Changing Demographics in the U. S. and the Multicultural Education Implications Philip C. Chinn...
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Transcript of Changing Demographics in the U. S. and the Multicultural Education Implications Philip C. Chinn...
Changing Demographics in the U. S. and the Multicultural Education Implications
Philip C. ChinnProfessor EmeritusCalifornia State University, Los Angeles
Multicultural CenterMinnesota State University, MankatoNovember 15, 2012
1912 vs. 2012
1912 2012 2050 ProjectedPopulation 95,335,000 314,159,265 439,010,000MN Population 2,075,708 5,344,861 7,609,503CA Population 2,377,000 37,700,000 59,507,000Ave. Income $1,033 year $50,054 (family of four)Life Expectancy 47 (Men) 75.96 83 to 86Homes with phone 8% 19% third graders cell phonesStates allowing medical marijuana 0 19States allowing gay marriage 0 9*Women in Congress 0 97
•*Plus D.C., two American Indian tribes. Maryland and Rhode Island recognize same sex marriages performed in other jurisdictions. California on a conditional basis.
2012 Elections- First Hindu in Congress, First Openly Gay U.S. Senator,
First Buddhist and Asian Female in Senate, First Vietnamese American U.S. Mayor
Part I Immigration and Fertility
U. S. IN THE …
19th Century through Mid 20th Century
Immigrants mostly from Europe
21st Century More diverse Immigrants
primarily from Latin America Asia
Immigrants
By 2050, 19% or one in five Americans an
immigrant, compared to one in eight (12%)
in 2005.
GATEWAY CITIES NewYorkPrimarily New York 1800’s thruearly1900’s
California & border states with Latinos & Asians
POPULATION GROWTH
U.S. population increasesby 2.5 million annually
immigration 1 million
80% non-white 70 % Latinos & Asians
birth rate 4 milliondeath rate 2.5 millionnet 1.5 million
U. S. Foreign Born by Place of Birth 2010
Minnesota’s Immigrant Population 43.8% entered 2000 or later Foreign born origins Minnesota U.S
Africa 20.2 % 4.5% (including Oceania)
Asia 37.2 % 28.2% Europe 11.1 % 12.1% Latin America 27.4% 53.1% Northern America 3.6% 2.0% Oceania 0.5 %
Foreign Born Americans 2010, 39,956,000 million foreign-born in U. S. Foreign born 12.9% of population
Naturalized Citizens 17,476,000 Noncitizen 22,490,000
56.49% of foreign born live in: California (10,024,000) New York (4,206,000) Florida (3,441,000) Texas (3,829,000)
Examples of state increases: Nevada 105,000 to 498,000 1990-2010 North Carolina, 115,000 to 630,000 1990-2010 Minnesota 113,039 to 378,483 1990-2010*
*In 2010, 7.1 percent of Minnesota's total population were immigrants,
compared to 5.3 percent in 2000 and 2.6 percent in 1990.
U. S. Census Bureau, 2010 American Community Survey
MN’s Leading Countries of Foreign Birth
1990
Laos 12.7% Canada 9% Germany 7%
2010
Mexico 17.4% India 6.2% Vietnam 5.2%
Undocumented Immigrants Estimated 11,800,000 undocumented in 2008,
increase from 8,460,000 in 2005. 11,600,000 in 2010 and 11,500,000 in 2012 Net immigration from Mexico zero or reversed* 95,000 Minnesota 2009**
U. S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics, 2008, 2012
* Pew Research Center, Passel,J., Cohn, D., and Gonzolez-Barrera, A., May 2012 **Pew Hispanic Center
FERTILITY RATE SIGNIFICANCE
To maintain the status quo, 2.1 children per woman
One child each to replace the mother and father.
.1 children to provide for infant mortality
FERTILITY IN THE U. S.
U. S. among highest fertility rates in the industrialized world with 1.90 births per woman (2010), compared to 1.4 per woman in Europe. Rates declining since the latest recession.
U. S. Declining Fertility Rate
U. S. Fertility Rate Population Reference Bureau 2012
Part II Census Findings and Projections
ETHNIC/RACIAL REPRESENTATION IN THE U. S. POPULATION
Historically U. S. population predominantly white (European) American. Whites 80.3% of population 1990, 75.1% 2000, 72.4% 2010.
Annual White percentages decrease, while and Hispanic and Asian increase. 2050, whites projected a U. S. minority (47%).
50.4 % U.S. population younger than age 1 are minorities as of July 1, 2011
1990 2000 2010
Total U. S. Population 248,710,000 281,422,000 310,233,000
Whites188,425,000 194,553,000 246,630,000
Blacks 29,285,000 33,948,000 39,909,000
Latino 21,900,000 35,306,000 49,726,000
Asian/Pacific 7,265,000 11,502,000 15,007,000
Am. Ind., Eskimo, Aleut 1,959,000 2,475,956 2,932,248
Two/More Races N/A 4,602,000 5,499,000
U. S. Census Bureau
U.S. Population Growth
2011 Child Population by Race
United States
Non-Hispanic White alone
53%
Non-Hispanic Black alone
14%
Non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaskan Native alone
1%
Non-Hispanic Asian alone
4%
Non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone
<.5%
Non-Hispanic Two or More Race Groups
4%
Hispanic or Latino
24%
Total less than 18
100%
Minnesota
Non-Hispanic White alone
73%
Non-Hispanic Black alone
7%
Non-Hispanic American Indian and Alaskan Native alone
1%
Non-Hispanic Asian alone
5%
Non-Hispanic Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone
<.5%
Non-Hispanic Two or More Race Groups
5%
Hispanic or Latino
8%
Total less than 18
100%
U. S. Public School Enrollments 1990-2010
2010 Census Findings
Hispanics moving to less traditional states:
Arkansas (6.6%) North Carolina (8.6%) Idaho (11.5%, a 75 percent increase from
2000) Georgia (9.1%) Minnesota (4.9%)U. S. Census Bureau
Center of U.S. Population
2010 Texas County, Mo. 1950 Richmond County, IL 1900 Bartholomew County, IN 1850 Wirt County, WV 1790 Kent County, MD
Part III A New (2000)Census Category: Blended Americans
Anti-miscegenation Laws Laws criminalizing marriage and intimate
relations between races After WWII and by 1950’s states repealed,
except in the south Loving v. Virginia (1967) Supreme court
declare law unconstitutional. In all former slave owning states plus Oklahoma.
Mixed Marriages
1980, 6.7% mixed race or ethnicity marriages 2010, 15%
Males Females
Whites 9% no gender difference Blacks 17% 24% 9% Hispanics 26% no gender difference Asians 28% 17% 36%
Increase from 1980, White 2X, Blacks, 3X, Hispanics and Asians no change
Passel, J.S., Wang, W., and Taylor, P., Pew Research Center June 4, 2010
Mixed Marriage Findings West 22%, South 14%, Northeast 13%,
Midwest, 11% Hawaii leads all states with 42% 43% U. S., a change for the better, 11% for
worst, 44% no difference Minorities, younger adults, college-educated
most positive attitudes towards mix marriagePassel, J.S., Wang, W., and Taylor, P., Pew Research Center June 4, 2010
Blended Americans
Census Bureau’s new category in 2000: two or more races
1.6% of 2000 census (4,602,000) 1.8% of 2010 census (5,499,000) Demographers “less than actual,” with
increase mixed race marriages. Estimates of as many as 20% by 2050
Bryan Clay- Black, Japanese
Dwayne Johnson-Black/Samoan
Jimmy Smits- Dutch, Surinamese, Puerto Rican Mariah Carey-African American, Venezuelan, Irish
Cameron Diaz- Cuban, Cherokee, English, German
Keanu Reeves-White, Chinese, Hawaiian
Franklin Ramón Chang-Diaz Former astronaut Former Director,
Advanced Space Propulsion Lab, Johnson Space Center
Four doctorates Costa Rican/Chinese
Bill Richardson Former Governor of
New Mexico Former Energy
Secretary, Former U.N. Ambassador
Mexican, white
Mixed Race Children
Elodie/Sophie-English, German, Chinese, Algerian, Hawaiian, Welsh, Spanish, French
Quinn/Jack-Chinese, Welsh, Hawaiian, Spanish, Cherokee Indian, German, Japanese
Part IV Poverty in the United States
Poverty Concerns The Economy and Poverty Poverty and students Poverty and special education classes
U.S. POVERTY ISSUES
Expectant mothers in poverty less medical coverage and maternity leave
Greater likelihood of “at risk” births Increased stress due to poverty Children possible poor nutrition, marginal
medical care and cognitive stimulation Increased environmental risks & hazards
(e.g. lead poisoning)
2010 Children in Poverty
2010 Poverty Thresholds, Selected Family Types
Single Individual
Under 65 years $ 11,344
65 years & older $ 10,458
Single ParentOne child $ 15,030
Two children $ 17,568
Two Adults
No children $ 14,602
One child $ 17,552
Two children $ 22,113
Three children $ 26,023
2012 U. S. Poverty Threshold Family of Four: $23,050
28.4% of American Indians and Alaska Natives were in poverty in 2010.
SOURCE: U.S. Census, American Indian and Alaska Native Heritage Month: November 2011
U.S.Census, Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2010, Report P60, n. 238, Table B-2, pp. 68-73.
Children Under 18 Living in Poverty, 2010
Category Number PercentAll children under 18 16, 401,000 22.0
White only, non-Hispanic 5,002,000 12.4
Black 4,817,000 38.2Hispanic 6,110,000 35.0Asian 547,000 13.6
Immigrants and Poverty 19.9% of immigrants compared to 13.5%
native born lived in poverty 43.6% of immigrants, compared to 31.1% of
native born, live in or near poverty*. 59.2% of immigrant children under 18 yrs. live
in or near poverty 34.1% of foreign-born lack health insurance
compared to 13.8%of natives.
* near-poverty defined as income less than 200 percent of the poverty threshold
Part V Religious Changes
U.S. Congress 2011
Protestants 56.65% Catholic 29.20% Jewish 7.30% LDS (Mormon) 2.80%
2 Muslims (including Keith Ellison, MN 5th Congressional District)
2 Buddhists
0 No religious preference
Changing Religious Affiliations
1995 Preferences 2010 Preferences
(data from the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life 10/9/12)
Protestant 58%Roman Catholic 25%Orthodox Catholic 1%Jewish 2%LDS (Mormon) 2%None Given 12%
Implications of Changing Demographics
Population statistics fluid and dynamic, changing continuously with population shifts
In the next two decades we can expect more immigrants, bringing ethnic and religious changes
Immigrants and other groups move into communities seemingly overnight
PREPARING FOR CHANGES
Teacher education programs must continue to: Infuse multicultural education training into their
curriculums Prepare candidates to teach students from diverse
backgrounds with appropriate practicum experiences
Help develop religious as well as racial/ethnic sensitivity
SCHOOL DISTRICT RESPONSES
To respond to the demographic changes, school districts must : Continually monitor real and projected demographic
changes to anticipate rather than simply react Expanded facilities and recruit diverse faculty and
staff for increasing numbers of diverse students Develop bilingual or ESL programs Provide in-service training to help teachers to adjust
for differential language, learning and communication styles, and interracial relationships