Changes in Matter
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Transcript of Changes in Matter
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Changes in Matter
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Chapter Sixteen: Acids, Basesand Solutions
• 16.1 Water and Solutions
• 16.2 Acids, Bases, and pH
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Investigation 16A
• What does it mean to dissolve?
Solubility
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16.1 Water and solutions
• A solution is a mixture of two or more substances that is uniform at the molecular level.
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16.1 Water and solutions• Although we often think of
solutions as mixtures of solids in liquids, solutions exist in every phase; solid, liquid, or gas.
• Solutions of two or more solids are called alloys.
• Steel is an alloy (solution) of iron and carbon.
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16.1 Water and solutions• A solution contains at least two
components: a solvent, and a solute.• The solvent is the part of a mixture that is
present in the greatest amount.
Which of these is the solvent?
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16.1 Water and solutions
• When the solute particles are evenly distributed throughout the solvent, we say that the solute has dissolved.
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16.1 Solubility• The term solubility
means the amount of solute (if any) that can be dissolved in a volume of solvent.
Is there a limit for how much seltzer (solute) can dissolve in water (solvent)?
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16.1 Solubility• Chalk and talc do
not have solubility values.
• These substances are insoluble in water because they do not dissolve in water.
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16.1 Solubility• A solution is saturated if it
contains as much solute as the solvent can dissolve.
• Any solute added in excess of the substance’s solubility will not dissolve.
What will happen to any un-dissolved gas when you unscrew the cap of seltzer water?
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16.1 Concentration• In chemistry, it is
important to know the exact concentration of a solution—that is the exact amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent.
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16.1 Concentration• When a solute like sugar is mixed with a
solvent like water, two processes are actually going on continuously.– Molecules of solute dissolve and go into
solution.– Molecules of solute come out of solution
and become “un-dissolved.”• When the rate of dissolving equals the
rate of coming out of solution, we say equilibrium has been reached.
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16.1 Water and solutions• A supersaturated solution means there is
more dissolved solute than the maximum solubility.
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16.1 Solubility of gases in liquids• When you drink
carbonated soda, the fizz comes from dissolved carbon dioxide gas (CO2).
• The solubility of gases in liquids increases with pressure.
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16.1 Solubility of gases in liquids• Oil and vinegar
salad dressing separates because oil is not soluble in water.
• Liquids that are not soluble in water may be soluble in other solvents.
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16.1 Water as a solvent
• Water is often called the “universal solvent.”
• Water is a good solvent because of the way the H2O molecule is shaped.
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16.1 Water as a solvent• A water molecule
has a negative end (pole) and a positive end.
• A molecule (like water) with a charge separation is called a polar molecule.
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16.1 Water as a solvent
• Water dissolves sodium chloride (salt) to form a solution of sodium (+) and chlorine (-) ions.
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16.1 Water as a solvent
• In general, like dissolves like: – water dissolves
polar substances– non-polar solvents
dissolve non-polar substances