U.S. History Chapter 5 Notes Changes on the Western Frontier .
Changes on the Western Frontier Chapter 5
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Transcript of Changes on the Western Frontier Chapter 5
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Changes on the Western FrontierChapter 5
Section 1: Cultures Clash on the PrairieSection 2: Settling on the Great Plains
Section 3: Farmers & the Populist Movement
http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blfarm1.htm
http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/jb/civil/homested_2
http://www.nps.gov/home/index.htm
http://www.nebraskahistory.org/lib-arch/research/photos/highlite/butcher/photos.htm
http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/award97/ndfahtml/ngp_farm_threshing.html
http://honoringtheinventor.blogspot.com/2008/12/cast-steel-plow.html
http://students.ou.edu/M/Chad.A.Morris-1/photo.htm
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Settlers Flock Westward
• Rapid settlement of the Great Plains was possible because of two factors
• *Federal Land Policy
• *Completion of transcontinental railroad lines
http://students.ou.edu/M/Chad.A.Morris-1/photo.htm
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Impact of the Railroads
• 1850-1871: huge federal land grants given to railroad companies to encourage building
• 1st transcontinental railroad – 1869
• Railroad sold extra land to farmers
• Railroads sent recruiters to Europe
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Europeans Flock to the West
• Push Factors: Reasons that people want to leave their home country.
• *1. Escape Warfare• *2. Overpopulation• *3. Lack of Economic Opportunity• Pull Factors: Reasons that people want to come
to a new country.• *1. Free Land• *2. Economic Opportunity• *3. Political and Economic Freedom
Go West
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Homestead Act 1862
• The government would give the head of the household 160 acres free if homesteaders would live and make improvements on the land for 5 years.
http://www.archives.gov/research/american-west/#land
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Problems with the Act
Cattlemen
Only 10% of land wentto Homesteaders
Miners & Woodcutters
Railroad Companies&
Speculators
Homestead Act Land
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Exodusters
• Kansas invited African Americans from the south to settle in the state. (See poster page 231 or above)
• Settled in communities across Kansas– Nicodemus
http://www.territorialkansasonline.org/~imlskto/cgi-bin/index.php?SCREEN=show_document&document_id=102670&SCREEN_FROM=keyword&selected_keyword=Worrall,%20Henry&startsearchat=0&PHPSESSID=ac8e1ca9b1e6315220d081bf2841b538
Benjamin "Pap" Singleton
http://www.kshs.org/cool3/exoduster.htm
http://www.nps.gov/nico/index.htm
http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/program/episodes/seven/theexodust.htm
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/african/images/hofokan.jpg
http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/african/afam009.html
Listen to Podcast with the Kansas Historical Society: http://www.kshs.org/audiotours/kansasmemory/019_exodusters.htm
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Oklahoma Land Grab Race
• Sooners: Those who snuck into the territory early and claimed land sooner than they should have.
• The land run started at high noon on April 22, 1889, with an estimated 50,000 people lined up for their piece of the available two million acres (8,000 km²).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Run_of_1889
Check out the following site for the Native American point of view: http://www.examiner.com/x-4316-Native-American-Community-Examiner~y2009m4d12-The-Oklahoma-Land-Runs
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The Closing of the Frontier
• The Government passed legislation to preserve the environment of the west.– * 1872 – Yellowstone National Park– *1890’s – Yosemite, Sequoia, Kings Canyon,
Mt. Rainer
• By 1880 individuals had claimed 19 million acres
• By 1890 the Western frontier was considered gone
http://www.hippocampus.org/US%20History%20II
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Settlers Meet the Challenges on the Plains
• Drought
• Floods
• Fires
• Blizzards
• Insect Infestations
• Occasional raids by Indians or Outlaws
• Not all 160 acres were equal in quality
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?ngp:2:./temp/~ammem_e6EW::
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Dugouts and Soddies
• Soddies: Freestanding house made of stacked sod blocks cut out of the ground
• Dugout: Home dug out of a hill or ravine
http://www.nps.gov/home/index.htm
http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/jb/civil/homested_2
http://www.number09.com/oak_grove/SS_sodbusters.htm
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Benefits & Problems
• Warm in the winter• Cool in the summer• Fire Proof
• Small• Little air or light• Snakes, insect, pests• Leaked when it rained
http://www.number09.com/oak_grove/SS_sodbusters.htm
http://www.number09.com/oak_grove/Sod12.jpg
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Women’s Work• Lonely Isolated Life• People had to be very self-sufficient
• Feed Family• Make Clothing• Work in the fields (plowing, planting, harvesting)• Care for Animals (cows, hogs, sheep, chickens)• Sheer Sheep, card wool, sew or knit clothing from wool• Haul water from well• Make soap and candles• Do laundry by hand• Iron clothing• Can food• Many other things
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?ngp:1:./temp/~ammem_yxBp::
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?ngp:3:./temp/~ammem_yxBp::http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?ngp:13:./temp/~ammem_yxBp::
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Women’s Work
http://www.number09.com/oak_grove/Sod6.jpg
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?ngp:1:./temp/~ammem_mVL9::
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Technical and Educational Support for Farmers
• New Technology made farming easier, less time-consuming, and more profitable
• New Equipment
• Steel Plow – 1837 – John Deere• Reaper – 1834 – Cyrus
McCormick• Grain Drill – 1874• Barbed Wire – 1874• Cordbinder (Harvester) 1878• Reaper that could cut and thresh
(Fore-runner of Combine)• Windmills
http://honoringtheinventor.blogspot.com/2008/12/cast-steel-plow.html
http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?ngp:2:./temp/~ammem_GTgr::
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Educational Support
• Morrill Land Grant Act 1862 and 1890– Gave federal land to states to help finance agricultural
colleges.– Passed on July 2, 1862, this act made it possible for
new western states to establish colleges for their citizens. The new land-grant institutions, which emphasized agriculture and mechanic arts, opened opportunities to thousands of farmers and working people previously excluded from higher education.
• Hatch Act 1887– Established agricultural experimental stations to
communicate new developments in agriculture to farmers in every state.
http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=33#
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Farming Innovations
• Development of grains for arid land
• Dry farming techniques
http://www.hippocampus.org/US%20History%20II
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Farmers in Debt
High Cost of Machinery
High Cost of Machinery
High Interest RatesHigh Interest Rates
High Shipping RatesHigh Shipping Rates
Low Crop PricesLow Crop Prices
Farmers in DebtFarmers in Debt
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Bonanza Farms
• Enormous single crop spreads of 15,000 to 50,000 acres
• Why did the big farms fail?
• * The couldn’t compete with small farmers who were more flexible in the types of crops they grew
• * Droughts