CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social,...
Transcript of CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social,...
![Page 1: CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social, economic, and environmental value • Mercer / Auglaize Counties • 241 km2 (~60,000 acre)](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050612/5fb326b15141242e5c14ac96/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED: MOVING TOWARDS AN IMPROVED UNDERSTANDING OF
WATER QUALITY OVER THE PAST DECADE
STEPHEN J. JACQUEMINWRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY – LAKE CAMPUS,
AGRICULTURAL AND WATER QUALITY EDUCATIONAL CENTER
![Page 2: CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social, economic, and environmental value • Mercer / Auglaize Counties • 241 km2 (~60,000 acre)](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050612/5fb326b15141242e5c14ac96/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed
• Social, economic, and environmental value• Mercer / Auglaize Counties• 241 km2 (~60,000 acre) area • 1st/2nd order streams drain into reservoir• Reservoir constructed 1837-1845
– large (52 km2), shallow (~1.5m), and mixed (15+km fetch wave length)
• Experiences internal and external loading– Primarily from nutrient rich watershed runoff– Watershed is agricultural: 80-90% row crop with
many farms coupled with livestock operations• Animal Unit = standard weight relative to beef cow
– Ohio = 21 AU/km2– GLSM = 370 AU/km2 (~250 acres)
• Majority of nutrients in watershed are manure based
![Page 3: CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social, economic, and environmental value • Mercer / Auglaize Counties • 241 km2 (~60,000 acre)](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050612/5fb326b15141242e5c14ac96/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Manure Utilization and Potential for Runoff
• Manure is an important resource– Recycled and increases crop yields– Provides crop and livestock synergy– Builds nutrients, reduces soil
compaction, and eliminates stock
• Use has increased in recent years– In the US, approximately 5.9 million
and 1.8 million tons of N and P are produced in animal based fertilizers
– In GLSM, manure is the primary nutrient source utilized
– In GLSM, there is ~1.5 times more P and 2.5 times more N produced than can be actually be used
• Creates high runoff potential – affected by timing, ground permeability, crop presence, and ambient precipitation
![Page 4: CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social, economic, and environmental value • Mercer / Auglaize Counties • 241 km2 (~60,000 acre)](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050612/5fb326b15141242e5c14ac96/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Establishing a Starting Point in the Watershed
• Where are we regarding nutrient and algae concentrations?
– Highest STP levels in Ohio
– Historically, the tributaries of GLSM ranked in the 75th+ percentile for nutrient concentrations in the US
– 2007 EPA Report noted need for nutrient load reductions of over 90% at medium and high flows to meet TMDL standards (0.1 mg/L TP, 1.5mg/L NO3-)
– 1999 EPA Report noted GLSM ranked in the 99th percentile for microcystin concentrations in the US
– Declared distressed in 2011
![Page 5: CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social, economic, and environmental value • Mercer / Auglaize Counties • 241 km2 (~60,000 acre)](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050612/5fb326b15141242e5c14ac96/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Establishing a Starting Point in the Watershed - Algae
![Page 6: CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social, economic, and environmental value • Mercer / Auglaize Counties • 241 km2 (~60,000 acre)](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050612/5fb326b15141242e5c14ac96/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Watershed Efforts
• Distressed Watershed Ruling signified a regime shift in management style• GLSM watershed efforts since this period highlight the implementation of innovative
BMPs, regulations, and conservation practices to reduce nutrient runoff– Comprehensive Efforts
• Nutrient management plans (now over 90% of acres) informed by soil testing• Cover crops (increasing acres utilizing cover – e.g. huge % acres of radishes this year)• Constructed wetlands• Edge of field runoff practices (retention ponds, saturated buffers, bioreactors, inlets)
– Manure Nutrient Focus• Winter manure ban (prohibited Dec. 15 to Mar. 1)• Manure storage structures (~80 constructed from 2010 to 2013)• Manure transfers (90% of chicken litter is exported)• New manure dewatering technologies being explored
– Communication Efforts• Local collaborative groups such as Ag Solutions, LIA, LRC encourage communication
![Page 7: CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social, economic, and environmental value • Mercer / Auglaize Counties • 241 km2 (~60,000 acre)](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050612/5fb326b15141242e5c14ac96/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Research Objectives
• Over the past decade, the region has become a unique focal point for water quality issues and taken on a political, social, and research focus
• Project 1: Examine long term changes (2008-2016) in sediment and nutrient levels in GLSM watershed since the 2011 Distressed Watershed Designation
• Project 2: Assess the sediment and nutrient remediation potential of several reconstructed wetlands recently implemented in the watershed (2016-2018)
![Page 8: CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social, economic, and environmental value • Mercer / Auglaize Counties • 241 km2 (~60,000 acre)](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050612/5fb326b15141242e5c14ac96/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
NUTRIENT REDUCTIONS IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS STREAMSFOLLOWING THE DISTRESSED WATERSHED RULING
STEPHEN J. JACQUEMIN1, LAURA T. JOHNSON2, THERESA A. DIRKSEN3, GREG MCGLINCH11 WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY – LAKE CAMPUS, AGRICULTURAL AND WATER QUALITY EDUCATIONAL CENTER
2 HEIDELBERG UNIVERSITY, NATIONAL CENTER FOR WATER QUALITY RESEARCH3 MERCER COUNTY COMMUNITY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OFFICE, AGRICULTURAL SOLUTIONS
![Page 9: CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social, economic, and environmental value • Mercer / Auglaize Counties • 241 km2 (~60,000 acre)](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050612/5fb326b15141242e5c14ac96/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Nitrate
Regulatory PeriodNon-Regulatory PeriodHigh FlowMedium FlowLow FlowHigh FlowMedium FlowLow Flow
PostPrePostPrePostPrePostPrePostPrePostPre
20
15
10
5
0
NO
3- (m
g/L)
Non-Regulatory Period (Mar. 2 - Dec. 14) Regulatory Period (Dec. 15 - Mar. 1)Pre Regulation Post Regulation Pre Regulation Post Regulation
N Mean SE N Mean SE Change Change (%) N Mean SE N Mean SE Change Change (%)Nitrate Nitrate
Low Flow 334 1.2 0.13 524 1.8 0.1 0.6 50 Low Flow 75 7.3 0.25 27 7.2 0.64 -0.1 -1
Medium Flow 167 11.6 0.46 560 6.8 0.2 -4.8 -41Medium
Flow 68 12.4 0.48 174 10.4 0.2 -2 -16High Flow 152 17.85 0.52 533 12.12 0.24 -5.73 -32 High Flow 44 14.4 0.82 222 11.6 0.26 -2.8 -19
![Page 10: CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social, economic, and environmental value • Mercer / Auglaize Counties • 241 km2 (~60,000 acre)](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050612/5fb326b15141242e5c14ac96/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Particulate Phosphorus
Regulatory PeriodNon-Regulatory PeriodHigh FlowMedium FlowLow FlowHigh FlowMedium FlowLow Flow
PostPrePostPrePostPrePostPrePostPrePostPre
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
PP (m
g/L)
Non-Regulatory Period (Mar. 2 - Dec. 14) Regulatory Period (Dec. 15 - Mar. 1)Pre Regulation Post Regulation Pre Regulation Post Regulation
N Mean SE N Mean SE ChangeChange
(%) N Mean SE N Mean SE ChangeChange
(%)Particulate P Particulate P
Low Flow 334 0.1 0.002 524 0.09 0.004 -0.01 -10 Low Flow 75 0.11 0.005 27 0.05 0.01 -0.06 -55Medium
Flow 167 0.08 0.01 560 0.07 0.003 -0.01 -13Medium
Flow 68 0.07 0.01 174 0.03 0.002 -0.04 -57High Flow 152 0.17 0.02 533 0.15 0.01 -0.02 -12 High Flow 44 0.24 0.04 222 0.13 0.01 -0.11 -46
![Page 11: CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social, economic, and environmental value • Mercer / Auglaize Counties • 241 km2 (~60,000 acre)](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050612/5fb326b15141242e5c14ac96/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus
Regulatory PeriodNon-Regulatory PeriodHigh FlowMedium FlowLow FlowHigh FlowMedium FlowLow Flow
PostPrePostPrePostPrePostPrePostPrePostPre
0.275
0.250
0.225
0.200
0.175
0.150
0.125
0.100
DR
P (m
g/L)
Non-Regulatory Period (Mar. 2 - Dec. 14) Regulatory Period (Dec. 15 - Mar. 1)Pre Regulation Post Regulation Pre Regulation Post Regulation
N Mean SE N Mean SE ChangeChange
(%) N Mean SE N Mean SE ChangeChange
(%)Dissolved Reactive P Dissolved Reactive P
Low Flow 334 0.25 0.006 524 0.21 0.007 -0.04 -16 Low Flow 75 0.23 0.01 27 0.12 0.02 -0.11 -48Medium
Flow 167 0.16 0.01 560 0.23 0.01 0.07 44Medium
Flow 68 0.18 0.01 174 0.13 0.01 -0.05 -28High Flow 152 0.22 0.01 533 0.22 0.01 0 0 High Flow 44 0.22 0.01 222 0.18 0.01 -0.04 -18
![Page 12: CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social, economic, and environmental value • Mercer / Auglaize Counties • 241 km2 (~60,000 acre)](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050612/5fb326b15141242e5c14ac96/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
DRP Concentration and Loading Timing
HARVEST
GROWIN
G
PRE PLA
NT
WINTER
High F
low
Medi um
Flow
Low F
low
High F
low
Medium F
low
Low F
low
Hi gh F
low
Medium F
low
Low F
low
High Flo
w
Medium
Flow
Low F
low
PostPre
Post
PrePos
tPre
Post
PrePos
tPre
PostPre
Post
PrePos
tPre
Post
PrePos
tPre
Post
PrePos
tPre
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
DR
P (m
g/L)
![Page 13: CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social, economic, and environmental value • Mercer / Auglaize Counties • 241 km2 (~60,000 acre)](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050612/5fb326b15141242e5c14ac96/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Conclusions
• Distressed watershed ruling requires year round nutrient management plans and seasonal limits on manure – no application between Dec 15 and Mar 1
• Additionally, since the 2011 implementation – hundreds of acres have incorporated additional best management practices
• These have manifested in clear reductions of external loading of TSS, PP, NO3, and TKN• Summer = largest effects at high flows• Winter = largest effects at medium flows
• Interesting patterns with DRP were noted– Largely due to excessively high STP legacy/timing in the watershed
• Anecdotally, no negative yields reported to local SWCD / ODA offices
• Still highly elevated nutrient concentrations but progress is being made• Need to continue efforts! BUT – we have a new starting point to work with..…
![Page 14: CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social, economic, and environmental value • Mercer / Auglaize Counties • 241 km2 (~60,000 acre)](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050612/5fb326b15141242e5c14ac96/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Want to Learn More?
![Page 15: CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social, economic, and environmental value • Mercer / Auglaize Counties • 241 km2 (~60,000 acre)](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050612/5fb326b15141242e5c14ac96/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Research Objectives
• Over the past decade, the region has become a unique focal point for water quality issues and taken on a political, social, and research focus
• Project 1: Examine long term changes (2008-2016) in sediment and nutrient levels in GLSM watershed since the 2011 Distressed Watershed Designation
• Project 2: Assess the sediment and nutrient remediation potential of several reconstructed wetlands recently implemented in the watershed
![Page 16: CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social, economic, and environmental value • Mercer / Auglaize Counties • 241 km2 (~60,000 acre)](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050612/5fb326b15141242e5c14ac96/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
IMPROVING WATER QUALITY OF GRAND LAKE ST. MARYSUSING RECONSTRUCTED WETLANDS
STEPHEN J. JACQUEMIN1, THERESA A. DIRKSEN2, PHILLIP POORE1, JOCELYN BIRT1, GESTAWN MCDONALD1, CHASE COBB1
1 WRIGHT STATE UNIVERSITY – LAKE CAMPUS, AGRICULTURAL AND WATER QUALITY EDUCATIONAL CENTER2 MERCER COUNTY COMMUNITY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OFFICE, AGRICULTURAL SOLUTIONS
![Page 17: CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social, economic, and environmental value • Mercer / Auglaize Counties • 241 km2 (~60,000 acre)](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050612/5fb326b15141242e5c14ac96/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Why Wetlands?
• Wetlands are a natural part of any watershed
• Wetlands provide numerous ecosystem services– Increase biodiversity via habitat
– Erosion and flood control points
– Improve water quality by filtering nutrients
• Historically, GLSM was essentially all wetland
• Drainage of these left rich agricultural soils
• BUT - devoid of natural wetlands, heavy nutrient loads have degraded water quality
Note: To maximize ecological services / benefits, healthy wetland(s) need to
be ~ 1-5% of the total watershed area
![Page 18: CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social, economic, and environmental value • Mercer / Auglaize Counties • 241 km2 (~60,000 acre)](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050612/5fb326b15141242e5c14ac96/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
GLSM Constructed Wetlands – Prairie Creek– Constructed in 2012 ~ 1% watershed area (0.05 mi2)
– Fed via a pump connected to P.C. – rated (average) at ~1 million gallons per day– Comprised of east and west series of cells –flow is split between them – 2 in/outflows
![Page 19: CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social, economic, and environmental value • Mercer / Auglaize Counties • 241 km2 (~60,000 acre)](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050612/5fb326b15141242e5c14ac96/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
GLSM Constructed Wetlands – Coldwater Creek– Constructed 2015 ~ 0.2% watershed area (0.04 mi2)
– Fed via a pump connected to C.C. – rated (average) at ~3 million gallons per day– Comprised of east and west series of cells with combined pump inflow and outflow
![Page 20: CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social, economic, and environmental value • Mercer / Auglaize Counties • 241 km2 (~60,000 acre)](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050612/5fb326b15141242e5c14ac96/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Stream Flow SummaryPr
airie
Cre
ek D
isch
arge
(mill
ions
GPD
)C
oldw
ater
Cre
ek
Dis
char
ge(m
illio
ns G
PD)
10
5
40
0
0
20
![Page 21: CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social, economic, and environmental value • Mercer / Auglaize Counties • 241 km2 (~60,000 acre)](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050612/5fb326b15141242e5c14ac96/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Nitrate
Prairie Creek
Coldw ater Creek
WinterFallSummer
SpringWinterFall
SummerSpring
OutflowInflow
OutflowInflow
OutflowInf low
OutflowInf low
OutflowInf low
OutflowInf low
OutflowInf low
Outf lowInflow
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
NO
3 - N
(mg/
L)
No O
pera
tion
No O
pera
tion
![Page 22: CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social, economic, and environmental value • Mercer / Auglaize Counties • 241 km2 (~60,000 acre)](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050612/5fb326b15141242e5c14ac96/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Total Phosphorus
Prairie Creek
Coldw ater Creek
WinterFallSummer
SpringWinterFall
SummerSpring
OutflowInf low
Outf lowInflow
OutflowInflow
OutflowInf low
Outf lowInflow
OutflowInf low
Outf lowInf low
Outf lowInflow
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
TP -
P (m
g/L)
No W
inte
r O
pera
tion
No W
inte
r O
pera
tion
![Page 23: CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social, economic, and environmental value • Mercer / Auglaize Counties • 241 km2 (~60,000 acre)](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050612/5fb326b15141242e5c14ac96/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Dissolved Phosphorus
Prairie Creek
Coldw ater Creek
WinterFallSummer
SpringWinterFall
SummerSpring
OutflowInflow
OutflowInflow
OutflowInflow
Outf lowInf low
OutflowInflow
OutflowInflow
Outf lowInf low
Outf lowInf low
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
DR
P - P
(mg/
L)
No W
inte
r O
pera
tion
No W
inte
r O
pera
tion
![Page 24: CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social, economic, and environmental value • Mercer / Auglaize Counties • 241 km2 (~60,000 acre)](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050612/5fb326b15141242e5c14ac96/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Wetland Discharge Summary
11/1/201710/1/20179/1/2017
800000
600000
400000
200000
0
DatePrai
rie
Cre
ek T
T Di
scha
rge
GPD
11/1/201710/1/20179/1/2017
3000000
2000000
1000000
0
Date
Col
dwat
er T
T Di
scha
rge
GPD
Target Daily Volume (MGPD):
Spring: CC= 2, PC = 1.5Summer: CC= 3-4, PC = 1.5+Fall: CC= 2, PC = 1.5Winter: Not Operational
Mean Daily Flow (MGPD):
Spring: CC= 23, PC = 6Summer: CC= 8.5, PC = 2Fall: CC= 5, PC = 1Winter: CC= 20, PC = 5
Target Percentage:
Spring: CC= 10%, PC = 25%Summer: CC= 50%, PC = 75%Fall: CC= 50%, PC = 100%Winter: CC= 0%, PC = 0%
![Page 25: CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social, economic, and environmental value • Mercer / Auglaize Counties • 241 km2 (~60,000 acre)](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050612/5fb326b15141242e5c14ac96/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Littoral Wetlands
Grand Lake St Marys
Coldwater Creek
Littoral Wetland
![Page 26: CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social, economic, and environmental value • Mercer / Auglaize Counties • 241 km2 (~60,000 acre)](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050612/5fb326b15141242e5c14ac96/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Moving Forward
• Things are getting better
• BUT there are still substantial load implications to recognize
• Additional work and projects need to be undertaken
– Stream habitat– In lake vegetation areas– Additional watershed wetlands– Rough fish removal– More BMPs
• Staying the course
![Page 27: CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social, economic, and environmental value • Mercer / Auglaize Counties • 241 km2 (~60,000 acre)](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050612/5fb326b15141242e5c14ac96/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Implications for Freshwater Biodiversity
• Freshwater comprises only 0.01% global H2O• Houses >100,000 species (~6% described global diversity)• Taxa are imperiled globally largely resultant of anthropogenic
influences – up to 20% freshwater fish are extinct• We have an obligation to study and preserve for future
![Page 28: CHANGES IN GRAND LAKE ST. MARYS WATERSHED … · Grand Lake St. Marys Watershed • Social, economic, and environmental value • Mercer / Auglaize Counties • 241 km2 (~60,000 acre)](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022050612/5fb326b15141242e5c14ac96/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Thank You
Wright State University Lake Campus
A SPECIAL THANK YOU TO SEAN FINKE (ODNR) FOR MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION OF THETREATMENT TRAINS, GREG MCGLINCH (WSU-LC) FOR ASSISTANCE HELPING TO SET UP
MONITORING GAUGES, AND TO THE LAKE RESTORATION COMMISSION AND LAKEIMPROVEMENT ASSOCIATION (ESPECIALLY TOM KNAPKE) FOR SUPPORTING AND HELPING TO
FUND THE GLSM WETLANDS.