Changes in IndustryChanges in Industry

In particular in the cloth industry

What we are going to look at What we are going to look at todaytoday Remember how the population was growing

because medicine and hygiene improved life expectancy?

And the methods of farming changed, tenant farms replaced huge open fields shared by all the village and machines helped production become more efficient and how fewer farm workers were needed as a result?

Well alongside this there were changes taking place in the cloth industry – new ways were being discovered to speed up production so that much more could be made – but this required big machines, and the power to run them – so work moved out peoples homes and into factories – the how and the why is where we are headed today

Cloth making before 1750Cloth making before 1750

Woollen cloth was made in people’s houses

Remember that that was what it was like back in the middle ages?

It was collected by merchants and sold abroad

Some things WERE made in small ‘works’, like soap, bricks and pottery

They were nearly all made by hand

This was called the Domestic This was called the Domestic SystemSystem

How the hand loomed How the hand loomed workedworked The process consisted

of interlacing one set of threads of yarn (the warp) with another (the weft).

The warp threads are stretched lengthwise in the weaving loom. The weft, the cross-threads, are woven into the warp to make the cloth.

Women often carried spinning tools Women often carried spinning tools around with them to do in odd around with them to do in odd

momentsmoments The spinning of wool, cotton or flax was originally done by the spindle and distaff.

The distaff, a stick about 3 ft long, was held under the left arm, and the fibres of wool drawn from it were twisted spirally by the forefinger and thumb of the right hand.

As the thread was spun, it was wound on the spindle.

Using the these Using the these methodsmethods

One female spinner+

One male weaver=

1 roll of cloth

If it had gone on like this…If it had gone on like this…

The ancient system could not meet the increased demand from the rising population, so if it had continued, the people of Britain would not have had enough clothes to wear.

Fortunately inventors designed machines that increased the amount of cloth that could be made

This was the first invention It was called the fling

shuttle. It was invented by John

Kay in 1733 By means of cords

attached to a picking peg, a single weaver, using one hand, could cause the shuttle to be knocked back and forth across the loom from one shuttle box to the other.

A weaver using Kay's flying shuttle could produce much wider cloth at faster speeds than before.

Using the these Using the these methodsmethods

Four female spinners+

One male weaver + flying shuttle

=4 rolls of cloth

The Spinning Jenny (1764)The Spinning Jenny (1764) James Hargreaves was a weaver living in Stanhill in Lancashire.

It is said that one day his daughter Jenny, accidentally knocked over the family spinning wheel.

The spindle continued to revolve and it gave Hargreaves the idea that a whole line of spindles could be worked off one wheel.

The Spinning Jenny (1764)The Spinning Jenny (1764) In 1764 Hargreaves built what became known as the Spinning-Jenny.

The machine used eight spindles onto which the thread was spun so that the operator could now spin eight threads at once.

Later, improvements were made that enabled the number to be increased to eighty.

However the thread that the machine produced was coarse and lacked strength, making it suitable only for the weft (crossways thread)

Using the these Using the these methodsmethods

One female spinner + a spinning jenny

+8 male weavers

=20 rolls of cloth

The Water frameThe Water frame In 1762, Richard Arkwright met

John Kay, who had been busy for some time trying to produce a new spinning-machine

But John Kay and Thomas Highs had run out of money and had been forced to abandon the project.

Richard Arkwright was impressed by John Kay and offered to help, and it was not long before the team produced the Spinning-Frame.

This machine was able to produce a thread that was far stronger than that made by the Spinning-Jenny produced by James Hargreaves.

The Water frameThe Water frame But the Spinning-Frame was too

large to be operated by hand and so Richard Arkwright had to find another method of working his machine.

After experimenting with horses, Arkwright decided to employ the power of the water-wheel.

In 1771 he set up a large factory next to the River Derwent in Cromford, Derbyshire. Arkwright's machine now became known as the Water-Frame.

So the move into factories had begun

Using the these Using the these methodsmethods

One female spinner + a water frame

+12 male weavers

=30 rolls of cloth

A mule 1790sA mule 1790s In 1775 Samuel Crompton produced his Spinning Mule, so called because it was a hybrid of the Spinning Jenny and the Water Frame.

[ a mule = horse + donkey]

The mule produced a strong, fine and soft yarn which could be used in all kinds of textiles, but was particularly suited to the production of muslins.

Crompton was too poor to apply for a patent and so he sold the rights to a Bolton manufacturer.

The first mules were hand-operated and could be used at home.

By the 1790s larger versions were built with as many as 400 spindles. The early ones used water power and so needed to be in a factory

Using the these Using the these methodsmethods

One female spinner + a mule+

14 male weavers=

50 rolls of cloth

Now it was time to update Now it was time to update weaving!weaving!

In 1784 Edmund Cartwright, a vicar, visited a factory owned by Richard Arkwright.

Inspired by what he saw, he began working on a machine that would improve the speed and quality of weaving. Cartwright managed to produce what he called a power loom.

These machines

were water powered

- see how later

Now it was time to update Now it was time to update weaving!weaving! Cartwright took out a patent for his machine

in 1785, but at this stage it performed poorly. In 1787 Cartwright opened a weaving mill in Doncaster using water to power the looms

Two years later began using steam engines produced by James Watt and Matthew Boulton, to drive his looms. (more about that later)

All operations that had been previously been done by the weaver's hands and feet, could now be performed mechanically.

Using the these Using the these methodsmethods

One female spinner + a mule+

1 male weaver + power loom=

60 rolls of cloth

Now that all the processes Now that all the processes required powerrequired power

… both spinning and weaving had to be carried out in factories.

These mostly produced cotton, which came originally from India but later from plantations in America, manned by slaves (more of that later too)

The first factories used water wheels for power.

Remember Richard Remember Richard Arkwright?Arkwright? This is how he started his factory – and a few

stories that may or may not be true but are fun nonetheless!

About 1767, with some friends, he began to build a machine to spin cotton. They rented a room in a secluded teacher's house behind some gooseberry bushes, (tho’ what the gooseberry bushes had to do with it I do not know!) but they were so secretive that the neighbours were suspicious and accused them of sorcery, and two old women complained that the humming noises they heard at night must be the devil tuning his bagpipes.

What happened next?What happened next? So Richard Arkwright moved to Derbyshire, and

designed a big machine to be driven by five or six horses, but before he even got it working he took a momentous step. He borrowed money and built a huge “manufactory.”

He probably borrowed the idea from Matthew Boulton, the great industrialist in Birmingham.

In 1762 Boulton had gathered together a collection of small businesses and put them together in one complex in Soho in Birmingham; he called it the Soho Manufactory.

Arkwright went one stage further. He leased the land in August 1771 at the cost of £14 a year. The mill was finished before the end of the year. The building was five floors high, and three of them still stand, although it all looks rather sorry for itself today.

He employed unskilled workers to operate the machines that he had designed and built.

Why did he choose Why did he choose Derbyshire?Derbyshire? The roads were so bad that it was probably a day's

journey from Nottingham, even though the distance is less than 30 miles.

What he wanted was a strong and regular flow of water to power his factory.

He chose Cromford because of Bonsall Brook, a good swift stream that flows out into the River Derwent half a mile downstream. And flowing into Bonsall Brook is Cromford Sough, which is essentially a drain from the lead mines in that hill.

The point is that the water comes out of the ground positively warm - there are hot springs just up the road - and so the Sough never froze in winter.

And that is what Arkwright wanted - a fast and reliable stream of water.

How the factory was How the factory was poweredpowered The brook powered a water wheel at

the back of the factory, while the Sough powered on at the side.

To start with they were both undershot wheels.

But he heard about John Smeaton,

who had shown overshot wheels gave MUCH more power

This is This is water water

powered powered mill from mill from

the the inside!inside!

What did he do then?What did he do then? Having got all the machines in to spin the cotton, he

built houses for his workers in the village. He transformed Cromford from a scattered community

of lead-mining families into a tightly-knit village. He advertised for weavers with large families. Then he gave them houses with a weaving shed on the

top floor, where his cotton could be woven, and he took the mothers and children to work in the mill.

Children went to work at the age of about ten. They worked from six in the morning until seven at

night, with half an hour off for breakfast and 40 minutes for dinner.

They got their education in the church on Sundays. The factory inspectors who came round said he treated

the kids well, though in one report they said ‘ “the privies” were too offensive to be approached by us!’

The first ever real factoryThe first ever real factory

HomeworkHomework

Find a picture of one of the early steam engines and 5 things about steam engines and James Watt – in PowerPoint if possible please!