Changes in Matter Chapter Eighteen: The Chemistry of Living Systems 18.1 The Chemistry of Carbon...
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Transcript of Changes in Matter Chapter Eighteen: The Chemistry of Living Systems 18.1 The Chemistry of Carbon...
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Changes in Matter
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Chapter Eighteen: The Chemistryof Living Systems
• 18.1 The Chemistry of Carbon
• 18.2 Protein, Fats, and Nucleic Acids
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Investigation 18A
• What are some common molecules that contain carbon?
Carbon and It’s Chemistry
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18.1 The chemistry of carbon• Carbon molecules come in three basic forms:
straight chains, branching chains, and rings. • All three forms are found in important biological
molecules.
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18.1 Carbohydrates
• All living things contain:
– carbohydrates– proteins– fats– nucleic acids
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18.1 Carbohydrates• Carbohydrates are
mainly composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of about 1:2:1.
• Carbohydrates exist as small molecules, like glucose, and long-chain molecules, like starches.
• Table sugar is a carbohydrate called sucrose.
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18.1 Proteins• Proteins are large
molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and trace elements.
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18.1 Fats
• Fats are medium-to-large nonpolar molecules that do not dissolve in water.
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18.1 Nucleic Acids
• Nucleic acids such as DNA store the genetic code that allows organisms to reproduce.
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18.1 Carbohydrates
• Carbohydrates are relatively small molecules used to store and transfer energy in living systems.
• Carbohydrates are classified as either sugars or starches.
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18.1 Carbohydrates
• Starches are long chains of simple sugars joined together.
• Cellulose is the primary molecule in plant fibers, including wood.
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18.1 Photosynthesis• Photosynthesis is the foundation of the food
chain on Earth.
• For every glucose sugar molecule produced, six molecules of carbon dioxide are removed from the air, and six molecules of oxygen are produced.
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18.1 Respiration• Animals get energy and nutrients by
breaking up glucose, starch, and other organic molecules.
• Cellular respiration breaks down glucose into water and carbon dioxide again, extracting energy in the process.
• Each cell converts the energy in glucose into chemical energy stored in molecules of ATP.
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18.1 The importance of water
• Liquid water is essential to life as we know it.
• The human body is typically between 60 and 65 percent water by weight.
• Most of the chemical reactions that sustain life only work in solution.
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18.1 The importance of water
• There are 3 important characteristics of water that make it essential for life:
– Water is a good solvent.– Liquid water has a wide
temperature range.– Water has a high specific
heat capacity.