Changes in Social Changes in Social InstitutionsInstitutions

Important Terms and PeopleImportant Terms and People AlienationAlienation Community PolicingCommunity Policing Division of LabourDivision of Labour Information SocietyInformation Society Non-Commissioned Non-Commissioned

OfficerOfficer Post-industrial societyPost-industrial society Ranked officerRanked officer RehabilitationRehabilitation Service IndustriesService Industries Status QuoStatus Quo

Daniel BellDaniel Bell Karl MarkKarl Mark Robert PeelRobert Peel

Changes, changes, changes.Changes, changes, changes.

Human society today is very different Human society today is very different from Human society of the past.from Human society of the past.

The social institutions we know have The social institutions we know have come from developments made over come from developments made over hundreds of years. hundreds of years.

Social RevolutionSocial Revolution

What is a revolution?What is a revolution? Human society has gone through Human society has gone through

several.several.

The Agricultural RevolutionThe Agricultural Revolution

Early man were “foragers.”Early man were “foragers.” Life consisted of looking for food.Life consisted of looking for food. Traditionally called Traditionally called

“hunter/gatherers.”“hunter/gatherers.”

We started to move from foraging to We started to move from foraging to farming.farming.

Really started in great river valleys of Really started in great river valleys of the world: Nile, Indus, Yangtze, the world: Nile, Indus, Yangtze, Jordan, Amazon.Jordan, Amazon.

The extended family was the social The extended family was the social unit of foragers. Moving into villages unit of foragers. Moving into villages changed that.changed that.

What had to be different in these new What had to be different in these new villages if society was going to carry on?villages if society was going to carry on?

Government (Who gets what)Government (Who gets what) Military (Protect what we have, get more)Military (Protect what we have, get more) Law (Make sure it is clear who gets what)Law (Make sure it is clear who gets what) Religion (What the point is)Religion (What the point is)

We stayed that way for a long time. We stayed that way for a long time. Governments came and went, Governments came and went, militaries fought and died for more militaries fought and died for more land, food, etc.land, food, etc.

Humanity stayed this way for Humanity stayed this way for thousands of years.thousands of years.

The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution

By the 1700s, society was “pre-By the 1700s, society was “pre-industrial.”industrial.”

The economy was built on farming The economy was built on farming and the production of goods, but we and the production of goods, but we could not make a lot of goods quickly. could not make a lot of goods quickly. They were handmade.They were handmade.

There were also mills, that converted There were also mills, that converted the energy from a stream into the energy from a stream into something useful.something useful.

The Steam EngineThe Steam Engine

This invention changed everything.This invention changed everything.

Factories and mills could be located Factories and mills could be located away from rivers.away from rivers.

This meant new towns could form.This meant new towns could form. Farmers began moving into the cities Farmers began moving into the cities

to look for better work. Famines and to look for better work. Famines and droughts pushed this faster.droughts pushed this faster.

Societies went from “Traditional” or Societies went from “Traditional” or “pre-modern” societies to “modern” “pre-modern” societies to “modern” societies.societies.

People went from an agricultural People went from an agricultural economy where there was a lot of economy where there was a lot of hard work for a big part of the year hard work for a big part of the year and tedious work the rest of the time, and tedious work the rest of the time, to this new industrialized economy to this new industrialized economy that was consistently productive.that was consistently productive.

Fewer workers needed on farms Fewer workers needed on farms meant that people needed to work in meant that people needed to work in the new factories being built.the new factories being built.

It was usually pretty awful.It was usually pretty awful. Six days a week, 10-12 hours a day, Six days a week, 10-12 hours a day,

for not a lot of money.for not a lot of money. No safety standards, and children No safety standards, and children

could work.could work.

Steam EnginesSteam Engines

What else do you think the Steam What else do you think the Steam Engine did that had a huge impact on Engine did that had a huge impact on society?society?

Division of LabourDivision of Labour

An idea devised by Adam Smith, an An idea devised by Adam Smith, an economist from the 1600s.economist from the 1600s.

Let’s build a chair.Let’s build a chair. What do we need to do to finish the What do we need to do to finish the

chair?chair?

Karl MarxKarl Marx

Karl Marx – Father of CommunismKarl Marx – Father of Communism

He lived in London during the Industrial He lived in London during the Industrial Revolution and made his living as a writer.Revolution and made his living as a writer.

He saw a huge disparity between the He saw a huge disparity between the factory workers and the factory owners.factory workers and the factory owners.

He predicted a workers’ revolution against He predicted a workers’ revolution against the factory owners.the factory owners.

The “disintegration” of the The “disintegration” of the familyfamily

Because people were no longer Because people were no longer working with family, new roles working with family, new roles started being created that were not started being created that were not there before.there before.

Boss, supervisor, worker, etc.Boss, supervisor, worker, etc.

Let’s look at the formation of Let’s look at the formation of new institutions.new institutions.

Thousands of people moved into Thousands of people moved into cities.cities.

Cities started to become crowded.Cities started to become crowded.-They were already pretty dirty-They were already pretty dirty

What are some problems that you What are some problems that you can see happening?can see happening?

Citizens’ health needed to be looked Citizens’ health needed to be looked after, so hospitals started to be built.after, so hospitals started to be built.

Eventually, child labour was frowned Eventually, child labour was frowned upon. Education was needed.upon. Education was needed.

Police forces were needed to deal Police forces were needed to deal with increased tension between with increased tension between peoples.peoples.

The Influence of TechnologyThe Influence of Technology

Primitive TechnologyPrimitive Technology – Natural things – Natural things that people have adapted for use to make that people have adapted for use to make such items as bows and arrows, spears, such items as bows and arrows, spears, clubs, and ploughs pulled by draft animals.clubs, and ploughs pulled by draft animals.

Industrial TechnologyIndustrial Technology – Machines such – Machines such as the steam engine and electrical- and as the steam engine and electrical- and fuel-powered motors to run machineryfuel-powered motors to run machinery

Post-industrial or informational Post-industrial or informational technologytechnology – Machines that use a – Machines that use a microchip or computer to retreive, store, microchip or computer to retreive, store, and work with informationand work with information

A cool little videoA cool little video

How do new technologies How do new technologies change societies?change societies?

1. It displaces existing technologies. 1. It displaces existing technologies. Steam engines>water power.Steam engines>water power.

Typewriters>handwritingTypewriters>handwritingWord processors>typewriters.Word processors>typewriters.

People need to learn these new skills People need to learn these new skills or they will be left behind.or they will be left behind.

2. It creates new social 2. It creates new social organizations. Steam Engines = large organizations. Steam Engines = large factories = more efficient to have a factories = more efficient to have a lot of people working in a single lot of people working in a single placeplace

3. It created new values and social 3. It created new values and social relationships. What does factory relationships. What does factory work require?work require?-Being on time, “work to the clock”-Being on time, “work to the clock”-Listen to your supervisors and -Listen to your supervisors and managers.managers.

The Information RevolutionThe Information Revolution

What do YOU think this could be?What do YOU think this could be? Some might say that this is still going Some might say that this is still going

on, others may say that it already on, others may say that it already over.over.

Daniel Bell was a sociologist. He Daniel Bell was a sociologist. He noticed that the number of people noticed that the number of people working in industries from the working in industries from the Industrial Age was decreasing.Industrial Age was decreasing.

While that decrease was happening, While that decrease was happening, the number of people working in the the number of people working in the service industriesservice industries was increasing. was increasing.

What is the service industry?What is the service industry?

Bell called this age the Bell called this age the post-post-industrialindustrial society. society.

Some say that it can survive without Some say that it can survive without manufacturing and goods production, manufacturing and goods production, others do not. What do you think?others do not. What do you think?

Differences between the Differences between the SocietiesSocietiesAgriculturalAgricultural IndustrialIndustrial InformationInformation

Major Major ProductionProduction

Crops, Crops, livestocklivestock

Manufactured Manufactured goodsgoods

Service, Service, informationinformation

Occupations for Occupations for most peoplemost people

Farmers, Farmers, landownerslandowners

Workers, Workers, managers, managers, business business ownersowners

Professionals, Professionals, technicians, technicians, entrepeneurs, entrepeneurs, business ownersbusiness owners

Critical Critical resourceresource

LandLand Natural Natural resources, resources, sizable labour sizable labour force, energy force, energy sources, key sources, key equipmentequipment

Educated work Educated work forceforce

Sources of Sources of PowerPower

Landowners, Landowners, nature, nature, weatherweather

Owners of Owners of equipment, equipment, natural natural resources, resources, energyenergy

Access to Access to knowledge, knowledge, technical abilitytechnical ability

WorkWork

What is work?What is work?-Different societies have different -Different societies have different definitions of the word.definitions of the word.-Work/Career/Job???-Work/Career/Job???

Religions have different views also.Religions have different views also.

WorkWork During the Agricultural Age, work was hard During the Agricultural Age, work was hard

but done by all members of the family. but done by all members of the family. Why was this?Why was this?

Early Industrial Revolution was hard work. Early Industrial Revolution was hard work. Long hours, low pay, dangerous, no regard Long hours, low pay, dangerous, no regard for age or physical state. There were also for age or physical state. There were also constant layoffs.constant layoffs.

Laws were passed for safety, but also Laws were passed for safety, but also working hours. Average today in the west working hours. Average today in the west is between 38 and 40 hours.is between 38 and 40 hours.

Governments were large drivers of this Governments were large drivers of this change, but so were change, but so were unions.unions.

Alienation at WorkAlienation at Work

Karl Marx believed that no matter Karl Marx believed that no matter what happened to working what happened to working conditions, workers would never be conditions, workers would never be happy at their jobs. He said that happy at their jobs. He said that workers were workers were alienatedalienated at work, at work, giving them no satisfaction.giving them no satisfaction.

Alienation is:Alienation is:-The worker has no power to control working -The worker has no power to control working conditions or management decisions.conditions or management decisions.-The worker feels isolated from co-workers -The worker feels isolated from co-workers and has difficulty maintaining friendships.and has difficulty maintaining friendships.-The worker feels that his or her full potential -The worker feels that his or her full potential is not being used on the job.is not being used on the job.-The worker feels he or she is treated as any -The worker feels he or she is treated as any employee, not as a person.employee, not as a person.-The work is meaningless, repetitive, or -The work is meaningless, repetitive, or boring.boring.

What kinds of jobs do you think are What kinds of jobs do you think are “meaningless, repetitive, or boring?”“meaningless, repetitive, or boring?”

The Value of WorkThe Value of Work Surveys are done regularly to see what it is Surveys are done regularly to see what it is

that workers enjoy about work.that workers enjoy about work.

1. The job gives a person status and self 1. The job gives a person status and self esteem.esteem.

2. Social class can be maintained.2. Social class can be maintained. 3. It gives a person social contacts and 3. It gives a person social contacts and

friendships, even though co-workers may be friendships, even though co-workers may be competitors for positions.competitors for positions.

4. It may satisfy a person’s calling to 4. It may satisfy a person’s calling to contribute to society by helping people. Jobs contribute to society by helping people. Jobs like, Social workers, teachers.like, Social workers, teachers.

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Sexual HarassmentSexual Harassment

It is any unwanted sexual attention. It is any unwanted sexual attention. Anything from being shown a picture Anything from being shown a picture you don’t want to see, to being you don’t want to see, to being physically touched, to being asked physically touched, to being asked on a date over and over.on a date over and over.