlie Loveless shares hisskills and experience in fly tying in a unique HobbyCorner display.

February �83 � The Bottineau Lab is officiallytransferred to North Dakota State University.

Responding to Project Leaders� concerns at a ProjectLeaders� Meeting in Fort Collins, Director Lovelessproposes development of a Station Direction Statementemphasizing:.• A shift toward basic, problem-oriented research.• Increased emphasis on quality of research and

research products.• A need to aggressively exploit delegated authorities

to improve management of research resources.

June �83 � The Station investigates the benefits of tyinginto FLIPS (Forest Level Information Planning System),an agencywide computerized information storage andretrieval system.

A newly formed Word Processing Committee reportsthat the IBM Personal Computer is essentially the sameas the Displaywriter now being used, but only costsroughly 1/5 as much.

• Seedling Physiology � Flagstaff. Dick Tinus,Project Leader

• Management of Ponderosa Pine, MixedConifers, and Pinyon-juniper Ecosystems of theSouthwest � Flagstaff. Frank Ronco, ProjectLeader

• Management of Southwest Watersheds �Tempe. Len DeBano, Project Leader

• Range, Wildlife, and Fish Habitat Research inthe Southwest � Tempe. Dave Patton, ProjectLeader

November �83 � The threatened Avalanche WarningCenter has new life � to be partly sponsored by theColorado Department of Natural Resources.

January �84 � Harold Coley comes on board fromthe WO as Assistant Director for Research SupportServices, vice Jackie Cables.

Judy Hager, Lead Clerk in the Word ProcessingCenter, is providing training in how to use the newmag card typewriter.

November �82 � The Forest Service�s NationalHerbarium, maintained at RM Station headquartersfor years, is loaned indefinitely to the University ofWyoming to become part of the Rocky MountainHerbarium, one of the largest in the Nation.

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Director Loveless announces a majorreorganization of Station research in Arizona,resulting in four new projects from five existingones:

From 1967 to 2000, Station headquarterswas located at 240 W. Prospect Road inFort Collins.

March �83 �Arapaho-Roosevelt National Forest co-locates with RM Station at Station headquarters.Projected annual savings from shared administrativeservices: $292,000.

The Station�s Lubbock laboratory at Texas Tech closes.

April �83 � The Station�s first �Outstanding PublicationAwards� are announced. First recipients: Ron Tabler for1980, Merrill Kaufmann 1981, and R. A. Schmidt1982.

Zheng Quan Li, a forestry engineer from the People�sRepublic of China, is spending a year in theMultiresource Inventory Techniques project, withHans Schreuder.

November �84 � Seven of 10 Research Highlightssubmitted by the Station are accepted for theChief�s annual Research Accomplishments Report.

Scientist Bev Driver (Fort Collins) is elected aFellow of the Academy of Leisure Sciences.

December �84 � The Station�s Civil RightsCommittee announces that the Station met orexceeded all its goals in several hiring categories.

January �85 � The new Rolm telephone systemgoes on stream. Calls no longer need go through aswitchboard, and we have call-forwarding, call-waiting and conference calling.

February �85 � The Rocky Mountain Station,Region 3, and the Secretaria de Agricultura yRecursos Hidraulicos hold a conference onManagement and Utilization of Arid Land Plants inSaltillo, Mexico, as part of a continuing cross-borderscientific exchange.

March �85 � Charlie Loveless�s Director�s Corneragain emphasizes the importance of maintainingphysical fitness: �Come sweat with me!�

Charlie is recognized as �Outstanding Alumnus�by the University of Florida�s School of Forestryand Conservation, an award only presented twicebefore.

Project Leader Ardell Bjugstad (Rapid City)receives the Station�s first Civil Rights Award.

May �85 � A new Data General MV 8000 withfour megabytes of memory is installed at Stationheadquarters.

June �85 � The Station�s first smoking (or non-smoking) policy is issued.

A special issue of the Station Newsletter, the RockyMountain Update, is devoted to FLIPS � theForest Level Information Processing System � andthe Data General workstations will soon render mosttypewriters obsolete.

Dave Garrett, past Beaver Creek Project Leader,returns to Flagstaff as Dean of the NAU ForestrySchool.

April �84 � The Publications Control Committee isstill struggling to minimize delays in printingStation publications resulting from PresidentReagan�s moratorium on government publishing.

May �84 � Scientist Art Judson (Fort Collins)receives the Outstanding Publication Award for1983.

July �84 � Marty Raphael comes to Laramie asProject Leader for �Effects of Multiple-use LandManagement on Wildlife in the Central RockyMountains.�

Nineteen foresters from 12 nations visit the Flagstafflab as part of an international forestry workshop onarid environments at the University of Arizona.

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A flammulated owl feeds a moth to one ofher young on the Manitou ExperimentalForest, Colorado. Brian Linkhart andRichard Reynolds have the longest-running study ever on this diminutiveowl�s behavior, habitat requirements, andterritorial size.

July �85 � RM Station celebrates its 50th

anniversary! An elaborate Open House takes theefforts of almost everyone in Station Headquarters.Assistant Director Clyde Fasick and his committeerun the show.

Station scientists also play a major role in the annualmeeting of the Society of American Foresters, atCSU this year, overlapping our anniversarycelebration.

Elbert Little, 77-year-old retired Chief Dendrologistfor the Forest Service, returns to his old hauntsaround Flagstaff to work as a volunteer with FrankRonco and Jerry Gottfried. Little picked up on astudy of pinyon phenology he started nearly 50 yearsago.

September �85 � Scientist Debbie Finch, Laramie,receives the 1984 Outstanding Publication Award.

November �85 � Scientist Bev Driver (Fort Collins)receives the Theodore and Franklin Rooseveltaward for excellence in Recreation and ParkResearch, from the National Recreation and ParkAssociation.

January �86 � Retirements take a toll on Stationscientists and Project Leaders: Duane Knipe, RangeScientist at Tempe; Dave Patton, Wildlife Biologistand Project Leader, Tempe; Ron Tabler,Hydrologist and Project Leader, Laramie; LorinWard, Wildlife Biologist, Laramie.

March �86 � About 125 employees, includingseveral Project Leaders from field labs, hearDirector Loveless frankly discuss austere FY 86,87, and 88 budget projections and theirimplications.

Kieth Severson is the new leader for the wildlifeproject in Tempe, vice Dave Patton.

The Directorate and Management Team developVision and Mission statements to formalize theStation�s research and management philosophies.

WESTFORNET evolves to FS INFO as thepackage of library and information retrieval servicescontinues to spread east, and goes national.

April �86 � Computer Specialist Clarence Adairand Personnel Specialist Wil Dixon (Fort Collins)arrange a potluck luncheon as part of BlackHistory Month prior to a meeting of the Station�sCivil Rights Committee.

June �86 � Dixie Smith, Station Deputy Directorfor the past 11 years, retires after a lengthy Federalcareer as Rangeland Scientist and researchadministrator.

Jim McCallum is the new computer specialistworking on the Data General equipment.

August �86 � Along with a new mission for the FortCollins Insect and Disease project comes a newProject Leader, Charles (Terry) Shaw III. FrankHawksworth steps down as PL, but stays on asResearch Plant Pathologist.

Forest Fire and Atmospheric Science Research isreorganized nationally. The fire project at Flagstaffcloses and personnel are transferred to the PacificSouthwest Station and the Atmospheric Depositionunit at Fort Collins.

RM Station is working with The Nature Conservancyto finalize designation of 28 Research Natural Areasin the Southwest.

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No, it�s not for Thanksgiving dinner! MarkRumble (left) and crew band and evaluatethe condition of a Merriam�s turkey, aspecies now expanding its range in the BlackHills of South Dakota.

September �87 � Eighteen members of the ForestInsect and Disease Staff, WO, come to RM Stationfor a Technical Assistance Visit. All Station units withFIDR responsibilities are involved.

October �87 � Scientist Frank Hawksworth (FortCollins) is keynote speaker at the NationalSymposium on Forest Entomology and Pathology inDurango, Mexico. Rumor is Frank generated mucholaughs � he gave his presentation in Spanish.

November �87 � Scientist John Hof (Fort Collins)receives the Outstanding Research Publication Awardfor 1986.

December �87 � Director Loveless ticks off somehighlights of 1987:• Our Station scientists publish a new high of over

260 technical papers.• The Fraser 50-year anniversary symposium and

rededication.• Our frequency rates for vehicle accidents and

personal injuries are cut in half from last year.• We met our FY 87 targets for hiring women and

minorities.

The Station gets hints that the Santa RitaExperimental Range and the Tempe ForestrySciences Lab are on the negotiating block in acomplex series of Federal/State land swaps inArizona.

The Laramie lab holds an open house to celebrate25 years of research. Over 200 attend.

January �88 � Two mobile trailers along the east sideof the parking lot behind the Fort CollinsHeadquarters building will provide needed space, onefor atmospheric deposition researchers, the other formaintenance personnel.

February �88 � A joint decision announced by theForest Service, Arizona State University, andNorthern Arizona University confirms the move:Station research at Tempe will be relocated toFlagstaff. ASU wants to build a $25 millionGoldwater Center for Science and Engineering on theTempe site. The move is at least 3 to 5 years away.

September �86 � About 40 people enjoy a programand bueno potluck lunch in celebration of NationalHispanic Heritage Week at Station headquarters.

October �86 � Editor Bob Winokur (Fort Collins)inaugurates innovative use of the DG system toelectronically compile proceedings of asymposium, the first such use in the Forest Service.

December �86 � Computer Specialist JimMcCallum and Clarence Adair (Fort Collins) installthe Station�s new Data General MV 10,000 main-frame computer.

January �87 � Director Loveless says 1986 was abanner year for the RM Station. Sixty-threescientists in 15 work units produced 252 scientificpublications, the highest number ever at theStation, and with a significantly reduced staff.

March �87 � Stephen McDonald is new AssistantDirector for Research � North, replacing ClydeFasick, who has transferred to the WO.

The Directorate, Project Leaders, and GroupLeaders spend 3 days at Rio Rico in southernArizona focusing on �Expanding the ResearchPerspective.� The meeting ends with a field trip tothe Santa Rita Experiment Range.

June �87 � A committee of scientists (FrankVertucci, R. A. Schmidt, Brian Geils, and MerrillKaufmann) is appointed to assess the laboratoryspace and equipment situation at Fort Collins.

About 50 Station retirees and their spouses attenda luncheon in their honor in Fort Collins.

July �87 � �Management of Subalpine Forests:Building on 50 Years of Research� is the theme asFraser Experimental Forest celebrates its 50th

anniversary. About 130 scientists and managersparticipate in the technical conference in nearbySilver Creek. Scientist Chuck Troendle (FortCollins) is organizer.

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June �88 � Project Manager Wayne White and SueJanzen (Administrative Services), Fort Collins,receive a 1988 USDA Honor Award for developingthe Automated Purchase Order system (APOS)now being used nationwide.

Station Scientist Dan Uresk takes over ProjectLeader duties at Rapid City so Ardell Bjugstad candevote more time to research and specialassignments.

December �88 � Scientist Chuck Troendle (FortCollins) is selected to receive the 1987 OutstandingResearch Publication Award.

January �89 � A revised smoking policy stipulatesthe Break Room at Headquarters will be smoke-free.

March �89 � Strategic planning is the dominanttheme of the Station�s 1989 Management Teammeeting in Fort Collins. A draft plan for RMStation is being synthesized from informationgenerated by six small groups. Earl Aldon, GeorgePeterson, and Bob Hamre should have a draft readyby May 1.

Bob Winokur, Station editor, is selected Mayor ofFort Collins by the City Council. �Trapper� hasbeen a Councilman since l987.

May �89 � Station Librarian Frances Barney ishonored with a specially engraved plaque byStation scientists in a surprise ceremony.

June �89 � Charlie Loveless retires after nearly 40years as a professional in natural resources, the last8 as Director at RM Station.

Jim McCallum, Computer Specialist in Fort Collins,reports that the Forest Service has purchased thenew Oracle Relational Data Base ManagementSystem, which �will give us the power we didn�t havebefore to integrate data and share information.�

Project Leaders Marty Raphael, Laramie, and LenRuggiero, Pacific Northwest Research Station, tradeplaces.

Glenn Peterson, Lincoln, evaluates Dothistromapini on Austrian pine on the Horning Farmexperimental area.

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October �89 � Hank Montrey comes from theForest Products Lab in Madison to be the Station�seighth Director.

Fire causes considerable damage to a Stationbuilding adjacent to the Rapid City lab; muchresearch equipment inside is destroyed.

Project Leader Doug Fox�s (Fort Collins)Atmospheric Deposition Research unit is broadenedto Effects of Atmospheric Change on Alpine andSubalpine Forest Ecosystems as part of the U.S.Global Change Research Program.

A Fisheries Habitat Research Team is established aspart of Laramie�s Wildlife Habitat unit.

Scientist Frank Hawksworth (Fort Collins) receivesthe Chief�s Award for Excellence in TechnologyTransfer for 1989, for over 40 years of research ondwarf mistletoes.

Three scientists from La Madera ExperimentStation in Chihuahua, Mexico, come to the Tempelab to learn about our research on fire effects anderosional processes.

GLEES (Glacier Lakes Ecosystem ExperimentsSite) in southern Wyoming is host to severalstudents from Howard University in Washington,D.C. The week-long program introduces minoritystudents to a broad range of Forest Service researchefforts.

September �90 � Station Director Hank Montreyselects Larry Sandoval (Technician at Flagstaff) to bethe Station�s Innovation Coordinator, heading upProject 3E (energy, excellence, empowerment).Larry�s task is to coordinate the stimulation,evaluation, and implementation of RM employeeideas for improving the Station and adding value towhat we do.

December �90 � To focus responsibility for researchdata management in one administrative unit, theLeadership Team establishes Biometrics andResearch Data Systems, to be led by BiometricianRudy King (Fort Collins). BARDS will coverbiometrics support, systems analysis and computerprogramming analysis, management and protectionof Station research data and long-term data bases,and development and support of the Station�s GISstrategy.

John Rinne, Fisheries Biologist at Tempe, goesinternational, participating in conferences on rarefish in England and Japan this past year, and inGreece next year.

January �91 � Range Scientist John Mitchell (FortCollins) pilots a Huey medical evacuationhelicopter on night missions in Kuwait during thebrief Gulf War.

The 1990 spending bill for Interior and RelatedAgencies earmarks $1.5 million for planning thecombined RM/NAU Forestry Sciences Complex atFlagstaff. Wayne White is detailed to the Director�sstaff to handle planning.

April �90 � Tom Hoekstra, arriving from the NorthCentral Station, becomes new Assistant Director forPlanning and Applications.

Joe Mitchell comes on board at Rapid City asNative American Liaison. This is a pilot effort for theForest Service.

June �90 � A 4-day strategic planning session inFort Collins focuses on understanding andpackaging our current and projected researchprograms, and the decisionmaking criteria that shouldbe used to make future program adjustments.

July �90 � RM Station will play a major role in thenext national RPA Assessment, a congressionallymandated projection of future supply and demandfor all forest and rangeland resources. Our scientistswill author many sections, and Publications willedit, print, and distribute the reports.

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December �89 � Director Montrey convenes amajor, 3-day Management Team retreat at CSU,where participants develop a three-element VisionStatement and a series of eight OrganizationalCommitments to serve as guiding principles for all ourorganizational and personal statements, decisions,and actions.

January �90 � George Peterson and Bev Driver(Fort Collins) receive, as a team, a Superior ScientistAward for their research in �valuing public amenitygoods and services.�

February �90 � With 3.6 publications per scientistyear, Rocky Mountain and SoutheasternStations share the lead in productivity last year.

Fort Collins scientists Tom Brown and John Hofreceive the Outstanding Research PublicationAwards for 1988 an 1989, respectively.

Debbie Finch, Wildlife Research Biologist atLaramie, is chosen to coordinate the newinteragency, international Neotropical Migratory BirdConservation program, Partners in Flight. She will beon assignment to the WO for 1 or 2 years.

May �91 � Ground is broken for the new $21.5million Southwest Forestry Sciences Complex onthe NAU campus. This is the first Federal/Statepartnership of its kind in the nation.

Rocky Boyd returns to the Station from the WO asOperations Group Leader.

June �91 � The new building being constructed inthe back of the Headquarters parking lot will behome for procurement, budget, and fiscalemployees.

August �91 � Can sewage sludge improve waterquality? Soil Scientist Richard Aguilar,Albuquerque, receives a grant from the NewMexico Water Resources Research Institute tostudy the effects of sewage sludge on vegetationand water quality in a semiarid environment.

December �91 � Michele Schoeneberger is ActingProject Leader for Improvement of Stress and PestResistance of Great Plains Tree Species in Lincolnvice Bill Rietveld, who becomes Director of theCenter for Semiarid Agroforestry.

February �92 � Range scientist Linda Joyce andProject Leader John Hof (Fort Collins) again receiveOutstanding Research Publication Awards for 1990and 1991, respectively.

Scientist Bev Driver, Fort Collins, is installed asPresident of the Academy of Leisure Sciences.

John Hof, Fort Collins, is selected as one of threeFS scientists to receive a Superior Science Award.

Additional leadership changes: Carl Edminster isActing Project Leader for the Multiresource Unit atFort Collins, Doug Fox is Acting Program Managerfor the Interior West Global Change RD&A at FortCollins, Chuck Troendle is Project Leaderdeveloping an integrated Watershed/Fisheries unitat Laramie, and Bob Musselman is Acting ProjectLeader for Effects of Atmospheric Change.

Ned Nikolov arrives from Bulgaria to work with theEffects of Atmospheric Change project, Fort Collins.

March �91�Rocky Mountain Station (primarilyChuck Troendle) assists the Department of Justice inthe rebuttal portion of Colorado Water Division IReserved Water Rights Case. (This effort led to theestablishment of the Stream Team the followingyear.)

April �91 � Director Montrey announces TomHoekstra will assume duties as both AssistantDirector for Research � North and Acting AssistantDirector for Research � South. Marcia Patton-Mallory comes from the WO as Assistant Directorfor Planning and Applications.

Anna Schoettle examines white pineblister rust on a western white pine.(photo credit: D. Croswell)

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March �93 � The RM Update newsletter initiates a�Temporary Topics� column as a forum forconcerns of temporary employees.

Project Leader Dan Uresk, Rapid City, and StationBiometrician Rudy King, Fort Collins, are part of aStation/Region research team selected to receive the�Chief�s Leadership in New Perspectives Award.�

May �93 � The Southwest Forest Science Complexin Flagstaff is formally dedicated. The �technicalside� of the dedication will culminate with aConference on Sustainable Ecological Systems inJuly.

Linda Joyce becomes Project Leader for SustainingAlpine and Forest Ecosystems Under Atmosphericand Terrestrial Disturbances, Fort Collins.

July �93 � Clarence Adair (Fort Collins) isappointed to the new position of Civil RightsDirector for the Station.

Joe Tainter starts as Project Leader for the newCultural Heritage unit at Albuquerque.

August �93 � Joe Mitchell, Native AmericanEducational Liason, moves from Rapid City to FortCollins as the program is expanded to a nationalfocus.

October �93 � INT and RM Leadership Teams meetin Ogden to discuss a proposed merger of the twoStations.

First issue of the Station�s weekly internalnewsletter, Director�s Notes, is published. RickFletcher is editor.

June �92 � Project Leader Earl Aldon(Albuquerque) joins the exclusive club of GM-15scientists via the panel evaluation process in theChief�s Office. Other GM-15s at the Station includeTom Hoekstra, George Peterson, Doug Fox, HansSchreuder, John Hof, Bev Driver, and Len DeBano.Peterson went on to become the Station�s firstGS-16 scientist. Linda Joyce and Karen Clancybecame the Station�s first female GM-15 scientistsin 1999.

Larry Schmidt comes to Fort Collins from the WOto lead the Station�s new Stream SystemsTechnology Center, better known as the �StreamTeam.�

September �92 � Denver Burns becomes theStation�s ninth Director, succeeding Hank Montrey,who is moving to the WO. Denver comes from theNortheastern Station.

Michele Shoeneberger is now the official ProjectLeader for Improvement of Stress and PestResistance of Great Plains Tree Species in Lincoln.

November �92 � Project Leader Dan Uresk, RapidCity, is nominated for the Chief�s Award forExcellence in Technology Transfer for his creation ofan ecological classification and monitoring system forrangeland resources.

Scientists Terry Shaw and Wil Moir, Fort Collins,receive a Chief�s Award from F. Dale Robertson forLeadership in New Perspectives for successfullyapplying all four principles of the New Perspectivesconcept to their recent project on Integrated PestManagement and Timber Sales.

January �93 � TERRA, the Terrestrial EcosystemsRegional Research and Analysis laboratory (DougFox, leader), celebrates its beginning with an openhouse at its new facility on Oak Street in FortCollins. TERRA is a joint effort by USDA andUSDI to integrate multidisciplinary ecosystemresearch projects within the US Global ChangeResearch Program.

February �93 � Burchard Heede, Hydrologist atTempe, receives the Chief�s Distinguished ScientistAward.

Don Reichert, Forestry Technician at Fort Collins, iselected National Secretary/Treasurer for the NationalFederation of Federal Employees in Washington,DC. Don is taking a 2-year leave of absence fromthe Station.

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May �94 � Harold Coley and Peg Harris pick upsome Acting duties at INT to ensure thatadministrative activities for both RM and INTproceed as normal after the recent �buyout� (paidearly retirement program).

June �94 � Seven students from 1890 HistoricallyBlack Colleges are spending their summer workingwith RM scientists.

July �94 � Dave Kimbrough, IntermountainStation, is named Facilities Manager for RM andINT; he will also serve as Project Manager for theNatural Resources Research Center.

Angela Chavez is now officially our Director ofComputer Systems. She comes from the SouthernRegion.

August �94 � The Albuquerque unit receives bothregional and national EPA awards for its researchon developing ways to improve rangelands byapplying sewage sludge.

RBAIS is an acronym for the new Research Budgetand Attainment Information System software beingdeveloped to replace the outmoded RAR (ResearchAttainment Report). Glen Brink will overseedevelopment at RM and is instrumental indeveloping the system for Research.

A trial with the �Charged-as-Worked� accountingsystem, where the cost of a job or service isassigned to the benefiting RWU, shows the taskisn�t easy.

September �94 � The Management Team spendstwo days evaluating various participative managementexperiments tried over the past several months.

November �93 � Forest Service Chief DaleRobertson appoints RM Station Director DenverBurns as Acting Director, Intermountain Station.

Debbie Finch is appointed Project Leader forSustainability of Southwestern GrasslandWatersheds, Albuquerque.

Dan Neary is appointed Project Leader forManagement of Southwestern Watersheds,Flagstaff.

Director Burns presents a proposal for an inter-agency Natural Resources Research Center in FortCollins to Assistant Agriculture Secretary WardellThompson.

December �93 � The RM Technicians Workshop inDenver gives these members of the research team anopportunity to exchange �how-to-do-it� ideas.

January �94 � Peg Harris comes from the NortheastStation as Acting Assistant Director for Planningand Applications, filling in for Marcia Patton-Mallory.

Feb. �94 � RM Station is one of the pilot units inProject 615, the working title for the newtelecommunications system being designed toreplace the Data General system.

Linda Joyce, Program Leader in Fort Collins, plays amajor role in the Society for Range Managementannual meeting in Colorado Springs, where shereceives an Outstanding Achievement Award foradvancing the art and science of rangemanagement.

March �94 � The RM/INT Management Teammeeting in Albuquerque is a �shot in the arm� formoving the two Stations toward merger.

Director Burns appoints Project Leaders TerryShaw, Len Ruggiero, George Peterson, and DebbieFinch to an innovative effort to increase ProjectLeader participation in decisionmaking.

51

Assistant Director Tom Hoekstra says ourcollaborative research with INIFAP (Mexico�scounterpart to FS Research) extends literally from Ato Z: Agroforestry to Zenaida doves.Celedonio Aguirre-Bravo is the major facilitatingforce between RM and INIFAP. The Station isprinting a directory containing over 700 names ofUS and Mexican scientists and 5,000 keywords inEnglish and Spanish for easy reference.

RM hosts the Second Annual Fraser ExperimentalForest Natural Resources Career Camp for 20Hispanic high school students. Technicians ManualMartinez and Steve Mata lead the effort.

October �94 � RM Station produces 311publications in FY 94, according to the newResearch Attainment Report, an average of aboutfive per scientist.

Scientist Bev Driver (Fort Collins) receives theAgency�s Distinguished Science Award for 1994for sustained scientific contributions to improvemanagement of outdoor recreation resources.

November �94 � Dick Tinus, Flagstaff, takes overthe Global Change Program vice Linda Joyce, who isstepping down.

December �94 � Harold Coley retires as AssistantDirector for Administration.

Scientist Brian Kent (Fort Collins) is selected to beActing Assistant Director for Research, withresponsibility for research units in Fort Collins andLaramie. John Hof will fill in as Acting ProjectLeader behind Brian.

January �95 � Project Leader Terry Shaw (FortCollins) accepts a 2-year detail with R-10 in Alaska.Brian Geils will be Acting Project Leader.

The name of our Center for Semiarid Agroforestryin Lincoln is now officially the NationalAgroforestry Center to reflect its national andinternational basis.

Jim Haskell, arriving from USDA, begins a 120-day detail as Assistant Director for Administration.

April �95 � The Center for Great Plains EcosystemResearch is created at Rapid City, with Dan Ureskas Program Leader.

The Natural Resource Conservation Serviceassigns three people to our National AgroforestryCenter, Lincoln.

June �95 � The Rapid City lab is recognized by theForest Service for its research on the black-tailedprairie dog as a keystone species supporting suchrare species as the black-footed ferret, swift fox,and burrowing owl.

July �95 � Driving less but crashing more � seemsto be the pattern with chargeable motor vehicleaccidents this year.

August �95 � Proposed significant budget cuts haveemployees worrying about downsizing, furloughsand reductions-in-force. The proposed merger ofRM and INT should not be affected, however.

Project 615 equipment is installed at Fort Collins;it should be operational in September.

October �95 � The Interior West Global ChangeProgram is terminated due to lack of funding.

Measuring water content of the snow packon Willow Creek, White Mountain Water-sheds, Arizona.

52

November �95 � Project Leader Linda Joyce, FortCollins, earns a Forest Service Superior ScientistAward.

The National Agroforestry Center, Lincoln, is nowa joint venture with the USDA Natural ResourcesConservation Service. A new RWU description isbeing developed.

December �95 � Project Leader Joe Tainter,Albuquerque, helps organize EnvironmentalDimensions of Cultural Conflict, a unique conferencefocused on the potential for violence betweenpeoples of different cultures.

The RM/INT Leadership Team meeting focuses onways the Stations could integrate key operationswhen the merger becomes final.

Marcia Patton-Mallory returns to her post asAssistant Director for Planning and Applications.She will also be Acting Assistant Director forAdministration.

January �96 � Station employees return to workafter a two-week furlough forced by a Congressionalimpasse on the Federal budget.

Technology Transfer Program Leader Jerry Brattonreports the National Agroforestry Center in Lincolnhas cost-shared 45 demonstration/applicationprojects and 10 assessment projects over the past 4years.

February �96 � Tom Swetnam, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, starts a 3-month sabbatical at RM Headquarters studying fire,insect, and other disturbance histories in forests.

May �96 � Marcia Patton-Mallory and Brian Kentare selected for 1-year details as Assistant Directorsfor Research. Jim Haskell returns to RM asAssistant Director for Administration. Marcia andBrian will share Planning and Applications ADduties.

The RM Station Management Team meets for aweek in Fort Collins.

June �96 � Director Burns announces realignmentof Research Work Units: Flagstaff (4152, 4251,4302), Fort Collins (4803, 4851, 4852), and RapidCity (4252) report to AD Marcia Patton-Mallory.Albuquerque (4351, 4853), Fort Collins (4802),and EM units 4651, 4652, 4653 report to ADBrian Kent. Biometrics and InformationManagement report to Marcia. The Stream Teamand National Agroforestry Center report directly toDenver. Brian has Planning.

The INT Leadership Team is now participating inRM staff briefings, via conference call.

August �96 � The General Services Administrationand Colorado State University wrap up negotiationson land south of Prospect Road for the NaturalResources Research Center.

September �96 � Thieves break into theAlbuquerque lab, stealing much computer equipment.

Octcober �96 � RM Station hosts the ResearchwideAssistant Directors� and Program Managers�meeting, in Fort Collins. Major emphasis is onmaking the science/management partnership work.

November �96 � A Departmentwide moratorium onpurchase of �information technology products�freezes Project 615.

January �97 � A joint RM/INT Leadership teammeeting in Fort Collins concentrates on joint researchpriorities and budget strategies.

Regional Foresters from Regions 1, 2, 3, and 4meet with the RM/INT Leadership team tocoordinate joint research/management efforts.

53

Todd Mowrer, Research Forester at Fort Collins,Joe Ganey, Wildlife Biologist at Flagstaff, and DanUresk, Wildlife Biologist at Rapid City, receiveawards from their professional organizations.

April �97 � Down-sizing continues: from October1992 through February 1997, Forest ServiceResearch employment has dropped from 2,628 to1,989.

May �97 � It�s official! The Washington Office saysthe Rocky Mountain Forest and Range ExperimentStation and the Intermountain Research Station arenow one entity: the Rocky Mountain ResearchStation. (Station headquarters moved into theNational Resources Research Center [NRRC] inFort Collins in 2000.)

Carol Klopatek, Microbial Ecologist at Flagstaff,reports on the unique National Below GroundSustainability Workshop she headed last fall inWashington, DC: how to preserve organisms andprocesses below ground that sustain forestecosystems.

February �97 � Over 20 people participate in theTechnical Assistance Visit with Karen Clancy�sImpacts of Ecological Disturbances onSouthwestern Conifers project, Flagstaff.

March �97 � Project Leader Debbie Finch,Albuquerque, and Scientist John Rinne, Flagstaff,are technical advisors to Region 3 teams working toprotect threatened and endangered birds and fish.

Studies at Rapid City showed that the swift fox reliedon prairie dogs for half its diet.

Station headquarters relocated to the new NaturalResources Research Center in 2000.

54

1997 Station Organization Chart (Prior to Merger)Station Director

Denver Burns

Stream SystemsTechnology Center

Larry Schmidt

Assistant Directorfor Research

Marcia Patton-Mallory(Acting)

Impacts of EcologicalDisturbances/ W. Conifer

RWU-4152Karen Clancy

Sustainability of SWForests & Woodlands

RWU-4251Bill Block

Ecosystems/Northern &Central Plains

RWU-4252Daniel Uresk

Sustaining RiparianSystems in SW Forests

RWU-4302Daniel Neary

Resource AnalysisResearch

RWU-4803John Hof

Valuation of WildlandResource Benefits

RWU-4851George Peterson

Nat. Resource AssessmentEcology & Management

RWU-4852John Hof (Acting)

BiometricsRudy King

PublicationsLand Eskew

LibraryFrances Barney

Public AffairsRick Fletcher

Assistant Directorfor Research

Brian Kent (Acting)

Fish & Watersheds�Aquatic/Riparian Ecosystems

RWU-4352Charles Troendle

Soils, Plants, Animals,Humans/Rio Grande Basin

RWU-4652Deborah Finch

Cultural HeritageResearch/SW

RWU-4853Joseph Tainter

SW Grassland &Riparian Ecosystems

RWU-4351Deborah Finch

Atmospheric & TerrestrialDisturbances on Ecosystems

RWU-4451Linda Joyce

Ecosystem Management inBorderlands of the SW

RWU-4651Carleton Edminster

Soc., Bio., and PhysicalComp./CO Front Range

RWU-4653Brian Kent

Resource InventoryTechniquesRWU-4802

Raymond Czaplewski

National AgroforestryCenter

Willis Rietveld

Tree-based Buffer StripsTechnologyRWU-4551

Michele Schoeneberger

Assistant Directorfor Administration

Jim Haskell

Computer SystemsAngela Chavez

Personnel & Civil RightsShari Blakey

Facilities ManagementDavid Kimbrough

Management AnalystWilbert Boyd

Administrative ServicesSusan Janzen

Budget & FinanceHarold Kehr

Safety, Health, &Environment

Mike Anderson

Cooperative AgencySaving U

Don Reichert

55

56

The first Management Team meeting of the newly formed Rocky Mountain Research Station: Ogden, Utah, 1997.1. Bill Block, Flagstaff 2. Don Latham, Missoula 3. Karen Clancy, Flagstaff 4. Mark Hutchins, Ogden 5. Robin Tausch,Reno 6. Larry Schmidt, Fort Collins 7. Louise Kingsbury, Ogden 8. Richard Krebill, Ogden 9. Mike Anderson, FortCollins 10. Patrick Corts, Missoula 11. Dennis Ferguson, Moscow 12. Dan Neary, Flagstaff 13. Shary Kennedy, RapidCity 14. Shari Blakey, Fort Collins 15. Chuck Troendle, Fort Collins 16. Warren Clary, Boise 17. Ward McCaughey,Bozeman 18. Michael Williams, Fort Collins 19. Lane Eskew, Fort Collins 20. Carl Edminster, Flagstaff 21. GeorgePeterson, Fort Collins 22. William Elliot, Moscow 23. Jesse Logan, Logan 24. Andy Lawrence, Moscow 25. DurantMcArthur, Provo 26. Barbi Rate, Ogden 27. Dristen Stuart Lincoln 28. Karen Charlton, Ogden 29. Lori Kelly, Laramie30. John Hof, Fort Collins 31. Debbie Finch, Albuquerque 32. Dwane Van Hooser, Ogden 33. Brian Kent, Fort Collins 34.Linda Joyce, Fort Collins 35. Michele Schoeneberger, Lincoln 36. Jim Haskell, Fort Collins 37. Carol Ayer, Ogden 38.JoAn Steele, Ogden 39. Martha Pforr, Fort Collins 40. Maurine Stettler, Ogden 41. Pat Ford, Provo 42. Cecelia Johnson,Missoula 43. Harold Kehr, Fort Collins 44. Angie Evendon, Missoula 45. Keith Evans, Ogden 46. Rudy King, FortCollins 47. Erv Schuster, Missoula 48. Chuck Fierro, Ogden 49. Marcia Patton-Mallory, Fort Collins 50. Dean Knighton,Ogden 51. Raymond Brown, Logan 52. Tamara Hanan, Ogden 53. Russell Graham, Moscow 54. Carmen Gallegos,Albuquerque 55. Linda Baer, Logan 56. Denver Burns, Fort Collins 57. Leslie Parrott, Boise 58. Vicki Berrett, Ogden 59.Darold Ward, Missoula 60. Kevin Ryan, Missoula 61. Alan Harvey, Moscow 62. David Parsons, Missoula 63. ElainePoser, Odgen 64. Dan Uresk, Rapid City 65. Len Ruggiero, Missoula 66. David Tippets, Ogden.

Aguirre-Bravo, Celedonio; Eskew, Lane;Gonzalez,-Vicente, Carlos; Villa-Salas, Avalino B.;technical editors/compilers. 1995. Partnerships forSustainable Forest Ecosystem Management: FifthMexico/US Biennial Symposium. 1994 October17-20, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. GeneralTechnical Report RM-GTR-266. Fort Collins, CO:U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,Rocky Mountain Forest and Range ExperimentStation. 201 p. (English), 218 p. (Spanish).

Alexander, Robert R.; Edminster, Carleton B.1980. Management of Spruce-fir in Even-agedStands in the Central Rocky Mountains. ResearchPaper RM-217. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Departmentof Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky MountainForest and Range Experiment Station. 14 p.

Block, W.M.; Finch, D.M., technical editors. 1997.Songbird Ecology in Southwestern PonderosaPine Forests: a Literature Review. GeneralTechnical Report RM-GTR-292. Fort Collins, CO:U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,Rocky Mountain Forest and Range ExperimentStation. 152 p.

Brown, Thomas C.; Binkley, Dan. 1994. Effect ofManagement on Water Quality in North AmericanForests. General Technical Report RM-248. FortCollins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture,Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and RangeExperiment Station. 27 p.

Brown, T.C.; Harding, B.L.; Payton, E.A. 1990.Marginal Economic Value of Streamflow: a CaseStudy for the Colorado River Basin. WaterResources Research 26(12): 2845-2859.

Covington, Wallace W.; DeBano, Leonard F.(technical coordinators). 1994. SustainableEcological Systems: Implementing an EcologicalApproach to Land Management.1993 July 12-15;Flagstaff, AZ. General Technical Report RM-247.Fort Collins CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture,

Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and RangeExperiment Station. 363 p.

Currie, Pat O. 1975. Grazing Management of Ponderosa Pine-bunchgrass Ranges of the

Central Rocky Mountains: the Status of OurKnowledge. Research Paper RM-159. Fort Collins,CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, ForestService, Rocky Mountain Forest and RangeExperiment Station.

24 p.

Daniel, Terry C.; Boster, Ron. S. 1976. MeasuringLandscape Esthetics: the Scenic BeautyEstimation Method. Research Paper RM-167. FortCollins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture,Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and RangeExperiment Station. 66 p.

DeBano, Leonard F.; Ffolliott, Peter F.; Ortega-Rubio, Alfredo; and others, technical coordinators.1995. Biodiversity and Management of theMadrean Archipelago: the Sky Islands ofSouthwestern United States and NorthwesternMexico. 1994 Sept. 19-23; Tucson, AZ. GeneralTechnical Report RM-GTR-264. Fort Collins, CO:U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,Rocky Mountain Forest and Range ExperimentStation. 669 p.

DeByle, Norbert V.; Winokur, Robert P., editors.1985. Aspen: Ecology and Management in theWestern United States. General Technical ReportRM-119. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Rocky MountainForest and Range Experiment Station. 283 p.

Driver, B.; Brown, P.; Gregoire, T.; Stankey, G.1987. The ROS Planning System: Evolution,Basic Concepts, and Research Needed. LeisureSciences 9(3):203-214.

Driver, B.; Brown, P.; Peterson, G., editors. 1991.Benefits of Leisure. State College, PA: VenturePublishing. 484 p.

A Few Significant Publications

57

Driver, B.L.; Dustin, Daniel; Baltic, Tony; Elsner,Gary; Peterson, G.L. (editors). 1996. Nature andthe Human Spirit: Toward an Expanded LandManagement Ethic. College Station, PA: VenturePublishing, Inc. 488 p.

Flather, Curtis H.; Hoekstra, Thomas W. 1989. AnAnalysis of the Wildlife and Fish Situation in theUnited States: 1989 � 2140. General TechnicalReport RM-178. Fort Collins, CO: U.S.Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, RockyMountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.147 p.

Flather, Curtis H.; Joyce, Linda A.; Bloomgarden,Carol A. 1994. Species Endangerment Patterns inthe United States. General Technical Report RM-241. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Rocky MountainForest and Range Experiment Station. 42 p.

Gary, Howard L. 1985. A Summary of Research atthe Manitou Experimental Forest in Colorado,1937-1983. General Technical Report RM-116.Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture,Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and RangeExperiment Station. 24 p.

Gillilan, D.M.; Brown, T.C. 1997. Instream FlowProtection: Seeking a Balance in Western WaterUse. Island Press, Wash. D.C. 417 p.

Hawksworth, Frank G.; Wiens, Delbert. 1996.Dwarf Mistletoes: Biology, Pathology, andSystematics. Agriculture Handbook 709.Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture,Forest Service. 410 p.

Heede, Burchard H. 1976. Gully Developmentand Control: the Status of Our Knowledge.Research Paper RM-169. Fort Collins, CO: U.S.Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, RockyMountain Forest and Range Experiment Station,42 p.

Hof, John G.; Lee, Robert D.; Dyer, A. Allen; Kent,Brian M. 1985. An Analysis of Joint Costs in aManaged Forest Ecosystem. Journal ofEnvironmental Economics and Management. 12:338-352.

Joyce, Linda A. 1989. An Analysis of the RangeForage Situation in the United States, 1989-2040: a Technical Document Supporting the1989 USDA Forest Service RPA Assessment.General Technical Report RM-180. Fort Collins,CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, ForestService, Rocky Mountain Forest and RangeExperiment Station. 136 p.

Joyce, Linda A.; Fosberg, Michael A.; Comanor,Joan M. 1990. Climate Change and America�sForests. General Technical Report RM-187. FortCollins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture,Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and RangeExperiment Station. 12 p.

Judson, Arthur; King, Rudy M.; Brink, Glen E.1986. Multi-basin Avalanche Simulation: aModel. Cold Regions Science and Technology13:35-47.

Kaufmann, Merrill R.; Graham, Russell T.; Boyce,Douglas A. Jr; and others. 1994. An EcologicalBasis for Ecosystem Management. GeneralTechnical Report RM-246. Fort Collins, CO: U.S.Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, RockyMountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.22p.

Kaufmann, Merrill R.; Moir, W.H.; Bassett,Richard L., technical coordinators. 1992. Old-Growth Forests in the Southwest and RockyMountain Regions: Proceedings of a Workshop.1992 March 9-13, Portal, AZ. General TechnicalReport RM-213. Fort Collins, CO: U.S.Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, RockyMountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.200 p.

58

Landis, Thomas D.; Tinus, Richard W.; McDonald,Stephen E.; Barnett, James P. Various years. TheContainer Tree Nursery Manual. AgricultureHandbook 674. Washington, DC: U.S. Departmentof Agriculture, Forest Service. Vol. 1 Container nursery planning, development, and management. 1995. Vol. 2 Containers and growing media. 1990. Vol. 3 Container nursery environment. 1992. Vol. 4 Seedling nutrition and irrigation. 1989. Vol. 5 The biological component: nursery pests and mycorrhizae. 1990. Vol. 6 Seedling propagation. 1999.

Lundquist, J.E. 1995. Characterizing Disturbancein Managed Ponderosa Pine Stands in the BlackHills. Forest Ecology and Management 74:61-74.

Mowrer, H. Todd, technical compiler. 1997.Decision Support Systems for EcosystemManagement: an Evaluation of Existing Systems.General Technical Report RM-GTR-296. FortCollins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture,Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and RangeExperiment Station. 154 p.

Musselman, R. C., technical coordinator. 1992.The Glacier Lakes Ecosystem Experiments Site.General Technical Report RM-249. Fort Collins,CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, ForestService, Rocky Mountain Forest and RangeExperiment Station. 94 p.

Perla, Ronald I.; Martinelli, M. Jr. 1976.Avalanche Handbook. Agriculture Handbook 489.Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture,Forest Service. 238 p

Peterson, George L.; Driver, Beverly S.; Gregory,Robin (editors). 1988. Public Amenity ResourceValuation: Integrating Economics With OtherDisciplines. University Park, PA: Venture Press.260 p.

Peterson, George S.; McCollum, Daniel W.;Swanson, Cindy S.; Thomas, Michael. 1992.Valuing Wildlife Resources in Alaska. Boulder,CO: Westview Press. 357 p.

Price, Raymond. 1976. History of Forest ServiceResearch in the Central and Southern RockyMountain Regions, 1908 � 1975. GeneralTechnical Report RM-27. Fort Collins, CO: U.S.Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, RockyMountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.100 p. (Available on the web at: http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_rm/rm_gtr027.html)

Reynolds, Richard T.; Graham, Russell T.; Reiser,M. Hildegard; and others. 1992. ManagementRecommendations for the Northern Goshawk inthe Southwestern United States. GeneralTechnical Report RM-217. Fort Collins, CO: U.S.Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, RockyMountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.90 p.

Riffle, Jerry W.; Peterson, Glenn W. (technicalcoordinators). 1986. Diseases of Trees in theGreat Plains. General Technical Report RM-129.Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture,Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and RangeExperiment Station. 149 p.

Rinne, John N.; Minckley, W. L. 1991. NativeFishes of Arid Lands: a Dwindling Resource inthe Desert Southwest. General Technical ReportRM-206. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Rocky MountainForest and Range Experiment Station. 45 p.

Schmid, J.M.; Frye, R.H. 1977. Spruce Beetle inColorado. General Technical Report RM-49. FortCollins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture,Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and RangeExperiment Station. 38 p.

Schreuder, Hans T.; Gregoire, Timothy G.; Wood,Geoffrey B. 1993. Sampling Methods forMultiresource Forest Inventory. John Wiley &Sons, Inc. 446 p.

59

Shaw, Douglas W.; Finch, Deborah H.,technical coordinators. 1996. DesiredFuture Conditions for SouthwesternRiparian Ecosystems: Bringing Interestsand Concerns Together. 1995 Sept. 18-22;Albuquerque, NM. General TechnicalReport RM-GTR-272. Fort Collins, CO:U.S. Department of Agriculture, ForestService, Rocky Mountain Forest and RangeExperiment Station. 395 p.

Shepperd, W. D.; Troendle, C. A.; Edminster, C. B.1992. Linking Water and Growth and Yield Modelsto Evaluate Management Alternatives in SubalpineEcosystems. Pp. 42-48. In: Getting to the futurethrough silviculture. Proceedings of the National Silvicul-ture Workshop. May 6-9, 1991. Cedar City, UT.General Technical Report INT-291. Ogden, UT: U.S.Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermoun-tain Forest and Range Experiment Station.

Sommerfeld, R. A.; Mosier, A. R.; Musselman, R. C.1993. CO2, CH4 and N2O Flux Through a WyomingSnowpack and Implications for Global Budgets.Nature. 361(6408): 140-142.

Stokes, Marvin A.: Dieterich, John H. (technical coordi-nators). 1980. Proceedings of the Fire History Work-shop. General Technical Report RM-81. Fort Collins,CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.142 p.

Tabler, R. D. 1994. Design Guidelines for Control ofBlowing and Drifting Snow. SHRP-H-381. StrategicHighway Research Program, National Research Coun-cil. 364 p.

Tainter, Joseph A.; Hamre, R.H., editors. 1988. Toolsto Manage the Past: Research Priorities for CulturalResources Management in the Southwest. 1988 May2-6, Grand Canyon, AZ. General Technical ReportRM-164. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest andRange Experiment Station. 214 p.

Tellman, Barbara; Finch, Deborah M.; Edminster,Carl; Hamre, Robert (editors). 1998. The Futureof Arid Grasslands: Identifying Issues, SeekingSolutions. Proceedings RMRS-P-3. Fort Collins,CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, ForestService, Rocky Mountain Forest and RangeExperiment Station. 392 p.

Troendle, Charles A.; Kaufmann, Merrill R.;Hamre, R. H.; Winokur, Robert P. (technicalcoordinators). 1987. Management of SubalpineForests: Building on 50 Years of Research.Proceedings of a technical conference, July 5-7,Silver Creek, CO. General Technical ReportRM-149. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department ofAgriculture, Forest Service, Rocky MountainForest and Range Experiment Station. 253 p.

Troendle, Charles A.; King, Rudy M. 1987. TheEffect of Partial Cutting and Clearcutting onthe Deadhorse Creek Watershed. Journal ofHydrology 90: 145-157.

Uresk, Daniel W. 1990. Using MultivariateTechniques to Quantitatively Estimate Eco-logical Stages in a Mixed Grass Prairie.Journal of Range Management 43(4):282-285.

USDA Fish and Wildlife Service. 1955.Recovery Plan for the Mexican SpottedOwl. USDI Fish and Wildlife Service,Albuquerque, NM. 172 p.

Yoder, B. J.; Ryan, M. G.; Waring, R. H.; andothers. 1994. Evidence of ReducedPhotosynthetic Rates in Old Trees. ForestScience. 40(3)513-527.

Tellman, Barbara; Cortner, Hanna J.;Wallace, Mary G.; DeBano, Leonard F.;Hamre, R. H. (technical coordinators). 1993.Riparian Management: Common Threads andShared Interests. General Technical ReportRM-226. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Departmentof Agriculture, Forest Service, RockyMountain Forest and Range ExperimentStation. 419 p.

60

Personnel at the Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station,1976-1997

Abt, Steve � FCAcheson, Ann � FCAdair, Clarence � FCAdams, Judy � FCAguilar, Richard � AlbAitkin, J. Kevin � TemAldon, Earl � AlbAldrich, Robert � FCAlexander, Robert � FCAlig, Ralph � FCAllasia, David � FCAllen, D. Neil � FCAllen, Deborah � FCAlmaguer, Diane � FCAltamirano, Nora � AlbAlward, Gregory � FCAmes, Sheila � FCAmundson, Arlene � FCAnderson, Jana � FCAnderson, Mark � RCAnderson, Michael � FCAnderson, Patricia � FlagAngel, Kathleen � TemAnglin, Willis � FCArmstrong, Mary � LarArmstrong, Sally � RC

Bailey, Robert � FCBaker, Malchus, Jr. � FlagBaker, Sandra � FlagBall, Laurie � FCBallard, Sue � FCBallinger, Cynthia � FCBalser, Janet � FCBaltic, Tony � FCBarkdoll, Donna � FCBarney, Frances � FCBarnhart, Michael � LinBarreth, Tracy � RCBartscher, Janet � RCBath, Norma � FC

Batt, Carin � FCBauer, Sue � FCBaughman, Valerie � FCBayman, Nancy � FCBeagle, Larry � RCBeasom, Sam � LubBeaugh, Debra � FCBedan, Rebecca � FCBelfit, Scott � TemBelish, Timberley � LarBemis, Laura � FCBergen, James � FCBevers, B. Michael � FCBernhardt, Lee � FCBlakey, Shari � FCBlock, William � FlagBird, Kenneth � LarBjugstad, Ardell � RCBlair, Glen � TemBlock, William � FlagBloyd, Judith � FCBoboricken, Sherry � FCBoldt, Charles � RCBooker, Melvin � FCBornong, Joanne � LarBouldes, Charlene � FCBowden, Kenneth � FCBowman, Dale � FlagBowman, Sharon � FCBoyce, Barbara � FlagBoyd, Wilbert � FCBradley, John � FlagBradley, Linda � FCBrady, Steve � FCBrain, Janice � FCBratton, Gerald � LinBrink, Glen � FCBrockway, Dale � AlbBrown, Douglas � FCBrown, Gary � LarBrown, Karen � FCBrown, Thomas � FCBunker, Jean � FCBurd, John � Lub

Burnett, Alan � FlagBurns, Denver � FCBurr, Karen � FlagBurris, Victoria � FCButler, Norma � FCButler, Robert � Flag

Cable, Dwight � TucCables, Jacqueline � FCCade, Delloris � FCCain, Daria � FCCampbell, Ralph � FlagCarberry, Robert � FCCarder, D. Ross � FlagCarman, Dan � LinCarpenter, David � FlagCarpenter, Henry � LarCarter, Deborah � FCCasner, Wilson � TemCefkin, Rose � FCChalk, David � FCChamberlain, Valden � TemChamp, Patricia � FCChampagne, Norman � FlagChapman, Carl � FCChavez, M. Angela � FCChristensen, Karla � LarChristensen, Sylvia � LinChung, Lois � FCChung-McCoubrey, Alice � AlbClancy, Karen � FlagClark, Andrea � FCClausen, Dru � FCCocanour, Rebecca � FCCockrell, Kathy � RCCogar, Virginia � TemColey, Harold � FCCollins, Loa � FCCollins, Vera � LarComer, Sherilyn � FCConnell, Bernadette � FCConrad, Mark � Lar

A

B

C

61

Cook-Obedzinsky, Connie � FCCooper, Sharon � FlagCottier, Jan � FCCottrell, Kimberly � LinCox, Don � FCCreg, Burt � LinCrenshaw, Toni � FCCress, William � AlbCrouch, Glenn � FCCrowley, Mary � FlagCrutchfield, Marie � FCCunningham, Charles � FCCurran, Ed � FCCurrie, Pat � FCCzaplewski, Raymond � FCCzech, Doris � Flag

D�Angelo, Bonnie � FCDailey, Mai � FCDamon, Bernece � FlagDana, Robert � FCDaniels, Joan � RCDaron, Sally � FCDavenport, Walt � FCDavis, Edwin � TemDavis, Phyllis � FCDavis, Vaughn � FCDean, Julie � FCDeBano, Leonard � TemDeHerrera, Beverly � FCDenison, Steve � RCDieterich, John � TemDillon, Madelyn � FCDillon, Patricia � FCDiSenso, Ann � FCDix, Mary Ellen � LinDixon, Gary � FCDixon, Victoria � FCDixon, Willie � FCDodds, Margie � FCDoherty, Erin � LarDolanski, Sharon � FCDonnelly, Dennis � FCDonovan, Cheryl � FCDonovan, Dennis � FC

Dosskey, Michael � LinDotts, Hazel � FCDove, Deborah � FCDriscoll, Richard � FCDriver, Beverly � FCDuidley, Sheralyn � FCDurham, Marion � FlagDuvall, Vinson � TemDwyer, Jill � Flag

Eades, ChrisEarley, Denise � FCEdminster, Carleton � FlagEgeland, Leanne � FCEllison, Gail � LinEllsworth, Alan � LarEoff, Joan � FCErickson, Bernard � FCErtl, Mary � FlagEskew, Lane � FCEvridge, Jenny � RC

Fager, Barbara � FCFarlee, Janet � LinFarrar, Pamela � FCFasick, Clyde � FCFeable, Lawrence � RCFedde, Kari � FCFeddema, Charles � FCFinch, Deborah � AlbFisher, Richard � FCFitch, Shirley � FlagFlather, Curtis � FCFletcher, Charles (Rick) � FCFletcher, Tonya � FCFlores, Deborah � FCForbs, Linda � FlagFord, Paulette � AlbFornwalt, Nevin � LarFosberg, Michael � FCFox, Douglas � FCFrancis, Kerry � FCFrancis, Richard � Alb

Frank, Ernest � RCFreeman, Duane � FCFreeman, Lee � FCFreeman, Linda � FCFresquez, Phillip � AlbFunderhide, Emma � FCFurman, R. William � FC

Galida, Cheryl � FCGallegos, Carmen � AlbGallup, Darrell � FCGaney, Joseph � FlagGarcia, Diana � FCGarcia, George � AlbGarciaSanchez, Elizabeth � AlbGarrett, Lawrence � FlagGary, Barbara � FCGary, Howard � FCGasperetti, Sheila � FCGatz, William � FCGeary, Joann � FCGeils, Brian � FlagGilbert, Bonnie � FCGilbert, Mary � TemGilbert, Michael � FCGilmore, Becky � FCGirard, Michele � RCGirard, Van � FCGlass, Kathy � FCGomez, Josephine � TemGonzales, Manuel � AlbGood, Mary � FCGoodwin, Gregory � LarGorman, Susan � AlbGottfried, Gerald � FlagGreentree, Wallace � FCGreenwald, Emilie � FCGriego, Rudy � TemGrubb, Teryl � FlagGurley-Davis, Karen � FlagGutierrez, Rudy � FCGutzwiller, Pamela � Lar

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Haase, Sally � TemHager, Judy � FCHager, Victor � FCHagihara, James � FCHalvorsen, Marsha � FCHamre, Robert � FCHansen, Sigrid � FCHanson, Esther � FCHarrington, Michael � TemHarris, Barbara � FCHarris, Margaret � FCHarrison, Anne � FCHart, Joyce � FCHart, Steve � FCHart, Timothy � FCHaskell, Jim � FCHastings, Evelyn � FlagHawkes, Clifford � RCHawksworth, Frank � FCHayes, Deborah � AlbHayes, Pamela � FCHaynes, Richard � FCHayward, Gregory � LarHeede, Burchard � TemHegg, Karl � FCHehn, Theodore � FCHeidmann, LeRoy � FlagHeidrich, Mary � AlbHenry, Hank � LarHenry, Stephen � LarHernandez, Xavier � TemHerrick, David � FCHiatt, Harvey � FlagHibbert, Alden � TemHinds, Thomas � FCHirsch, Stanley � FCHittner, Virginia � LinHodorff, Robert � LarHoek, Roger � FCHoekstra, Sharon � FCHoekstra, Thomas � FCHof, John � FCHolland, Eric � TemHolub, E. William � FCHooten, Vicki � Lub

Horton, Bonita � LubHorton, Jerry � FCHovland, Teddy � LinHubbard, Robert � FCHuebner, Daniel � FlagHuerta, Deborah � FCHulbert, Frank � FCHumphries, Hope � FCHuntsberger, Janine � FlagHuwa, Daryl � Bot

Ippolito, Kelly � FCIrwin, Jennifer � LinIrwin, Kris � LinIsaacson, Kim � Lin

Jacob-Mua, Joyce � LinJacobs, Debbie � FCJacobs, Joyce � LinJairell, Robert � LarJakle, Martin � TemJames, Marsha � FCJameson, Donald � FCJanzen, Susan � FCJaversak, Jody � RCJeffrey, Katherine � FCJemison, Roy � AlbJenkins, Philip � TemJensen, Debra � FCJohnson, Curtis � FlagJohnson, Philip � FCJoy, Suzanne � FCJoyce, Linda � FCJudson, Arthur � FC

Karnuth, Leif � AlbKaufmann, Merrill � FCKaulitz, Zita � RCKeefer, Donald � FCKehr, Harold � FCKelley, Donald � RC

Kelley, Margaret � FCKelly, Lorraine � LarKelly, Jeff � AlbKennedy, Sharyce � RCKent, Brian � FCKent, Judy � TemKerbs, Roger � FCKidneigh, Connie � FCKilloran, Kathryn � BotKimbrough, David � FCKing, Rudy � FCKlein, David � FCKleinschmit, Sarah � RCKlopatek, Carole � FlagKlopfenstein, Ned � LinKnaub, Judy � FCKnipe, Oren � TemKnott, F. William � FCKnutson, Tonya � FCKovner, Jacob � FCKrammes, J. Sam � FCKrebill, Richard � TemKress, Marsha � FCKrug, Virginia � FCKruse, William � FlagKuharski, Kathy � FCKuhl, Michael � LinKulongowski, Barbara � TemKunis, Daniel � FC

LaBau, V. James � FCLance, Barbara � TemLane, Mark � TemLaird, Kay � FCLarson, Frederic � FlagLaskowski, Peggy � LarLatterell, Dolores � FCLayman, Robert � FlagLeaf, Jennifer � FCLee, Susan � FCLeibbrandt, Luann � FCLemieux, April � FCLewis, Gordon � FCLewis, Nancy � TemLightfoot, Frank � Flag

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Lindeborg, Richard � FCLitten, Carol � FCLitten, Sharon � FCLizarraga, Alicia � FCLoftin, Sam � AlbLopez, Jamelyn � FCLopez, Roy � FlagLoring, Michael � RCLoveless, Charles � FCLozano, Fay � FlagLucero, August � AlbLuffman, Tina � FlagLukens, Don � FCLukoic, Jacquelyn � FCLumar, Carolyn � FCLund, H. Gyde � FCLundquist, John � FCLynch, Ann � Flag

MacDonald, Patricia � FCManley, LeRoy � FCManthos, Barbara � FCMarkstrom, Donald � FCMarsden, Michael � FCMarsh, Linda � FCMartin, S. Clark � TucMartin, Vicki � FCMartinelli, Mario � FCMartinez, Dorothy � FCMartinez, Manuel � FCMartinez, Raymond � FCMartischang, Martin � TemMassey, Barbara � FlagMassman, William � FCMata, Stephen � FCMattingly, Christine � FCMattson, Julie � LarMcCallum, James � FCMcCambridge, William � FCMcCartney, Catherine � FCMcCollum, Daniel � FCMcConnell, Jerry � FlagMcCormick, Dean � FCMcCoy, R. Diane � FCMcCutchan, Morris � FC

McDonald, Stephen � FCMcDonnell, Susan � FCMcElderry, Sue � FCMcElvain, William � TemMcGuire, Patricia � FCMcGuire, Richard � FCMcKinney, William � FCMcLendon, Judy � FCMcNutt, Betty � TemMeans, Margarite � FCMeans, Michael � AlbMedina, Alvin � FlagMelendrez, Valentine � FCMehl, Garnet � FCMeisinger, Doris � FCMeisinger, Lynnette � FCMerkel, Daniel � FCMerrill, Laura � FCMerritt, Norman � FCMessner, Harold � RCMeyer, Joni � RCMichel, Pat � FCMillard, Ann � FCMiller, LindaLu � FCMills, Thomas � FCMiranda, Fernando � FCMitchell, James � FlagMitchell, John � FCMitchell, Joseph � FCMoir, William � FlagMontrey, Henry � FCMoore, Darleen � FCMora, Karen � FCMorris, Karen � FCMorris, Meredith � FCMossburg, Glynndora � FCMowrer, H. Todd � FCMuchow, Linda � FCMuecke, Nancy � TemMulcahy, Patti � FCMuniz, Shirley � FCMurray, Marjorie � FCMusselman, Robert � FCMyhre, Richard � FC

Nankervis, James � FCNeary, Daniel � FlagNeeld, Vaughn � FCNelson, Brytten � FlagNegron, Jose � FCNeubauer, Lucille � BotNevarez, Elizabeth � AlbNichols, Winnie � FCNickerson, Mona � FCNightingale, Monty � FlagNoble, Daniel � RCNorris, DeDe � FCNorth, William � FCNungesser, Martha � FCNuvamsa, Benjamin � Flag

Obedzinski, Robert � FCO�Connell, Beverly � FCO�Deen, Louise � FCO�Doherty, Erin � LarO�Keefe, Judy � FCOglesby, Carla � FCOler, Eleanor � LinOlsen, William � FCOmeg, Karen � FCOmdal, Daniel � FCOrgano, Martha � FCOrr, Howard � RCOrtmann, Kristeen � FCOverby, Steven � FlagOwens, Janet � FCOzment, Arnold � Tem

Padilla, Charles � FCPadilla, Mary � FCParchman, Marguerite � FCParker, Lloyd � FCParrish, Kelly � FCParrish, Tracy � FCParsons, Linda � RCPase, Charles � Alb

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Pasek, Judy � LinPatterson, Joyce � FCPattison, Jennifer � AlbPatton, David � TemPatton-Mallory, Marcia � FCPaulsen, Harold � FCPeriman, Richard � AlbPerotin, Beverly � FCPerry, Hazel � TemPerry, Judy � FCPeters, Debbie � FCPetersen, Louis � FCPetersen, Lynnette � FCPeterson, George � FCPeterson, Glenn � LinPettigrew, Sharon � FlagPforr, Martha � FCPierson, Virginia � LinPinther, Linda � FCPiotter, Laura � FCPippett, Kerwin � TemPomeroy, John � LarPope, V. Fay � FCPorth, Laurie � FCPott, Alfred � FlagPotyondy, John � FCPrince, N. Diane � FlagPrine, Virginia � FCProsser, Joseph � FlagPursley, Barbara � FC

Qualls, Debra � FC

Rader, Russell � LarRadloff, David � FCRafsnider, Giles � FCRaish, Carol � AlbRange, Patricia � FCRaphael, Martin � LarRay, Marsha � FCRead, Ralph � LinRedden, Terry � FCRegan, Claudia � FC

Reichert, Don � FCReid, Janie � FCReynolds, Richard � FCRietveld, Willis � LinRiffle, Jerry � LinRinne, John � FlagRitterhouse, Patricia � FCRivera, Shannon � FCRoberts, David � TemRoberts, Edwin � FCRochelle, Shannon � FCRodgers, Lonnie � FCRogers, James � TemRonco, Frank � FlagRonne, Ruth � LinRosenthal, Donald � FCRoss, Kim � FlagRoss, Sharon � FCRoth-Tucker, Karen � FCRoussopoulos, Peter � FCRuble, Angela � FCRudzek, Vickie � FCRuggiero, Leonard � LarRumble, Mark � RCRusso, Katherine � FCRutledge, Carolyn � FCRyan, Joseph � TemRyan, Michael � FCRyan-Burkett, Sandra � Lar

Sackett, Stephen � FlagSagmeister, Renay � FCSalas, Anthony � FCSampson, George � FCSanchez, Henry � FlagSanders, Deborah � FCSanderson, Darlene � FCSandoval, Larry � FCSawell, Laniece � RCSchanhols, Sue � FCSchenderline, Inez � FCSchmid, John � FCSchmidt, Larry � FCSchmidt, Ralph � FCSchneider, Richard � FC

Schoeneberger, Michele � LinSchoettle, Anna � FCSchofield, Debra � FCScholl, David � AlbSchopfer, Walter � FCSchreuder, Hans � FCSchubert, Gilbert � FlagSchultz, Yvonne � BotSchumann, Carol � LinSchwab, Caroline � FCSchweitzer, Dennis � FCScott, Jeffrey � FCScritchfield, William � FCSeaver, Rhonda � RCSeaworth, Sharon � FCSeltzer, Amy � LinSenn, Sara � FCSerrano, Lynette � FCSeverson, Kieth � TemShallman, James � FlagShaw, Charles � FCShefferd, Jessie � FCShelton, Clover � LinShepperd, Wayne � FCShields, Deborah � FCShort, Henry � TemShriver, D. Jane � LarSieg, Carolyn � RCSieverding, Rebecca � FCSimpson, Deborah � FCSims, Jeffrey � FlagSmika, Jennifer � FCSmith, Bobbie � FCSmith, Dixie � FCSmith, Dwain � FCSmith, Ernest � TemSmith, Harold � TemSnow, Jerry � FlagSnyder, Caroline � TemSolomon, Alberta � FCSommerfeld, Richard � FCSorg, Cindy � FCSpaulding, Judy � FlagSprackling, John � FCSprenger, Terry � FCSquires, John � LarStaley, John � FC

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Steed, James � FlagStevens, Robert � FCStevenson, Orvil � FlagStormer, Fred � FCStottlemeyer, Robert � FCStraw, Judy � LarStraus, Patricia � FCStreedbeck, Janet � LinStrohmeyer, Brenda � FlagStuart, Kirsten � LinSturges, David � LarSwanson, Cindy � FCSwanson, Marjorie � FCSzaro, Robert � Tem

Tabler, Ronald � LarTackle, David � FCTagestad, Arden � BotTapia, Esteban � FCTainter, Joe � AlbTelles, Lorenzo � FlagTewa, Fermina � FCTharalson, Teresa � TemThilenius, John � LarThomas, Mary � AlbThompson, Debra � FCThompson, Jesse � FCThornton, Jana � FCTidwell, Ted � FCTinus, Richard � FlagTraywick, Rose � RCTroendle, Charles � FCTrowbridge, Nora � FCTrujillo, David � FlagTurnbull, Gene � FCTurner, Gladys � FCTwito, Tina � FC

Uresk, Daniel � RC

Vahle, Robert � TemValenzuela, Elias � FlagVan Deusen, James � RCVan Deusen, Larry � FCVan Glarik, Janet � FCVan Haverbeke, David � LinVertucci, Frank � FCVigil, Deborah � FCVoorhees, Marguerite � FC

Wagg, Helen � FCWager, Tracy � FCWaite, Audrey � TemWaity, Charla � FCWalker, Leon � FCWalker, Sheila � FCWaltermire, Karel � FCWard, A. Lorin � LarWard, Pat � FlagWatkins, Ross � FCWeis, Eleanor (Hamre) � FCWerth, Lee � FCWest, A.Viola � FCWest, Linda � FCWest, Phyllis � TemWester, Ronald � FCWeymouth, Richard � FCWheatley, George � FCWheeler, Jean � FCWhelan, James � FCWhite, P. Wayne � FCWhitfield, Marilyn � FCWhitedove, Meria � FCWhiteman, Brenda � FlagWhitney, Donice � FCWhitney, Rachel � FCWicker, Ed � FCWight, Bruce � LinWiley, Ardath � FCWilliams, Jill � FCWilliams, Knox � FCWilliams, Leon � FCWilliams, Michael � FC

Williams, Penny � FCWilliams, Tod � AlbWilson, Virginia � FCWinder, Carol � FCWingstrom, Betty � FCWinokur, Robert � FCWinter, Charles � LarWittenauer, Paula � FCWolf, Mona � FCWolfe, Frank � FCWolfe, Marvin � FCWolters, Gale � AlbWood, Diane � FlagWood, Sarah � AlbWooten, Sharon � FCWorkman, Sarah � LinWorth, Harold � FC

Yamamoto, Teruo � RCYancik, Richard � FCYarrington, Charlotte � FCYockey, Carol � FCYontz, Mavis � FCYoung, Michael � Lar

Zegar, Marie � FCZeller, Karl � FC

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